1
|
Mariño-Sánchez F, Valls-Mateus M, Fragola C, de los Santos G, Aguirre A, Alonso J, Valero J, Santamaría A, Rojas Lechuga MJ, Cobeta I, Alobid I, Mullol J. Pediatric Barcelona Olfactory Test ̶ 6 (pBOT-6): Validation of a Combined Odor Identification and Threshold Screening Test in Healthy Spanish Children and Adolescents. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2020; 30:439-447. [DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Few odor tests have been developed for children. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a simple and quick olfactory test to evaluate odor identification and threshold in a Spanish pediatric population. Methods: The Pediatric Barcelona Olfactory Test-6 (pBOT-6) consisted of a set of 6 odorants for a forced choice identification test and a 6-dilution phenyl ethyl alcohol geometric series for the threshold test. The pBOT-6 was compared with the Universal Sniff test (a validated international pediatric smell test) in 131 healthy Spanish volunteers aged 6-17 years. A Bland-Altman plot was used to determine the agreement between the 2 tests. Reliability was analyzed in 15 volunteers using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Normative data were obtained, and 8 children diagnosed with subjective loss of smell were tested for validation. Results: The Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated a minimal bias of –1.71% with upper and lower limits of agreement of –31.1% and 27.6%, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.83 (95%CI, 0.6-0.96) for the identification test and 0.73 (95%CI, 0.36-0.9) for the threshold test, with excellent and good consistency between measurements over time. Mean pBOT-6 scores were significantly higher in healthy volunteers than in patients with loss of smell. Discrimination between normosmia and loss of smell was achieved with a sensitivity of 96.9% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusions: pBOT-6 offers an effective and fast method that is useful in clinical routine to distinguish, with high sensitivity and specificity, between pediatric patients with normosmia and those with loss of smell.
Collapse
|
2
|
Schriever VA, Agosin E, Altundag A, Avni H, Cao Van H, Cornejo C, de Los Santos G, Fishman G, Fragola C, Guarneros M, Gupta N, Hudson R, Kamel R, Knaapila A, Konstantinidis I, Landis BN, Larsson M, Lundström JN, Macchi A, Mariño-Sánchez F, Martinec Nováková L, Mori E, Mullol J, Nord M, Parma V, Philpott C, Propst EJ, Rawan A, Sandell M, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Sparing-Paschke LM, Stetzler C, Valder C, Vodicka J, Hummel T. Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test. J Pediatr 2018; 198:265-272.e3. [PMID: 29730147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test. STUDY DESIGN This is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14). RESULTS Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean ± SD of 9.88 ± 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test-retest reliability (r27 = 0.83, P < .001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%. CONCLUSIONS The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Schriever
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Hadas Avni
- Pediatric Feeding Disorders clinic, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Helene Cao Van
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Cornejo
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo de Los Santos
- Unidad de Rinología y Cirugía de Base de Cráneo. Servicio de Otorrinolaringología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Madrid, Spain
| | - Gad Fishman
- Pediatric Otolaryngology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Claudio Fragola
- Unidad de Rinología y Cirugía de Base de Cráneo. Servicio de Otorrinolaringología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Guarneros
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Neelima Gupta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Robyn Hudson
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Reda Kamel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Antti Knaapila
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Basile N Landis
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Larsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Macchi
- ORL Clinica, Università of Insubriae Varese, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Franklin Mariño-Sánchez
- Unidad de Rinología y Cirugía de Base de Cráneo. Servicio de Otorrinolaringología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Madrid, Spain; INGENIO, Immunoal.lèrgia Respiratòria Clínica i Experimental (IRCE), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, CIBERES, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lenka Martinec Nováková
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eri Mori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, Immunoal.lèrgia Respiratòria Clínica i Experimental (IRCE), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, CIBERES, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marie Nord
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Parma
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Neuroscience Area, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carl Philpott
- Smell and Taste Clinic, James Paget University Hospital, Gorleston, United Kingdom; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Evan J Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ahmed Rawan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mari Sandell
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Smell and Taste Research Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Piotr Sorokowski
- Smell and Taste Research Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lisa-Marie Sparing-Paschke
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carolin Stetzler
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jan Vodicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Pardubice Hospital, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de los Santos G, Reyes P, del Castillo R, Fragola C, Royuela A. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT-22) for Spanish-speaking patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:3335-40. [PMID: 25510986 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to perform translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the sino-nasal outcome test 22 (SNOT-22) to Spanish language. SNOT-22 was translated, back translated, and a pretest trial was performed. The study included 119 individuals divided into 60 cases, who met diagnostic criteria for chronic rhinosinusitis according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis 2012; and 59 controls, who reported no sino-nasal disease. Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha test, reproducibility with Kappa coefficient, reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), validity with Mann-Whitney U test and responsiveness with Wilcoxon test. In cases, Cronbach's alpha was 0.91 both before and after treatment, as for controls, it was 0.90 at their first test assessment and 0.88 at 3 weeks. Kappa coefficient was calculated for each item, with an average score of 0.69. ICC was also performed for each item, with a score of 0.87 in the overall score and an average among all items of 0.71. Median score for cases was 47, and 2 for controls, finding the difference to be highly significant (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.001). Clinical changes were observed among treated patients, with a median score of 47 and 13.5 before and after treatment, respectively (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.001). The effect size resulted in 0.14 in treated patients whose status at 3 weeks was unvarying; 1.03 in those who were better and 1.89 for much better group. All controls were unvarying with an effect size of 0.05. The Spanish version of the SNOT-22 has the internal consistency, reliability, reproducibility, validity and responsiveness necessary to be a valid instrument to be used in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de los Santos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Reyes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl del Castillo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Fragola
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Royuela
- CIBER, Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|