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Moreno Traspas R, Teoh TS, Wong PM, Maier M, Chia CY, Lay K, Ali NA, Larson A, Al Mutairi F, Al-Sannaa NA, Faqeih EA, Alfadhel M, Cheema HA, Dupont J, Bézieau S, Isidor B, Low DY, Wang Y, Tan G, Lai PS, Piloquet H, Joubert M, Kayserili H, Kripps KA, Nahas SA, Wartchow EP, Warren M, Bhavani GS, Dasouki M, Sandoval R, Carvalho E, Ramos L, Porta G, Wu B, Lashkari HP, AlSaleem B, BaAbbad RM, Abreu Ferrão AN, Karageorgou V, Ordonez-Herrera N, Khan S, Bauer P, Cogne B, Bertoli-Avella AM, Vincent M, Girisha KM, Reversade B. Loss of FOCAD, operating via the SKI messenger RNA surveillance pathway, causes a pediatric syndrome with liver cirrhosis. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1214-1226. [PMID: 35864190 PMCID: PMC7615854 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is usually a late-onset and life-threatening disease characterized by fibrotic scarring and inflammation that disrupts liver architecture and function. While it is typically the result of alcoholism or hepatitis viral infection in adults, its etiology in infants is much less understood. In this study, we report 14 children from ten unrelated families presenting with a syndromic form of pediatric liver cirrhosis. By genome/exome sequencing, we found recessive variants in FOCAD segregating with the disease. Zebrafish lacking focad phenocopied the human disease, revealing a signature of altered messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation processes in the liver. Using patient's primary cells and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation in human hepatic cell lines, we found that FOCAD deficiency compromises the SKI mRNA surveillance pathway by reducing the levels of the RNA helicase SKIC2 and its cofactor SKIC3. FOCAD knockout hepatocytes exhibited lowered albumin expression and signs of persistent injury accompanied by CCL2 overproduction. Our results reveal the importance of FOCAD in maintaining liver homeostasis and disclose a possible therapeutic intervention point via inhibition of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moreno Traspas
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tze Shin Teoh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pui-Mun Wong
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Maier
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Crystal Y Chia
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lay
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nur Ain Ali
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Austin Larson
- Section of Pediatrics-Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Eissa Ali Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Department of Genetics and Precision Medicine, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Genomic Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huma Arshad Cheema
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology-Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Juliette Dupont
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic Services, Lisbon North University Hospital Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Medical Genetics Service, Nantes University Hospital Center, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Medical Genetics Service, Nantes University Hospital Center, Nantes, France
| | - Dorrain Yanwen Low
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yulan Wang
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poh San Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hugues Piloquet
- Gastropediatrics Department, Nantes University Hospital Center, Nantes, France
| | - Madeleine Joubert
- Anatomopathology Department, Nantes University Hospital Center, Nantes, France
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kimberly A Kripps
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shareef A Nahas
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric P Wartchow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mikako Warren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gandham SriLakshmi Bhavani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Majed Dasouki
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, AdventHealth Medical Group, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Renata Sandoval
- Department of Oncogenetics, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Elisa Carvalho
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital da Criança de Brasília José Alencar, UniCEUB, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ramos
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilda Porta
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Transplant Unit, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harsha Prasada Lashkari
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Badr AlSaleem
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Children's Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raeda M BaAbbad
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Children's Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Cogne
- Medical Genetics Service, Nantes University Hospital Center, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marie Vincent
- Medical Genetics Service, Nantes University Hospital Center, Nantes, France
| | - Katta Mohan Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Smart-Health Initiative, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Wong HH, Seet SH, Maier M, Gurel A, Traspas RM, Lee C, Zhang S, Talim B, Loh AYT, Chia CY, Teoh TS, Sng D, Rensvold J, Unal S, Shishkova E, Cepni E, Nathan FM, Sirota FL, Liang C, Yarali N, Simsek-Kiper PO, Mitani T, Ceylaner S, Arman-Bilir O, Mbarek H, Gumruk F, Efthymiou S, Uğurlu Çi Men D, Georgiadou D, Sotiropoulou K, Houlden H, Paul F, Pehlivan D, Lainé C, Chai G, Ali NA, Choo SC, Keng SS, Boisson B, Yılmaz E, Xue S, Coon JJ, Ly TTN, Gilani N, Hasbini D, Kayserili H, Zaki MS, Isfort RJ, Ordonez N, Tripolszki K, Bauer P, Rezaei N, Seyedpour S, Khotaei GT, Bascom CC, Maroofian R, Chaabouni M, Alsubhi A, Eyaid W, Işıkay S, Gleeson JG, Lupski JR, Casanova JL, Pagliarini DJ, Akarsu NA, Maurer-Stroh S, Cetinkaya A, Bertoli-Avella A, Mathuru AS, Ho L, Bard FA, Reversade B. Loss of C2orf69 defines a fatal autoinflammatory syndrome in humans and zebrafish that evokes a glycogen-storage-associated mitochondriopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1301-1317. [PMID: 34038740 PMCID: PMC8322802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human C2orf69 is an evolutionarily conserved gene whose function is unknown. Here, we report eight unrelated families from which 20 children presented with a fatal syndrome consisting of severe autoinflammation and progredient leukoencephalopathy with recurrent seizures; 12 of these subjects, whose DNA was available, segregated homozygous loss-of-function C2orf69 variants. C2ORF69 bears homology to esterase enzymes, and orthologs can be found in most eukaryotic genomes, including that of unicellular phytoplankton. We found that endogenous C2ORF69 (1) is loosely bound to mitochondria, (2) affects mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative respiration in cultured neurons, and (3) controls the levels of the glycogen branching enzyme 1 (GBE1) consistent with a glycogen-storage-associated mitochondriopathy. We show that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of zebrafish C2orf69 results in lethality by 8 months of age due to spontaneous epileptic seizures, which is preceded by persistent brain inflammation. Collectively, our results delineate an autoinflammatory Mendelian disorder of C2orf69 deficiency that disrupts the development/homeostasis of the immune and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hui Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Sze Hwee Seet
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Michael Maier
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Ayse Gurel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Ricardo Moreno Traspas
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Beril Talim
- Pediatric Pathology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Abigail Y T Loh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Crystal Y Chia
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Tze Shin Teoh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Danielle Sng
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Jarred Rensvold
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Sule Unal
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey; Research Center of Fanconi Anemia and Other Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Ece Cepni
- Institute of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatima M Nathan
- Yale-NUS College, 12 College Avenue West, Singapore 138610, Singapore
| | - Fernanda L Sirota
- Bioinformatics Institute, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Nese Yarali
- Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Pelin O Simsek-Kiper
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ozlem Arman-Bilir
- Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatma Gumruk
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey; Research Center of Fanconi Anemia and Other Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Deniz Uğurlu Çi Men
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Danai Georgiadou
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kortessa Sotiropoulou
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Franziska Paul
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Candice Lainé
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Disease, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Guoliang Chai
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nur Ain Ali
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Siew Chin Choo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Soh Sok Keng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Disease, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elanur Yılmaz
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Shifeng Xue
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Thanh Thao Nguyen Ly
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | | | - Dana Hasbini
- Chief Division Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Robert J Isfort
- Corporate Research, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Bauer
- Genomic Research, CENTOGENE GmbH, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14194, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran 14197, Iran
| | - Simin Seyedpour
- Laboratoire d'analyses spécialisé en Génétique, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Ghamar Taj Khotaei
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14194, Iran
| | - Charles C Bascom
- Corporate Research, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Myriam Chaabouni
- Laboratoire d'analyses spécialisé en Génétique, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Afaf Alsubhi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, MNGHA, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, MNGHA, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Eyaid
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, MNGHA, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, MNGHA, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sedat Işıkay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Gaziantep, School of Medicine, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Disease, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris 75015, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nurten A Akarsu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | | | - Arda Cetinkaya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | | | - Ajay S Mathuru
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Yale-NUS College, 12 College Avenue West, Singapore 138610, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Lena Ho
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Frederic A Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Laboratory of Human Genetics & Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
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