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Jobin O, Mottillo C, Titi HM, Marrett JM, Arhangelskis M, Rogers RD, Elzein B, Friščić T, Robert É. Metal–organic frameworks as hypergolic additives for hybrid rockets. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3424-3436. [PMID: 35432883 PMCID: PMC8943900 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05975k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid rocket propulsion can contribute to reduce launch costs by simplifying engine design and operation. Hypergolic propellants, i.e. igniting spontaneously and immediately upon contact between fuel and oxidizer, further simplify system integration by removing the need for an ignition system. Such hybrid engines could also replace currently popular hypergolic propulsion approaches based on extremely toxic and carcinogenic hydrazines. Here we present the first demonstration for the use of hypergolic metal–organic frameworks (HMOFs) as additives to trigger hypergolic ignition in conventional paraffin-based hybrid engine fuels. HMOFS are a recently introduced class of stable and safe hypergolic materials, used here as a platform to bring readily tunable ignition and combustion properties to hydrocarbon fuels. We present an experimental investigation of the ignition delay (ID, the time from first contact with an oxidizer to ignition) of blends of HMOFs with paraffin, using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as the oxidizer. The majority of measured IDs are under 10 ms, significantly below the upper limit of 50 ms required for functional hypergolic propellant, and within the ultrafast ignition range. A theoretical analysis of the performance of HMOFs-containing fuels in a hybrid launcher engine scenario also reveals the effect of the HMOF mass fraction on the specific impulse (Isp) and density impulse (ρIsp). The use of HMOFs to produce paraffin-based hypergolic fuels results in a slight decrease of the Isp and ρIsp compared to that of pure paraffin, similar to the effect observed with Ammonia Borane (AB), a popular hypergolic additive. HMOFs however have a much higher thermal stability, allowing for convenient mixing with hot liquid paraffin, making the manufacturing processes simpler and safer compared to other hypergolic additives such as AB. Hypergolic hybrid rocket propulsion, achieved through the addition of metal–organic frameworks, can contribute to reduce launch costs by simplifying engine design and operation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Jobin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H2L 0B7, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Marrett
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H2L 0B7, Canada
| | | | | | - Bachar Elzein
- Reaction Dynamics, 45 Chemin de l’Aéroport, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 7B5, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H2L 0B7, Canada
| | - Étienne Robert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Brekalo I, Yuan W, Mottillo C, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Casaban J, Holman KT, James SL, Duarte F, Williams PA, Harris KDM, Friščić T. Manometric real-time studies of the mechanochemical synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2141-2147. [PMID: 34123303 PMCID: PMC8150112 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05514b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple method for real-time monitoring of mechanochemical synthesis of metal–organic frameworks, by measuring changes in pressure of gas produced in the reaction. Using this manometric method to monitor the mechanosynthesis of the zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 from basic zinc carbonate reveals an intriguing feedback mechanism in which the initially formed ZIF-8 reacts with the CO2 byproduct to produce a complex metal carbonate phase, the structure of which is determined directly from powder X-ray diffraction data. We also show that the formation of the carbonate phase may be prevented by addition of excess ligand. The excess ligand can subsequently be removed by sublimation, and reused. This enables not only the synthesis but also the purification, as well as the activation of the MOF to be performed entirely without solvent. We demonstrate a simple method for real-time monitoring of mechanochemical synthesis of metal–organic frameworks, by measuring changes in pressure of gas produced in the reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Brekalo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University 20057 Washington, D.C. USA
| | - Wenbing Yuan
- School of Enviromental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University Foshan 528000 China
| | - Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University H3A 0B8 Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Yuneng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University H3A 0B8 Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Yuancheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Queen's University Belfast BT7 1NN Belfast UK
| | | | - K Travis Holman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University 20057 Washington, D.C. USA
| | - Stuart L James
- School of Chemistry, Queen's University Belfast BT7 1NN Belfast UK
| | | | | | | | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University H3A 0B8 Montreal Quebec Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Laboratoire SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068 Université de Toulouse UPS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Laboratoire SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068 Université de Toulouse UPS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
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Titi HM, Marrett JM, Dayaker G, Arhangelskis M, Mottillo C, Morris AJ, Rachiero GP, Friščić T, Rogers RD. Hypergolic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) as next-generation solid fuels: Unlocking the latent energetic behavior of ZIFs. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav9044. [PMID: 30972369 PMCID: PMC6450693 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypergolic materials, capable of spontaneous ignition upon contact with an external oxidizer, are of critical importance as fuels and propellants in aerospace applications (e.g., rockets and spacecraft). Currently used hypergolic fuels are highly energetic, toxic, and carcinogenic hydrazine derivatives, inspiring the search for cleaner and safer hypergols. Here, we demonstrate the first strategy to design hypergolic behavior within a metal-organic framework (MOF) platform, by using simple "trigger" functionalities to unlock the latent and generally not recognized energetic properties of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, a popular class of MOFs. The herein presented six hypergolic MOFs, based on zinc, cobalt, and cadmium, illustrate a uniquely modular platform to develop hypergols free of highly energetic or carcinogenic components, in which varying the metal and linker components enables the modulation of ignition and combustion properties, resulting in excellent hypergolic response evident by ultrashort ignition delays as low as 2 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - J. M. Marrett
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - G. Dayaker
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - M. Arhangelskis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - C. Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - A. J. Morris
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - G. P. Rachiero
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - T. Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - R. D. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- 525 Solutions Inc., P.O. Box 2206, Tuscaloosa, AL 35403, USA
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Glembockyte V, Frenette M, Mottillo C, Durantini AM, Gostick J, Štrukil V, Friščić T, Cosa G. Highly Photostable and Fluorescent Microporous Solids Prepared via Solid-State Entrapment of Boron Dipyrromethene Dyes in a Nascent Metal–Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16882-16887. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Glembockyte
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Mathieu Frenette
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Andrés M. Durantini
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jeff Gostick
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Vjekoslav Štrukil
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Germann LS, Arhangelskis M, Stein R, Loots L, Mottillo C, Marrett J, Do JL, Casati N, Friščić T, Dinnebier RE. Real-time monitoring of mechanochemical formation of pharmaceutical cocrystals using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767318097222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Ayoub G, Štrukil V, Fábián L, Mottillo C, Bao H, Murata Y, Moores A, Margetić D, Eckert-Maksić M, Friščić T. Mechanochemistryvs.solution growth: striking differences in bench stability of a cimetidine salt based on a synthetic method. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01727a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mechanochemically prepared solvated salt of an archetypal blockbuster drug exhibits significantly different bench stability to analogous material made in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Ayoub
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Quebec
- Canada
| | | | - László Fábián
- School of Pharmacy
- University of East Anglia
- Norwich
- UK
| | | | - Huizhi Bao
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Quebec
- Canada
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Audrey Moores
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Quebec
- Canada
| | | | | | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Quebec
- Canada
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
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Mottillo C, Friščić T. Advances in Solid-State Transformations of Coordination Bonds: From the Ball Mill to the Aging Chamber. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010144. [PMID: 28106754 PMCID: PMC6155591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the formation of coordination bonds is pivotal to the development of a plethora of functional metal-organic materials, ranging from coordination polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to metallodrugs. The interest in and commercialization of such materials has created a need for more efficient, environmentally-friendly routes for making coordination bonds. Solid-state coordination chemistry is a versatile greener alternative to conventional synthesis, offering quantitative yields, enhanced stoichiometric and topological selectivity, access to a wider range of precursors, as well as to molecules and materials not readily accessible in solution or solvothermally. With a focus on mechanochemical, thermochemical and “accelerated aging” approaches to coordination polymers, including pharmaceutically-relevant materials and microporous MOFs, this review highlights the recent advances in solid-state coordination chemistry and techniques for understanding the underlying reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
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Korpany KV, Mottillo C, Bachelder J, Cross SN, Dong P, Trudel S, Friščić T, Blum AS. One-step ligand exchange and switching from hydrophobic to water-stable hydrophilic superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by mechanochemical milling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3054-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07107k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry permits rapid solvent-free exchange of surface ligands on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), enabling control of surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jill Bachelder
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- H3A 0B8 Montreal
- Canada
| | | | - Pengcheng Dong
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Advanced Solar Materials
- and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
| | - Simon Trudel
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Advanced Solar Materials
- and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
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Halasz I, Friščić T, Kimber SAJ, Užarević K, Puškarić A, Mottillo C, Julien P, Strukil V, Honkimäki V, Dinnebier RE. Quantitative in situ and real-time monitoring of mechanochemical reactions. Faraday Discuss 2015; 170:203-21. [PMID: 25408067 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An experimental technique for in situ and real-time monitoring of mechanochemical reactions in a shaker ball mill was recently described, which utilises highly penetrating X-ray radiation available at the ID15B beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Herein, we describe the first attempts to perform such reaction monitoring in a quantitative fashion, by introducing an internal X-ray diffraction standard. The use of silicon as an internal standard resolved the issue with variations of the amount of the sample in the X-ray beam due to the non-uniform distribution of the sample in the reaction jar and allowed, via Rietveld analysis, the first quantitative estimate of the amorphous phase content in a mechanochemical reaction as it is being milled. We also highlight problems associated with the non-ideal mixing of the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abstract
We describe the development of a mechanochemical approach for Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis, including cross-metathesis and ring-closing metathesis. The method uses commercially available catalysts to achieve high-yielding, rapid, room-temperature metathesis of solid or liquid olefins on a multigram scale using either no or only a catalytic amount of a liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Do
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
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Mottillo C, Friščić T. Supramolecular imidazolium frameworks: direct analogues of metal azolate frameworks with charge-inverted node-and-linker structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8924-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01645b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of imidazolium cations with tetrahedral divalent anions leads to supramolecular imidazolium frameworks, molecular analogues of metal azolate frameworks, illustrating a charge-inverted framework design involving cationic linkers and anionic nodes.
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Tan D, Mottillo C, Katsenis AD, Štrukil V, Friščić T. Development of CN Coupling Using Mechanochemistry: Catalytic Coupling of Arylsulfonamides and Carbodiimides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tan D, Mottillo C, Katsenis AD, Štrukil V, Friščić T. Development of CN Coupling Using Mechanochemistry: Catalytic Coupling of Arylsulfonamides and Carbodiimides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9321-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mottillo C, Friščić T. Carbon Dioxide Sensitivity of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7471-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sampson HM, Lam H, Chen PC, Zhang D, Mottillo C, Mirza M, Qasim K, Shrier A, Shyng SL, Hanrahan JW, Thomas DY. Compounds that correct F508del-CFTR trafficking can also correct other protein trafficking diseases: an in vitro study using cell lines. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:11. [PMID: 23316740 PMCID: PMC3558398 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many genetic diseases are due to defects in protein trafficking where the mutant protein is recognized by the quality control systems, retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and degraded by the proteasome. In many cases, the mutant protein retains function if it can be trafficked to its proper cellular location. We have identified structurally diverse correctors that restore the trafficking and function of the most common mutation causing cystic fibrosis, F508del-CFTR. Most of these correctors do not act directly as ligands of CFTR, but indirectly on other pathways to promote folding and correction. We hypothesize that these proteostasis regulators may also correct other protein trafficking diseases. Methods To test our hypothesis, we used stable cell lines or transient transfection to express 2 well-studied trafficking disease mutations in each of 3 different proteins: the arginine-vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2, also known as V2R), the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (KCNH2, also known as hERG), and finally the sulfonylurea receptor 1 (ABCC8, also known as SUR1). We treated cells expressing these mutant proteins with 9 structurally diverse F508del-CFTR correctors that function through different cellular mechanisms and assessed whether correction occurred via immunoblotting and functional assays. Results were deemed significantly different from controls by a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results Here we show that F508del-CFTR correctors RDR1, KM60 and KM57 also correct some mutant alleles of other protein trafficking diseases. We also show that one corrector, the cardiac glycoside ouabain, was found to alter the glycosylation of all mutant alleles tested. Conclusions Correctors of F508del-CFTR trafficking might have broader applications to other protein trafficking diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Sampson
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, McIntyre Medical Building, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Cliffe MJ, Mottillo C, Stein RS, Bučar DK, Friščić T. Accelerated aging: a low energy, solvent-free alternative to solvothermal and mechanochemical synthesis of metal–organic materials. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20344h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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