Chondroprotective effect of intraarticular injections of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in experimental osteoarthritis. Suppression of collagenase-1 expression

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the in vivo effect of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rHuIL-1Ra) on the development of lesions and the expression of metalloproteases in the canine experimental osteoarthritis (OA) model.

METHODS

The right anterior cruciate ligament was sectioned percutaneously in 3 groups of dogs. The control group (n = 5) received an intraarticular injection of sterile physiologic saline (1 ml) twice weekly for 4 weeks starting on the day of surgery. The remaining 2 groups received intraarticular injections of either 2 mg (n = 6) or 4 mg (n = 5) rHuIL-1Ra in 1 ml of physiologic saline according to the same schedule as the first group. All dogs were killed 4 weeks after surgery. The macroscopic appearance of femoral condyle osteophytes and the size and severity of cartilage lesions on femoral condyles and tibial plateaus were evaluated, as were the histologic features of cartilage and synovial membrane. Levels of collagenase-1 and stromelysin-1 messenger RNA expression in cartilage and synovium were determined by Northern blotting.

RESULTS

Recombinant human IL-1Ra exerted a dose-dependent protective effect on the development of osteophytes and cartilage lesions in vivo. Treatment with rHuIL-1Ra reduced the incidence (saline-treated group 70%, 2 mg rHuIL-1Ra-treated group 42%, 4 mg rHuIL-1Ra-treated group 20%) and size (saline-treated group 2.3 +/- 0.7 mm [mean +/- SEM], 2 mg rHuIL-1Ra-treated group 0.7 +/- 0.3 mm, 4 mg rHuIL-1Ra-treated group 0.5 +/- 0.3 mm) of femoral condyle osteophytes. In addition, a dose-dependent decrease in the size (saline-treated group 24.40 +/- 8.17 mm2, 2 mg rHuIL-1Ra-treated group 20.90 +/- 8.01 mm2, 4 mg rHuIL-1Ra-treated group 7.70 +/- 5.16 mm2) and the grade (0-4 scale; saline-treated group 1.20 +/- 0.29, 2 mg rHuIL-1Ra-treated group 1.00 +/- 0.26, 4 mg rHuIL-1Ra-treated group 0.30 +/- 0.21) of the tibial plateau cartilage lesions was found, with a significant difference (P < 0.04) reached only with 4 mg rHuIL-1Ra. Similarly, the histologic lesions in dogs treated with 4 mg rHuIL-1Ra (Mankin scale; mean +/- SEM 2.95 +/- 0.53) were significantly less severe (P < 0.002) compared with those in the saline-treated group (4.95 +/- 0.54). Importantly, rHuIL-1Ra treatment led to a significant reduction (P < 0.005) of collagenase-1 expression in OA cartilage.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that intraarticular injections of rHuIL-1Ra can protect against the development of experimentally induced OA lesions. This effect could result, at least in part, from a reduction of collagenase-1 expression. However, other catabolic processes involved in the degradation of OA cartilage may also be affected.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older People in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

To systematically assess the prevalence of frailty, including prefrailty, stratified prevalence according to frailty criteria, gender, age, and region, and the risk factors for frailty in China.

DESIGN

We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis using articles available in 8 databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), and Weipu Database (VIP).

SETTING

Cross-sectional and cohort data from Chinese community.

PARTICIPANTS

Community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older.

MEASUREMENTS

Two authors independently extracted data based upon predefined criteria. Where data were available we conducted a meta-analysis of frailty parameters using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

We screened 915 different articles, and 14 studies (81258 participants) were ultimately included in this analysis. The prevalence of frailty and prefrailty in individual studies varied from 5.9% to 17.4% and from 26.8% to 62.8%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of frailty and prefrailty were 10% (95% CI: 8% to 12%, I2 = 97.4%, P = 0.000) and 43% (95% CI: 37% to 50%, I2 = 98.0%, P = 0.000), respectively. The pooled frailty prevalence was 8% for the Fried frailty phenotype, 12% for the frail index, and 15% for the FRAIL scale. Age-stratified meta-analyses showed the pooled prevalence of frailty to be 6%, 15%, and 25% for those aged 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years old, respectively. The pooled prevalence of frailty was 8% for males and 11% for females. The pooled prevalence of frailty in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong was 12%, 8%, and 14%, respectively. The pooled frailty prevalence was 10% in urban areas and 7% in rural areas. After controlling for confounding variables, increasing age (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.36, I2 = 98.0%, P = 0.000), being female (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.43, I2 =92.7%, P=0.000), activities of daily living (ADL) disability (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.57 to 1.90, I2 = 99.7%, P = 0.000), and having three or more chronic diseases (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.78 to 2.18, I2 = 97.5%, P = 0.000) were associated with frailty.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings of this review indicate an overall pooled prevalence of frailty among Chinese community-dwelling older people of 10%. Increasing age, being female, ADL disability, and having three or more chronic diseases were all risk factors for frailty. Further research will be needed to identify additional frailty risk factors in order to better treat and prevent frailty in the community.

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Performance of the ATLAS trigger system in 2015

During 2015 the ATLAS experiment recorded [Formula: see text] of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of [Formula: see text]. The ATLAS trigger system is a crucial component of the experiment, responsible for selecting events of interest at a recording rate of approximately 1 kHz from up to 40 MHz of collisions. This paper presents a short overview of the changes to the trigger and data acquisition systems during the first long shutdown of the LHC and shows the performance of the trigger system and its components based on the 2015 proton-proton collision data.

Denis RD, Stabile A, Stamen R, Stamm S, Stanecka E, Stanek RW, Stanescu C, Stanescu-Bellu M, Stanitzki MM, Stapnes S, Starchenko EA, Stark GH, Stark J, Staroba P, Starovoitov P, Stärz S, Staszewski R, Steinberg P, Stelzer B, Stelzer HJ, Stelzer-Chilton O, Stenzel H, Stewart GA, Stillings JA, Stockton MC, Stoebe M, Stoicea G, Stolte P, Stonjek S, Stradling AR, Straessner A, Stramaglia ME, Strandberg J, Strandberg S, Strandlie A, Strauss M, Strizenec P, Ströhmer R, Strom DM, Stroynowski R, Strubig A, Stucci SA, Stugu B, Styles NA, Su D, Su J, Subramaniam R, Suchek S, Sugaya Y, Suk M, Sulin VV, Sultansoy S, Sumida T, Sun S, Sun X, Sundermann JE, Suruliz K, Susinno G, Sutton MR, Suzuki S, Svatos M, Swiatlowski M, Sykora I, Sykora T, Ta D, Taccini C, Tackmann K, Taenzer J, Taffard A, Tafirout R, Taiblum N, Takai H, Takashima R, Takeshita T, Takubo Y, Talby M, Talyshev AA, Tam JYC, Tan KG, Tanaka J, Tanaka R, Tanaka S, Tannenwald BB, Tapia Araya S, Tapprogge S, Tarem S, Tartarelli GF, Tas P, Tasevsky M, Tashiro T, Tassi E, Tavares Delgado A, Tayalati Y, Taylor AC, Taylor GN, Taylor PTE, Taylor W, Teischinger FA, Teixeira-Dias P, Temming KK, Temple D, Ten Kate H, Teng PK, Teoh JJ, Tepel F, Terada S, Terashi K, Terron J, Terzo S, Testa M, Teuscher RJ, Theveneaux-Pelzer T, Thomas JP, Thomas-Wilsker J, Thompson EN, Thompson PD, Thompson AS, Thomsen LA, Thomson E, Thomson M, Tibbetts MJ, Ticse Torres RE, Tikhomirov VO, Tikhonov YA, Timoshenko S, Tipton P, Tisserant S, Todome K, Todorov T, Todorova-Nova S, Tojo J, Tokár S, Tokushuku K, Tolley E, Tomlinson L, Tomoto M, Tompkins L, Toms K, Tong B, Torrence E, Torres H, Torró Pastor E, Toth J, Touchard F, Tovey DR, Trefzger T, Tricoli A, Trigger IM, Trincaz-Duvoid S, Tripiana MF, Trischuk W, Trocmé B, Trofymov A, Troncon C, Trottier-McDonald M, Trovatelli M, Truong L, Trzebinski M, Trzupek A, Tseng JCL, Tsiareshka PV, Tsipolitis G, Tsirintanis N, Tsiskaridze S, Tsiskaridze V, Tskhadadze EG, Tsui KM, Tsukerman II, Tsulaia V, Tsuno S, Tsybychev D, Tudorache A, Tudorache V, Tuna AN, Tupputi SA, Turchikhin S, Turecek D, Turgeman D, Turra R, Turvey AJ, Tuts PM, Tyndel M, Ucchielli G, Ueda I, Ueno R, Ughetto M, Ukegawa F, Unal G, Undrus A, Unel G, Ungaro FC, Unno Y, Unverdorben C, Urban J, Urquijo P, Urrejola P, Usai G, Usanova A, Vacavant L, Vacek V, Vachon B, Valderanis C, Valdes Santurio E, Valencic N, Valentinetti S, Valero A, Valery L, Valkar S, Vallecorsa S, Valls Ferrer JA, Van Den Wollenberg W, Van Der Deijl PC, van der Geer R, van der Graaf H, van Eldik N, van Gemmeren P, Van Nieuwkoop J, van Vulpen I, van Woerden MC, Vanadia M, Vandelli W, Vanguri R, Vaniachine A, Vankov P, Vardanyan G, Vari R, Varnes EW, Varol T, Varouchas D, Vartapetian A, Varvell KE, Vasquez JG, Vazeille F, Vazquez Schroeder T, Veatch J, Veloce LM, Veloso F, Veneziano S, Ventura A, Venturi M, Venturi N, Venturini A, Vercesi V, Verducci M, Verkerke W, Vermeulen JC, Vest A, Vetterli MC, Viazlo O, Vichou I, Vickey T, Vickey Boeriu OE, Viehhauser GHA, Viel S, Vigani L, Vigne R, Villa M, Villaplana Perez M, Vilucchi E, Vincter MG, Vinogradov VB, Vittori C, Vivarelli I, Vlachos S, Vlasak M, Vogel M, Vokac P, Volpi G, Volpi M, von der Schmitt H, von Toerne E, Vorobel V, Vorobev K, Vos M, Voss R, Vossebeld JH, Vranjes N, Vranjes Milosavljevic M, Vrba V, Vreeswijk M, Vuillermet R, Vukotic I, Vykydal Z, Wagner P, Wagner W, Wahlberg H, Wahrmund S, Wakabayashi J, Walder J, Walker R, Walkowiak W, Wallangen V, Wang C, Wang C, Wang F, Wang H, Wang H, Wang J, Wang J, Wang K, Wang R, Wang SM, Wang T, Wang T, Wang X, Wanotayaroj C, Warburton A, Ward CP, Wardrope DR, Washbrook A, Watkins PM, Watson AT, Watson MF, Watts G, Watts S, Waugh BM, Webb S, Weber MS, Weber SW, Webster JS, Weidberg AR, Weinert B, Weingarten J, Weiser C, Weits H, Wells PS, Wenaus T, Wengler T, Wenig S, Wermes N, Werner M, Werner P, Wessels M, Wetter J, Whalen K, Whallon NL, Wharton AM, White A, White MJ, White R, White S, Whiteson D, Wickens FJ, Wiedenmann W, Wielers M, Wienemann P, Wiglesworth C, Wiik-Fuchs LAM, Wildauer A, Wilk F, Wilkens HG, Williams HH, Williams S, Willis C, Willocq S, Wilson JA, Wingerter-Seez I, Winklmeier F, Winston OJ, Winter BT, Wittgen M, Wittkowski J, Wollstadt SJ, Wolter MW, Wolters H, Wosiek BK, Wotschack J, Woudstra MJ, Wozniak KW, Wu M, Wu M, Wu SL, Wu X, Wu Y, Wyatt TR, Wynne BM, Xella S, Xu D, Xu L, Yabsley B, Yacoob S, Yakabe R, Yamaguchi D, Yamaguchi Y, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto S, Yamanaka T, Yamauchi K, Yamazaki Y, Yan Z, Yang H, Yang H, Yang Y, Yang Z, Yao WM, Yap YC, Yasu Y, Yatsenko E, Yau Wong KH, Ye J, Ye S, Yeletskikh I, Yen AL, Yildirim E, Yorita K, Yoshida R, Yoshihara K, Young C, Young CJS, Youssef S, Yu DR, Yu J, Yu JM, Yu J, Yuan L, Yuen SPY, Yusuff I, Zabinski B, Zaidan R, Zaitsev AM, Zakharchuk N, Zalieckas J, Zaman A, Zambito S, Zanello L, Zanzi D, Zeitnitz C, Zeman M, Zemla A, Zeng JC, Zeng Q, Zengel K, Zenin O, Ženiš T, Zerwas D, Zhang D, Zhang F, Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang R, Zhang R, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Zhemchugov A, Zhong J, Zhou B, Zhou C, Zhou L, Zhou L, Zhou M, Zhou N, Zhu CG, Zhu H, Zhu J, Zhu Y, Zhuang X, Zhukov K, Zibell A, Zieminska D, Zimine NI, Zimmermann C, Zimmermann S, Zinonos Z, Zinser M, Ziolkowski M, Živković L, Zobernig G, Zoccoli A, zur Nedden M, Zurzolo G, Zwalinski L. Muon reconstruction performance of the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collision data at [Formula: see text]=13 TeV

This article documents the performance of the ATLAS muon identification and reconstruction using the LHC dataset recorded at [Formula: see text] TeV in 2015. Using a large sample of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] decays from 3.2 fb[Formula: see text] of pp collision data, measurements of the reconstruction efficiency, as well as of the momentum scale and resolution, are presented and compared to Monte Carlo simulations. The reconstruction efficiency is measured to be close to [Formula: see text] over most of the covered phase space ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] GeV). The isolation efficiency varies between 93 and [Formula: see text] depending on the selection applied and on the momentum of the muon. Both efficiencies are well reproduced in simulation. In the central region of the detector, the momentum resolution is measured to be [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) for muons from [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) decays, and the momentum scale is known with an uncertainty of [Formula: see text]. In the region [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text] resolution for muons from [Formula: see text] decays is [Formula: see text] while the precision of the momentum scale for low-[Formula: see text] muons from [Formula: see text] decays is about [Formula: see text].

Topological cell clustering in the ATLAS calorimeters and its performance in LHC Run 1

The reconstruction of the signal from hadrons and jets emerging from the proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and entering the ATLAS calorimeters is based on a three-dimensional topological clustering of individual calorimeter cell signals. The cluster formation follows cell signal-significance patterns generated by electromagnetic and hadronic showers. In this, the clustering algorithm implicitly performs a topological noise suppression by removing cells with insignificant signals which are not in close proximity to cells with significant signals. The resulting topological cell clusters have shape and location information, which is exploited to apply a local energy calibration and corrections depending on the nature of the cluster. Topological cell clustering is established as a well-performing calorimeter signal definition for jet and missing transverse momentum reconstruction in ATLAS.

Luminosity determination in pp collisions at [Formula: see text] = 8 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the LHC

The luminosity determination for the ATLAS detector at the LHC during pp collisions at [Formula: see text] 8 TeV in 2012 is presented. The evaluation of the luminosity scale is performed using several luminometers, and comparisons between these luminosity detectors are made to assess the accuracy, consistency and long-term stability of the results. A luminosity uncertainty of [Formula: see text] is obtained for the [Formula: see text] of pp collision data delivered to ATLAS at [Formula: see text] 8 TeV in 2012.

Collagenase 3 production by human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in response to growth factors and cytokines is a function of the physiologic state of the cells

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the response of human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes, in terms of collagenase 3 production, to growth factors and cytokines involved in the anabolism and catabolism of articular cartilage, and explored the major signaling pathways leading to its up-regulation.

METHODS

Human OA chondrocytes were treated with the following factors: the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), the growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), parathyroid hormone (PTH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor gamma1 (TGFbeta1), and TGFbeta2, the protein kinase (PK) activator antagonists for PKC, PKA, and PKG pathways, and phospholipase A2 and tyrosine kinases, as well as the antiinflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Collagenase 3 expression and synthesis were determined. Comparison was made with collagenase 1.

RESULTS

The human OA chondrocyte population could be divided into 2 categories: the L chondrocytes, showing low collagenase 3 basal synthesis levels and high sensitivity to IL-1beta stimulation; and the H chondrocytes, high collagenase 3 basal synthesis levels and low IL-1beta inducibility. In L chondrocytes, all growth factors stimulated collagenase 3 production. In H chondrocytes, PTH, IGF-1, and TGFbeta had little or no impact; bFGF slightly stimulated it and PDGF-BB showed the same pattern as in the L chondrocytes. The effects of all growth factors, except TGFbeta, on collagenase 1 synthesis followed those of collagenase 3, albeit to a higher degree. Interestingly and unlike collagenase 3, the effects of TGFbeta on collagenase 1 could not be related to the state of the cells, but rather, depended on the isoform. Indeed, TGFbeta2 did not induce collagenase 1 synthesis, whereas TGFbeta1 stimulated it. Among the PK activators tested, phorbol myristate acetate was the strongest inducer, suggesting a major involvement of the PKC pathway. IL-13 inhibited collagenase 3 production, IL-4 had little effect, and IL-10 had none.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that collagenase 3 production in human OA chondrocytes depends on the physiologic state of the cell. TGFbeta might be responsible for the change in cells from the L to the H state. Importantly, our in vitro data implicate TGFbeta2 as a possible in vivo agent capable of specifically triggering collagenase 3 production over that of collagenase 1 in OA cartilage.

Observation of a charged charmoniumlike structure in e+ e- → π+ π- J/ψ at sqrt[s] = 4.26 GeV

We study the process ee+ e- → π+ π- J/ψ at a center-of-mass energy of 4.260 GeV using a 525  pb(-1) data sample collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. The Born cross section is measured to be (62.9±1.9±3.7)  pb, consistent with the production of the Y(4260). We observe a structure at around 3.9  GeV/c2 in the π(±)J/ψ mass spectrum, which we refer to as the Z(c)(3900). If interpreted as a new particle, it is unusual in that it carries an electric charge and couples to charmonium. A fit to the π(±)J/ψ invariant mass spectrum, neglecting interference, results in a mass of (3899.0±3.6±4.9)  MeV/c2 and a width of (46±10±20)  MeV. Its production ratio is measured to be R = (σ(e+ e- → π(±)Z(c)(3900)(∓) → π+ π- J/ψ)/σ(e+ e- → π+ π- J/ψ)) = (21.5±3.3±7.5)%. In all measurements the first errors are statistical and the second are systematic.

Comprehensive proteomic profiling identifies the androgen receptor axis and other signaling pathways as targets of microRNAs suppressed in metastatic prostate cancer

MicroRNAs are important epigenetic regulators of protein expression by triggering degradation of target mRNAs and/or inhibiting their translation. Dysregulation of microRNA expression has been reported in several cancers, including prostate cancer (PC). We comprehensively characterized the proteomic footprint of a panel of 12 microRNAs that are potently suppressed in metastatic PC (SiM-miRNAs: miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-135a, miR-143-3p, miR-145-3p, miR-205, miR-221-3p, miR-221-5p, miR-222-3p, miR-24-1-5p, and miR-31) using reverse-phase proteomic arrays. Re-expression of these SiM-miRNAs in PC cells suppressed cell proliferation and targeted key oncogenic pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, metastasis and the androgen receptor (AR) axis. However, only 12%, at most, of these observed protein expression changes could be explained by predicted direct binding of miRNAs to corresponding mRNAs, suggesting that the majority of these proteomic effects result indirectly. AR and its steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs; SRC-1, -2 and -3) were recurrently affected by these SiM-miRNAs. In agreement, we identified inverse correlations between expression of these SiM-miRNAs and early clinical recurrence, as well as with AR transcriptional activity in human PC tissues. We also identified robust induction of miR-135a by androgen and strong direct binding of AR to the miR-135a locus. As miR-135a potently suppresses AR expression, this results in a negative feedback loop that suppresses AR protein expression in an androgen-dependent manner, while de-repressing AR expression upon androgen deprivation. Our results demonstrate that epigenetic silencing of these SiM-miRNAs can result in increased AR axis activity and cell proliferation, thus contributing to disease progression. We further demonstrate that a negative feedback loop involving miR-135a can restore AR expression under androgen-deprivation conditions, thus contributing to the upregulation of AR protein expression in castration-resistant PC. Finally, our unbiased proteomic profiling demonstrates that the majority of actual protein expression changes induced by SiM-miRNAs cannot be explained based on predicted direct interactions.

Normal expression of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor by human osteoarthritic chondrocytes with increased expression and synthesis of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins

OBJECTIVE

Our previous research demonstrated that, in contrast to normal chondrocytes, human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes were hyporesponsive to stimulation by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The aim of the present investigation was to examine whether this finding was due to an alteration in the level of IGF receptors (IGFRs) and/or IGF binding proteins (IGFBP).

METHODS

A quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR) was used to measure the type 1 IGFR messenger RNA (mRNA) level, and Northern blotting was used to measure type 2 IGFR and IGFBP mRNA levels. Western immunoblotting was used to identify and measure IGFBP levels.

RESULTS

There were similar levels of type 1 IGFR mRNA in normal and OA chondrocytes. The level of type 2 IGFR mRNA, in which an increased amount of which can interfere with the biologic effects of IGF-1, was lower in OA chondrocytes compared with normal chondrocytes. Articular chondrocytes produced IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-4, and OA chondrocytes secreted and expressed higher amounts than did normal chondrocytes. There was also an increased level of IGFBP-3 in the OA chondrocyte lysates. IGFBPs 1, 5, and 6 were not detectable.

CONCLUSION

OA chondrocytes synthesize and express a larger amount of 3 IGFBPs. This observation, along with a lack of detectable change in type 1 IGFR mRNA level, suggests that the hyporesponsiveness of OA chondrocytes to IGF-1 might implicate the involvement of IGFBPs in this pathologic process.

Sense and simplicity in HADDOCK scoring: Lessons from CASP-CAPRI round 1

Our information-driven docking approach HADDOCK is a consistent top predictor and scorer since the start of its participation in the CAPRI community-wide experiment. This sustained performance is due, in part, to its ability to integrate experimental data and/or bioinformatics information into the modelling process, and also to the overall robustness of the scoring function used to assess and rank the predictions. In the CASP-CAPRI Round 1 scoring experiment we successfully selected acceptable/medium quality models for 18/14 of the 25 targets - a top-ranking performance among all scorers. Considering that for only 20 targets acceptable models were generated by the community, our effective success rate reaches as high as 90% (18/20). This was achieved using the standard HADDOCK scoring function, which, thirteen years after its original publication, still consists of a simple linear combination of intermolecular van der Waals and Coulomb electrostatics energies and an empirically derived desolvation energy term. Despite its simplicity, this scoring function makes sense from a physico-chemical perspective, encoding key aspects of biomolecular recognition. In addition to its success in the scoring experiment, the HADDOCK server takes the first place in the server prediction category, with 16 successful predictions. Much like our scoring protocol, because of the limited time per target, the predictions relied mainly on either an ab initio center-of-mass and symmetry restrained protocol, or on a template-based approach whenever applicable. These results underline the success of our simple but sensible prediction and scoring scheme. Proteins 2017; 85:417-423. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Increased enamel hypoplasia and very low birthweight infants

Birth cohort studies of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) and early childhood caries (ECC) in very low birthweight (VLBW) and normal birthweight (NBW) infants are rare. In this birth cohort of 234 VLBW and 234 NBW infants, we report the incidence of ECC and DDE at 8 and 18-20 mos of corrected age. Infant medical and maternal socio-demographic data were abstracted from medical records at birth. Dental assessments for ECC and DDE (enamel hypoplasia, demarcated and diffuse opacities) were completed at 8 and 18-20 mos. The incidence of hypoplasia was significantly higher in VLBW compared with NBW infants (8 mos, 19% vs. 2%; 18 mos, 31% vs. 8%). The incidence of ECC (International Caries Detection and Assessment System: ICDAS ≥ 2) was 1.4% (8 mos) and 12% (18-20 mos) and was similar between the VLBW and NBW groups. At both ages, using a beta-binomial regression model to control for potential confounders (maternal and infant characteristics), we found increased risk for enamel hypoplasia among the VLBW infants compared with the NBW infants. African Americans had a lower risk for enamel hypoplasia at 18-20 mos. The VLBW infants should be monitored for ECC due to the presence of enamel hypoplasia.

Effect of IL-13 on cytokines, cytokine receptors and inhibitors on human osteoarthritis synovium and synovial fibroblasts

OBJECTIVE

In this study we investigated the effect of interleukin-13 (IL-13), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, for potential therapeutic use in osteoarthritis (OA).

DESIGN

We examined the effect of IL-13 on the synthesis and expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and stromelysin-1 on human OA synovial membrane in ex vivo cultures. In addition, we explored the effect of IL-13 on both the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) and TNF-receptor (TNF-R) systems on OA synovial fibroblasts. This included determination of the levels of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha receptor binding, IL-1Ra and TNF-soluble receptors 55 and 75 (TNF-sR55 and TNF-sR75).

RESULTS

In OA synovial membrane treated with LPS, IL-13 inhibited the synthesis of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and stromelysin-1, but increased IL-1Ra production. In addition, IL-13 reduced the level of IL-1 beta mRNA and stimulated the level of IL-1Ra mRNA. In synovial fibroblasts, IL-13 decreased the level of IL-1 binding, an effect related to the increased production of IL-1Ra. Although IL-13 had no effect on the TNF-R level, this cytokine markedly decreased the shedding of TNF-R75.

CONCLUSION

These experiments suggest that IL-13 is potentially useful in the therapeutic treatment of OA, as it could regulate the major pathological process of this disease by reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and metalloproteases, and favoring the production of IL-1Ra.

INAF, a protein required for transient receptor potential Ca(2+) channel function

The trp gene of Drosophila encodes a subunit of a class of Ca(2+)-selective light-activated channels that carry the bulk of the phototransduction current. Transient receptor potential (TRP) homologs have been identified throughout animal phylogeny. In vertebrates, TRP-related channels have been suggested to mediate "store-operated Ca(2+) entry," which is important in Ca(2+) homeostasis in a wide variety of cell types. However, the mechanisms of activation and regulation of the TRP channel are not known. Here, we report on the Drosophila inaF gene, which encodes a highly eye-enriched protein, INAF, that appears to be required for TRP channel function. A null mutation in this gene significantly reduces the amount of the TRP protein and, in addition, specifically affects the TRP channel function so as to nearly shut down its activity. The inaF mutation also dramatically suppresses the severe degeneration caused by a constitutively active mutation in the trp gene. Although the reduction in the amount of the TRP protein may contribute to these phenotypes, several lines of evidence support the view that inaF mutations also more directly affect the TRP channel function, suggesting that the INAF protein may have a regulatory role in the channel function.

Dopaminergic control of corpora allata activity in the larval tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

The corpora allata (CA) of insects are innervated by axons of non-neurosecretory cerebral neurons, and of the various known neurotransmitters in the brain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, only dopamine is detected in the CA by electrochemical detection HPLC. This neurotransmitter stimulates the biosynthetic activity of the CA in vitro for the first 2 days of the last larval stadium, but inhibits CA from day 3 through day 6, the beginning of the prepupal period. Stimulation of JH synthesis has previously been linked with an increase in the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the CA, and dopamine stimulates the adenylyl cyclase system of CA from larvae early in the fifth stadium, while on day 6, its effect is inhibitory. These results suggest: (1) the existence in the CA of both D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors, which in vertebrates stimulate and inhibit, respectively, adenylyl cyclase; and (2) the developmental control of their expression. A potent D1 agonist, (+/-)-SKF 82958-HBr, did not stimulate JH biosynthesis by day 0 CA as expected, but appeared to inhibit it at a concentration of 10(-5)M. Thus the apparent D1-like receptor in Manduca CA may be pharmacologically distinct from vertebrate D1 receptors. The existence of D2-like receptors is supported by the finding that a vertebrate D2 receptor agonist, (+/-) PPHT-HCl, and an antagonist, eticlopride, have the predicted effects on JH acid biosynthesis and cAMP production by day 6 Manduca CA. However, the D1 agonist also significantly reduces JH acid biosynthesis and cAMP production, indicating that while the Manduca D2-like receptor is pharmacologically similar to the vertebrate D2, it shares some characteristics with D1 receptors. The developmental regulation of these receptors by ecdysteroids is suggested by the fact that when day 0 larvae are treated in vivo with exogenous ecdysone:20-hydroxyecdysone, the biosynthetic activity of the CA in vitro 24 h later is no longer stimulated by dopamine.

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Measurement of the W-boson mass in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A measurement of the mass of the W boson is presented based on proton-proton collision data recorded in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, and corresponding to 4.6 fb - 1 of integrated luminosity. The selected data sample consists of 7.8 × 10 6 candidates in the W → μ ν channel and 5.9 × 10 6 candidates in the W → e ν channel. The W-boson mass is obtained from template fits to the reconstructed distributions of the charged lepton transverse momentum and of the W boson transverse mass in the electron and muon decay channels, yieldingm W = 80370 ± 7 ( stat. ) ± 11 ( exp. syst. ) ± 14 ( mod. syst. ) MeV = 80370 ± 19 MeV , where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second corresponds to the experimental systematic uncertainty, and the third to the physics-modelling systematic uncertainty. A measurement of the mass difference between the W + and W - bosons yieldsm W + - m W - = - 29 ± 28  MeV.

Efficacy of utidelone plus capecitabine versus capecitabine for heavily pretreated, anthracycline- and taxane-refractory metastatic breast cancer: final analysis of overall survival in a phase III randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Primary analysis of the phase III trial BG01-1323L demonstrated that utidelone plus capecitabine significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall response rate (ORR) versus capecitabine alone in heavily-pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Here, we report the final overall survival (OS) analysis and updates of other endpoints.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In total, 405 patients were randomised 2:1 to receive utidelone (30 mg/m² IV daily, days 1-5, over 90 min) plus capecitabine (1000 mg/m² orally b.i.d., days 1-14) or capecitabine alone (1250 mg/m² orally b.i.d., days 1-14) every 21 days. The secondary endpoint, OS, was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit approach at a two-sided alpha level of 0.05 after the prespecified 310 death events had been reached. Exploratory analyses of the primary endpoint, PFS, and the secondary endpoint, ORR, were also done. Safety was analysed in patients who had at least one dose of study drug.

RESULTS

At the final OS analysis, the median duration of follow-up was 19.6 months in the utidelone plus capecitabine group and 15.4 months in the capecitabine alone group. In the intention-to-treat population, 313 deaths had occurred at data cut-off, 203 of 270 patients in the combination group and 110 of 135 in the monotherapy group. Median OS in the combination group was 19.8 months compared with 16.0 months in the monotherapy group [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.75, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.59-0.94, P = 0.0142]. The updated analysis of PFS and ORR showed that the combination therapy remained superior to monotherapy. Safety results were similar to those previously reported with respect to incidence, severity and specificity. No late-emerging toxicities or new safety concerns occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

For heavily-pretreated, anthracycline- and taxane-resistant MBC patients, utidelone plus capecitabine significantly improved OS versus capecitabine alone. These results support the use of utidelone plus capecitabine as a novel therapeutic regimen for patients with MBC.