Osteogenic differentiation of CD271(+) cells from rabbit bone marrow cultured on three phase PCL/TZ-HA bioactive scaffolds: comparative study with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

Tissue engineering is one of the major challenges of orthopedics and trauma surgery for bone regeneration. Biomaterials filled with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered the most promising approach in bone tissue engineering. Furthermore, our previous study showed that the multi-phase poly [ε-caprolactone]/thermoplastic zein-hydroxyapatite (PCL/TZ-HA) biomaterials improved rabbit (r) MSCs adhesion and osteoblast differentiation, thus demonstrating high potential of this bioengineered scaffold for bone regeneration. In the recent past, CD271 has been applied as a specific selective marker for the enrichment of MSCs from bone marrow (BM-MSCs). In the present study, we aimed at establishing whether CD271-based enrichment could be an efficient method for the selection of rBM-MSCs, displaying higher ability in osteogenic differentiation than non-selected rBM-MSCs in an in vitro system. CD271(+) cells were isolated from rabbit bone marrow and were compared with rMSCs in their proliferation rate and osteogenic differentiation capability. Furthermore, rCD271(+) cells were tested in their ability to adhere, proliferate and differentiate into osteogenic lineage, while growing on PCL/TZ-HA scaffolds, in comparison to rMSCs. Our result demonstrate that rCD271(+) cells were able to adhere, proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts when cultured on PCL/TZ-HA scaffolds in significantly higher levels as compared to rMSCs. Based on these findings, CD271 marker might serve as an optimal alternative MSCs selection method for the potential preclinical and clinical application of these cells in bone tissue regeneration.

Design of novel three-phase PCL/TZ-HA biomaterials for use in bone regeneration applications

The design of bioactive scaffold materials able to guide cellular processes involved in new-tissue genesis is key determinant in bone tissue engineering. The aim of this study was the design and characterization of novel multi-phase biomaterials to be processed for the fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds able to provide a temporary biocompatible substrate for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The biomaterials were prepared by blending poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) with thermoplastic zein (TZ), a thermoplastic material obtained by de novo thermoplasticization of zein. Furthermore, to bioactivate the scaffolds, microparticles of osteoconductive hydroxyapatite (HA) were dispersed within the organic phases. Results demonstrated that materials and formulations strongly affected the micro-structural properties and hydrophilicity of the scaffolds and, therefore, had a pivotal role in guiding cell/scaffold interaction. In particular, if compared to neat PCL, PCL-HA composite and PCL/TZ blend, the three-phase PCL/TZ-HA showed improved MSCs adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capability, thus demonstrating potential for bone regeneration.

IL-16 can synergize with early acting cytokines to expand ex vivo CD34+ isolated from cord blood

We previously reported that interleukin (IL)-16 can induce CD34(+) hematopoietic cells to proliferate and differentiate in vitro into phenotypically and functionally mature dendritic cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-16 on the expansion of CD34(+) cells from human cord blood (CB). CD34(+) CB cells were cultured for 14 days in medium containing a basal cocktail (BC) containing stem cell factor, Flt-3 ligand, thrombopoietin, IL-6, and IL-3 with and without IL-16 as a control. Interleukin-16 added to BC significantly enhanced the expansion of CD34(+) cells (66.47 +/- 1.46-fold vs. 36.23 +/- 1.67-fold), as well as CD34(+)CD38(-) early stem cells (106.67 +/- 2.34-fold vs. 63.42 +/- 1.89-fold) and progenitor cells [colony-forming unit (CFU) -mixed -(GEMM)] and multilineage-committed progenitors [burst-forming unit (BFU-E), CFU-granulocyte, macrophage (-GM), CFU-megakaryocyte (-MK)]. Interleukin-16 also significantly increased long-term culture-initiating cells (160.8 +/- 3.45-fold vs. 83 +/- 2.89-fold with BC alone). Moreover, CD34(+) cells expanded with IL-16 maintained the capacity to differentiate into the lymphoid-B and -NK lineage. The addition of IL-16 to BC increased the migratory capacity of expanded CD34(+) cells compared to BC alone, leaving the expression of CXCR4 unaffected, and decreased the percentage of CD34(+)CD4(+) cells. We showed that IL-16 released endogenously affected the ex vivo expansion of CD34(+) cells. Overall, this study suggests that IL-16 may have a new role in promoting the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and may represent a new tool for the expansion of CD34(+) cells for clinical applications.

Up-regulation of EphB and ephrin-B expression in rhabdomyosarcoma

BACKGROUND

Increased expression of Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands has been implicated in promoting angiogenesis and tumour progression in several malignancies. Here the expression of mRNA for ephrin-B and EphB receptors in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines and primary tumours was investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Expression of mRNA for ephrin-B and EphB receptors in RMS cell lines and primary tumours was measured by real-time RT-PCR and compared with the expression in normal striated muscle.

RESULTS

A dysregulation of both ligands and receptors was found in all cell lines. In embryonal tumours, overexpression of ephrin-B1 correlated with overexpression of EphB1 (r = 0.97, p < 0.01) and EphB3 (r = 0.94, p < 0.05); overexpression of ephrin-B2 correlated with overexpression of EphB1 (r = 0.94, p < 0.05), EphB2 (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) and EphB4 (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). In alveolar tumours, no similar correlations were found. A correlation between EphB2 and EphB4 receptors was demonstrated in both tumour types, being positive in embryonal cases (r = 0.81, p < 0.01) and negative in alveolar (r = -1.00, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

A global up-regulation of ephrin-B and EphB receptors in RMS tumours was found. The correlation between EphB2 and EphB4 receptors suggests a possible role for ephrin-B and EphB receptors in RMS development.