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Conn G, Bayne ML, Soderman DD, Kwok PW, Sullivan KA, Palisi TM, Hope DA, Thomas KA. Amino acid and cDNA sequences of a vascular endothelial cell mitogen that is homologous to platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:2628-32. [PMID: 2320579 PMCID: PMC53743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.7.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma-derived vascular endothelial cell growth factor (GD-VEGF) is a 46-kDa dimeric glycoprotein mitogen with apparently greater specificity for vascular endothelial cells than the well-characterized fibroblast growth factors. The GD-VEGF cDNA sequence encodes a 190-amino acid residue subunit that is converted, by removal of an amino-terminal hydrophobic secretory leader sequence, to the mature 164-residue subunit characterized by direct amino acid sequencing. The GD-VEGF homodimeric subunit is homologous to the platelet-derived growth factor A and B chains and its oncogene homologue v-sis.
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35 |
253 |
2
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DiSalvo J, Bayne ML, Conn G, Kwok PW, Trivedi PG, Soderman DD, Palisi TM, Sullivan KA, Thomas KA. Purification and characterization of a naturally occurring vascular endothelial growth factor.placenta growth factor heterodimer. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:7717-23. [PMID: 7706320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent and selective mitogen for endothelial cells that is angiogenic in vivo and induced by hypoxia. A homologous protein, placenta growth factor (PlGF), is also reported to be mitogenic for endothelial cells in culture. The rat GS-9L glioma cell line produces not only VEGF homodimers but also PlGF homodimers and a novel heterodimer composed of VEGF and PlGF subunits. All three dimeric forms were purified to apparent homogeneity, and their structures and mitogenic activities were compared. VEGF.PlGF heterodimers are vascular endothelial cell mitogens nearly as potent as VEGF homodimers. Therefore, some of the biological activities attributed to VEGF homodimers might be mediated by VEGF.PlGF heterodimers. In contrast, pure PlGF homodimers are mitogenic for endothelial cells only at high, possibly non-physiologic concentrations; thus the biological relevance of their mitogenic activity for these cells is not obvious. However, the existence of not only homodimers but also heterodimers clearly extends the similarity between the VEGF/PlGF and the homologous platelet-derived growth factor systems.
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Comparative Study |
30 |
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Ham EA, Soderman DD, Zanetti ME, Dougherty HW, McCauley E, Kuehl FA. Inhibition by prostaglandins of leukotriene B4 release from activated neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:4349-53. [PMID: 6308617 PMCID: PMC384035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.14.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoattractant N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe) in the presence of cytochalasin B stimulates the release of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), superoxide (O2-), and N-acetylglucosaminidase from elicited rat peritoneal and human peripheral neutrophils [PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)]. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 (PGE1 and PGE2) inhibit LTB4 release from PMN in a dose-related manner with an IC50 of 1 X 10(-8) M. This action is associated with increased levels of cyclic AMP. The inhibitory activity of a variety of PGs on LTB4 production by rat peritoneal PMN parallels their affinity for PGE receptors in other tissues. O2- release is also suppressed by low levels of PGE1 and PGE2 in a dose-related manner and this inhibition is enhanced by theophylline. In contrast, lysosomal enzyme release is only minimally affected by physiological levels of PGs. These data are consistent with an action of PGs at the level of the PG receptor on LTB4 and O2- release from the fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated rat peritoneal PMN. In addition, the fMet-Leu-Phe-induced adherence of PMN to endothelial cells and inhibition of this phenomenon by PGs may now be explained by PG-mediated inhibition of LTB4 formation.
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42 |
194 |
4
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Linemeyer DL, Menke JG, Kelly LJ, DiSalvo J, Soderman D, Schaeffer MT, Ortega S, Gimenez-Gallego G, Thomas KA. Disulfide bonds are neither required, present, nor compatible with full activity of human recombinant acidic fibroblast growth factor. Growth Factors 1990; 3:287-98. [PMID: 1701652 DOI: 10.3109/08977199009003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a potent broad-spectrum mitogen that contains three Cys residues within its monomeric structure. We have found that site-directed mutants in which any one of these Cys residues is converted to serine remain highly active, although variably dependent on heparin, so none of the three possible intramolecular disulfide bonds that can be formed are required for mitogenic activity. Furthermore, a dispensable disulfide bond that might stabilize the active conformation is not present since all three Cys residues are accessible to chemical modification in recombinant as well as brain-derived aFGFs. Finally, formation of a disulfide bond between the two Cys residues conserved among all seven known members of the FGF family results in a virtually inactive product that can subsequently be reactivated by reduction. Thus, despite the extracellular function of aFGF, its Cys residues do not form intramolecular disulfide bonds in the active conformation.
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60 |
5
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Humes JL, Opas EE, Galavage M, Soderman D, Bonney RJ. Regulation of macrophage eicosanoid production by hydroperoxy-and hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids. Biochem J 1986; 233:199-206. [PMID: 3082323 PMCID: PMC1153004 DOI: 10.1042/bj2330199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Resident mouse peritoneal macrophages when exposed to zymosan during the first day of cell culture synthesize and secrete large amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4), the respective products of cyclo-oxygenase- and 5-lipoxygenase-catalysed oxygenations of arachidonic acid. Under these conditions of cell stimulation only small amounts of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) are concomitantly produced. However, exogenously added arachidonic acid is metabolized to large amounts of 12- and 15-HETE and only relatively small amounts of PGE2. No LTC4 is formed under these conditions. In contrast, resident mouse peritoneal macrophages in cell culture for 4 days synthesized less PGE2 and LTC4 when exposed to zymosan. However, these macrophage populations continue to synthesize 12-HETE from exogenously added arachidonic acid. Zymosan induced the secretion of a lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, equally in both 1- and 4-day cultures. Both 12- and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HPETEs), the precursors of 12- and 15-HETE, were found to be irreversible inhibitors of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway and reversible inhibitors of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in macrophages. 15-HETE were found to be reversible inhibitors of both pathways. Thus the oxidation of arachidonic oxidation of arachidonic acid to both prostaglandins and leukotrienes may be under intracellular regulation by products of 12- and 15-lipoxygenases.
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6
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Ortega S, Schaeffer MT, Soderman D, DiSalvo J, Linemeyer DL, Gimenez-Gallego G, Thomas KA. Conversion of cysteine to serine residues alters the activity, stability, and heparin dependence of acidic fibroblast growth factor. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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34 |
48 |
7
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Kuehl FA, Zanetti ME, Soderman DD, Miller DK, Ham EA. Cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of lipid mediators in white cells. A unifying concept for explaining the efficacy of theophylline in asthma. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1987; 136:210-3. [PMID: 3037956 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.1.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of white cells, including the neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell, has long been known to be suppressed by high, nonphysiological levels of E-prostaglandins (PGE). In contrast, PGE at levels consistent with an interaction with the PGE receptor (5 X 10(-9) M) have recently been shown to suppress leukotriene (LT) and prostaglandin (PG) production by neutrophils and eosinophils. This occurs by cyclic AMP-dependent inhibition of release of substrate arachidonic acid (AA) from phospholipid pools. The additional observation that indomethacin (10(-9) M) enhances release of eicosanoids by suppressing endogenous PGE2 acting to increase cAMP levels in these cells. Theophylline and other phosphodiesterase inhibitors precisely duplicate the action of PGE2, and the combined effects of such phosphodiesterase inhibitors and adenylate cyclase stimulators are synergistic. The mechanism of action of theophylline in asthma is not know, although it is generally agreed that its effect is a direct one on the bronchial smooth muscle. The findings described in this report now permit the bronchial smooth muscle, but is primarily one of suppressing mediator release from relevant white cells by inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase, an action that is enhanced by the presence of inflammatory prostaglandins in the lung.
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Review |
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8
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Miller DK, Sadowski S, Soderman DD, Kuehl FA. Endothelial cell prostacyclin production induced by activated neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)71200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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40 |
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9
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Soderman DD, Germershauden J, Katzen HM. Affinity binding of intact fat cells and their ghosts to immobilized insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:792-6. [PMID: 4351804 PMCID: PMC433360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.3.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immobilized insulin, prepared by coupling insulin directly to agarose or through hydrocarbon "connecting arms," was demonstrated to be capable of firmly binding intact adipocytes and their ghosts. Various lines of evidence indicate that the insulin receptor on the plasma membrane, in addition to the insulin coupled to the agarose, was responsible for the observed binding. This evidence includes: (a) the finding that increasing the "arm" length increased the binding capacities of insulin-Sepharose affinity chromatographic columns, (b) specific inhibition and reversal by insulin and antiserum to insulin of the binding, as compared to lesser effects by other peptide hormones, (c) the indication that only the plasma membrane sacs, not the other cellular contaminants in the crude ghosts, are capable of binding, and (d) the impairment and restoration of trypsin-sensitive membrane binding sites that are also required for insulin biosensitivity. These findings support the idea that the insulin receptor is the trypsin-sensitive site. By use of the differential buoyant densities of the various cell-bead complexes that resulted from the interaction of adipocytes with insulin-Sepharose, a new procedure was developed to demonstrate and study the binding. These complexes could also be demonstrated by interference contrast microscopy. Binding readily occurred under conditions favorable for insulin stimulation of the cells. By coupling tracer amounts of [(125)I]insulin to Sepharose or insulin-Sepharose, the effects of anti-insulin antisera, free insulin, and other peptide hormones and supplemental factors on the buoyant-density distribution of the complexes could be measured, as well as the effects of other ligands coupled to Sepharose.
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52 |
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10
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Katzen HM, Soderman DD, Cirillo VJ. Tissue distribution and physiological significance of multiple forms of hexokinase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1968; 151:351-8. [PMID: 5251874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb11900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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57 |
36 |
11
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Katzen HM, Soderman DD, Green BG. Evidence that insulin and concanavalin-A can co-bind to solubilized insulin receptors without inhibiting each other. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 98:410-6. [PMID: 7013762 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)90855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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44 |
15 |
12
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Katzen HM, Soderman DD. Interaction of carbohydrate binding sites on concanavalin A-agarose with receptors on adipocytes studied by buoyant density method. Biochemistry 1975; 14:2293-8. [PMID: 1138860 DOI: 10.1021/bi00682a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of concanavalin A (Con A) with isolated adipocytes was studied using Con A-Sepharose beads in the affinity binding buoyant density method previously used to study insulin receptors. Free Con A-Sepharose beads could be separated from the bound beads (cell-bead complexes) by sedimentation of the high density beads and floatation of the low density complexes. Sedimented and total beads could be determined by counting the radioactivity associated with [-125I]Con A coupled in tracer amounts to the beads. Various lines of evidence demonstrated the high specificity of binding. Soluble Con A, but neither insulin nor any of the other proteins tested, inhibited and reversed the binding of Con A-Sepharose to the cells. Whereas treatment of Con A- (and insulin-) derivatized beads with anti-insulin antiserum, and cells with trypsin, readily inhibited binding of insulin-Sepharose to cells, neither treatment inhibited Con A-Sepharose binding. According to the relative extents of inhibition and reversal of binding exhibited by 15 different carbohydrates, the saccharide binding sites on Con A-Sepharose appeared virtually identical with the known sites on free Con A. Protein-containing components of cell ghosts that were solubilized with Triton X-100 appeared to correspond to the Con A-Sepharose receptor sites on the basis of their ability to bind to Con A-Sepharose columns, be eluted with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (MeMan) and be precipitated by the free lectin and redissolved by MeMan. According to (a) Normarski interference contrast microscopic examination of the topographical distribution of Con A-Sepharose beads and cells surrounding and bound to each other, and (b) absence of any apparent morphological changes in the cells due to binding, it is suggested that extensive clustering ("cap" or "macropatch" formation) of Con A receptors did not occur on the adipocyte as a consequence of the interaction of the cells with the Con A-Sepharose beads.
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50 |
12 |
13
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Thomas KA, Ortega S, Soderman D, Schaeffer MT, DiSalvo J, Gimenez-Gallego G, Linemeyer D, Kelly L, Menke J. Structural modifications of acidic fibroblast growth factor alter activity, stability, and heparin dependence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 638:9-17. [PMID: 1723866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb49013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Comparative Study |
34 |
11 |
14
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Katzen HM, Soderman DD. A rare genetically determined electrophoretic variant of human leucocyte type III hexokinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 262:626-35. [PMID: 3364986 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Various lines of evidence from starch gel electrophoretic experiments demonstrate the existence of a genetically determined rare variant form of the type III isozyme of hexokinase (HK) in the leucocytes of a small percentage of the general human population. This enzymatically active variant (designated IIIS) migrates slightly, but significantly, slower than the common form (designated IIIF). In addition to finding various individuals with a two-banded pattern (heterozygotes containing both IIIS and IIIF), a finding reported previously by S. Povey, G. Corney, and H. Harris ((1975) Ann. Hum. Genet. 38, 407-415), we discovered one person homozygous for the variant phenotype. In close agreement with Povey et al., screening of 59 individuals at random indicated a gene frequency of about 0.017 for the IIIS allele, corresponding to a homozygous genotype for this allele that would be expected in about one of every 3500 individuals. Experiments involving the mixing of blood samples from the individual homozygous for IIIS with those homozygous for IIIF indicate that secondary in vitro changes, a possibility suggested by Povey et al., are not responsible for the appearance of the variant. This conclusion was supported by a demonstration of the specificity of the alteration in type III's mobility in comparison with the lack of alterations in any of the LDH isozymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and various amido black-stainable proteins. These studies confirm the proposal for a genetically determined polymorphism of type III HK. No differences could be found between the total HK activity (according to spectrophotometric assays) of extracts from the subject homozygous for the variant and the activity from the homozygote for the common form, in terms of either their Km values for glucose or their heat stability properties. The similarity of Km values was supported by kinetic assays performed during staining of the individual forms on electrophoretic gels. Previous findings, reported elsewhere, of type III HK in RBC extracts were shown here to be attributable to contamination, by leucocytes, of the extracts. As a consequence of these studies, slight, but significant, amounts of type II-like HK were also discovered in leucocytes. Because our studies described above were completed in 1969, advantage was taken of the opportunity to test the HK pattern 17 years later from some of the same subjects. The patterns of the homozygotes for IIIS and for IIIF and the heterozygotes were found to be identical to the original ones, indicating no age-, environmental-, or other time-related changes that could explain the variation in type III HK.
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Comparative Study |
37 |
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Katzen HM, Soderman DD, Wiley CE. Multiple forms of hexokinase. Activities associated with subcellular particulate and soluble fractions of normal and streptozotocin diabetic rat tissues. J Biol Chem 1970; 245:4081-96. [PMID: 4099995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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55 |
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16
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Hupe DJ, Boltz R, Cohen CJ, Felix J, Ham E, Miller D, Soderman D, Van Skiver D. The inhibition of receptor-mediated and voltage-dependent calcium entry by the antiproliferative L-651,582. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:10136-42. [PMID: 1645340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
L-651,582, 5-amino-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzyl]-1,2,3-triazole-4- carboxamide, an antiproliferative and antiparasitic agent previously shown to affect 45Ca2+ uptake into mammalian cells, inhibits both receptor-mediated and voltage-dependent calcium entry in well characterized in vitro systems. Indo 1 fluorescence measurements of cytosolic calcium levels indicate that the drug has no effect on the initial transient release of internal stores of calcium stimulated by fMet-Leu-Phe in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It does decrease the levels maintained subsequently, however, indicating blockage of calcium influx through receptor-operated channels. L-651,582 also blocks the stimulation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production by fMet-Leu-Phe with an IC50 = 0.5 micrograms/ml equal to that for calcium entry inhibition. The LTB4 inhibition is likely due to calcium entry inhibition since L-651,582 does not inhibit calmodulin or enzymes producing arachidonate metabolites. L-651,582 also inhibits potassium-stimulated 45Ca2+ influx into GH3 cells with an IC50 of 0.5 microgram/ml, indicating a block of voltage-gated L-type calcium channels. Patch voltage clamp measurements of current through L- and T-type calcium in guinea pig atrial cells also indicate that L-651,582 is a calcium antagonist. Block of L-type calcium channels is voltage-dependent, and the apparent dissociation constant for the high affinity state is 0.2 micrograms/ml. The IC50 for block of T-type calcium channels is 1.4 micrograms/ml. The inhibition of cellular proliferation and the production of arachidonate metabolites by L-651,582 may be the result of the nearly equipotent block of receptor-operated and voltage-gated calcium channels.
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17
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Kohl NE, Diehl RE, Schaber MD, Rands E, Soderman DD, He B, Moores SL, Pompliano DL, Ferro-Novick S, Powers S. Structural homology among mammalian and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isoprenyl-protein transferases. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:18884-8. [PMID: 1918005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl-protein transferase (FTase) purified from rat or bovine brain is an alpha/beta heterodimer, comprised of subunits having relative molecular masses of approximately 47 (alpha) and 45 kDa (beta). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two unlinked genes, RAM1/DPR1 (RAM1) and RAM2, are required for FTase activity. To explore the relationship between the mammalian and yeast enzymes, we initiated cloning and immunological analyses. cDNA clones encoding the 329-amino acid COOH-terminal domain of bovine FTase alpha-subunit were isolated. Comparison of the amino acid sequences deduced from the alpha-subunit cDNA and the RAM2 gene revealed 30% identity and 58% similarity, suggesting that the RAM2 gene product encodes a subunit for the yeast FTase analogous to the bovine FTase alpha-subunit. Antisera raised against the RAM1 gene product reacted specifically with the beta-subunit of bovine FTase, suggesting that the RAM1 gene product is analogous to the bovine FTase beta-subunit. Whereas a ram1 mutation specifically inhibits FTase, mutations in the CDC43 and BET2 genes, both of which are homologous to RAM1, specifically inhibit geranylgeranyl-protein transferase (GGTase) type I and GGTase-II, respectively. In contrast, a ram2 mutation impairs both FTase and GGTase-I, but has little effect on GGTase-II. Antisera that specifically recognized the bovine FTase alpha-subunit precipitated both bovine FTase and GGTase-I activity, but not GGTase-II activity. Together, these results indicate that for both yeast and mammalian cells, FTase, GGTase-I, and GGTase-II are comprised of different but homologous beta-subunits and that the alpha-subunits of FTase and GGTase-I share common features not shared by GGTase-II.
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Ham EA, Egan RW, Soderman DD, Gale PH, Kuehl FA. Peroxidase-dependent deactivation of prostacyclin synthetase. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:2191-4. [PMID: 372178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of the enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade revealed a high sensitivity of prostacyclin synthetase and a complete resistance of thromboxane A2 synthetase to time-dependent destruction by an oxidant [Ox] released during the peroxidase-catalyzed reduction of hydroperoxy fatty acids. The destructive action of [Ox] derived from prostaglandin G1 (PGG1), 15-hydroperoxy-PGE1, 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid, and 12-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid upon prostacyclin synthetase was prevented by 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol. On the other hand, deactivation resulting from PGG2 metabolism was neither time-dependent nor sensitive to 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol. The possibility that the action of [Ox] may alter the arachidonic acid cascade in favor of thromboxane A2 is discussed in view of its possible implications in inflammatory and other pathological processes.
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19
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Thornberry NA, Bull HG, Taub D, Wilson KE, Giménez-Gallego G, Rosegay A, Soderman DD, Patchett AA. Mechanism-based inactivation of alanine racemase by 3-halovinylglycines. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:21657-65. [PMID: 1939194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alanine racemase, an enzyme important to bacterial cell wall synthesis, is irreversibly inactivated by 3-chloro- and 3-fluorovinylglycine. Using alanine racemase purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli B, the efficient inactivation produced a lethal event for every 2.2 +/- 0.2 nonlethal turnovers, compared to 1 in 800 for fluoroalanine. The mechanism of inhibition involves enzyme-catalyzed halide elimination to form an allenic intermediate that partitions between reversible and irreversible covalent adducts, in the ratio 3:7. The reversible adduct (lambda max = 516 nm) decays to regenerate free enzyme with a half-life of 23 min. The lethal event involves irreversible alkylation of a tyrosine residue in the sequence -Val-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Arg. The second-order rate constant for this process with D-chlorovinylglycine (122 +/- 14 M-1 s-1), the most reactive analog examined, is faster than the equivalent rate constant for D-fluoroalanine (93 M-1 s-1). The high killing efficiency and fast turnover of these mechanism-based inhibitors suggest that their design, employing the haloethylene moiety to generate a reactive allene during catalysis, could be extended to provide useful inhibitors of a variety of enzymes that conduct carbanion chemistry.
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Comparative Study |
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20
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Miller DK, Sadowski S, Soderman DD, Kuehl FA. Endothelial cell prostacyclin production induced by activated neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1985; 260:1006-14. [PMID: 3881419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A bovine aortic endothelial cell (EC) line released prostacyclin (greater than 1 pmol/10(+5) EC cells) when incubated with fMet-Leu-Phe (FMLP)-stimulated rat and human neutrophils (PMNs). This prostaglandin (PG) I2 was shown to come from the ECs and not from the PMNs by radioactive, high-performance liquid chromatography, and immunochemical criteria. Both FMLP-stimulated rat peritoneal and human peripheral PMNs as well as their stimulated cell-free supernatants and unstimulated sonicates could elicit the release of PGI2 from ECs. Since phorbol myristate acetate stimulated PMN adherence but elicited little PGI2 release from ECs, the PGI2 stimulation in ECs is unrelated to PMN adhesion. The addition of catalase and superoxide dismutase to FMLP-stimulated PMNs enhanced rather than reduced PGI2 formation, indicating that activated oxygen products of the PMN are not responsible for the induction of PGI2. Incubation of ECs with leukotriene (LT) B4, LTC4, or LTD4 did not trigger PGI2 release nor did aspirin pretreatment of the PMNs reduce the PGI2 induction. These data suggest that arachidonic acid metabolites of the PMNs were not responsible for the PGI2 induction. Available data indicates that the PMN factor that stimulates PGI2 from ECs is either released concomitantly with the azurophilic granules or is closely related to this event.
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21
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Ortega S, Schaeffer MT, Soderman D, DiSalvo J, Linemeyer DL, Gimenez-Gallego G, Thomas KA. Conversion of cysteine to serine residues alters the activity, stability, and heparin dependence of acidic fibroblast growth factor. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:5842-6. [PMID: 1706340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a broad spectrum mitogen that is stabilized by complexation with heparin and heparan proteoglycans. The monomeric human protein contains 3 reduced cysteine residues of unknown function, the first 2 of which are conserved among all seven known fibroblast growth factors. The influence of these free sulfhydryl groups on the level, stability, and heparin dependence of the mitogenic activity at physiological temperature and pH is characterized using a complete set of site-directed mutants in which either any 1, 2, or all 3 of the cysteine residues are converted to serines. Mutants of aFGF in which either any 2 or all 3 cysteine residues are substituted by serines are more active, have longer activity half-lives, and are less heparin dependent than wild-type aFGF. In contrast, wild-type aFGF and the three mutants that each retain 2 cysteine residues inactivate more rapidly in the absence of heparin by a nonproteolytic mechanism but are markedly stabilized by heparin. This cysteine-mediated destabilization of aFGF not only diminishes its activity in the absence of heparin in tissue culture but also could functionally restrict its activity in vivo to the vicinity of mast cell-derived heparins and heparan proteoglycans associated with cell surfaces and basement membranes.
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