1
|
Brown W, Oliveira M, Reis Silva R, Woodruff K, Bisha B, Demetrio D, Block J. Effects of mycobacterium cell wall fraction on embryo development following in vitro embryo production and pregnancy rates following embryo transfer in virgin dairy heifers. Theriogenology 2024; 215:334-342. [PMID: 38134681 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine whether administration of mycobacterium cell wall fraction (MCWF; Amplimune, NovaVive) could enhance embryo developmental competence following in vitro embryo production (IVP) and pregnancy establishment after embryo transfer (ET). Nulliparous, Holstein heifers (n = 40; age 8-15 months) were submitted to two rounds of ovum pick-up (OPU) and IVP in a crossover design. Thirty-six h after follicle wave synchronization, treatments (saline or MCWF, 5 mL, im) were administered in conjunction with a single dose of follicle stimulating hormone (175 IU) and OPU was performed 48-52 h later. Recovered cumulus-oocyte complexes were used for IVP to assess embryo development. For ET, nulliparous, Holstein heifers (n = 225; age 12-18 months) were used as recipients. At 12-24 h after detection of spontaneous estrus, recipients were randomly treated with either saline or MCWF (5 mL, im). The effect of MCWF on pregnancy per ET (P/ET) was assessed in a 2 × 2 factorial design with recipients treated with or without MCWF receiving a fresh IVP embryo from a donor treated with or without MCWF at day 7 or 8 after detected estrus. Blood samples were collected from a subset of donors (n = 8) and recipients (n = 26 to 33 per treatment) prior to treatment and at 6 and 24 h post-treatment to determine serum concentration of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ. Blood samples were also collected from a group of recipients (n = 31 to 39 per treatment) to assess serum concentration of progesterone at days 4, 7, and 16 post-treatment. Pregnancy status was determined at days 40 and 100 of gestation. Donor treatment with MCWF tended (P < 0.07) to increase the proportion of oocytes that developed into transferable embryos, but there was no effect of MCWF on other parameters of embryo development. The P/ET at days 40 and 100 of gestation and pregnancy loss were not affected by donor treatment or recipient treatment with MCWF and there was no interaction. Serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines among donors and recipients and serum concentration of progesterone among recipients were not increased by treatment with MCWF. Results of the present study indicate that treatment of donors with MCWF has minimal impact on subsequent embryo development following IVP. Moreover, regardless of whether donors or recipients were treated with MCWF, there was no effect on P/ET following transfer of IVP embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Brown
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | - R Reis Silva
- EVZ, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - K Woodruff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - B Bisha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | - J Block
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oliveira M, Reis Silva R, Fonseca J, Santos R, Demetrio D. 11 The impact of multiple ovum pickups on reproductive and productive performance of Holstein heifers. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv35n2ab11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
3
|
Demetrio D, Oliveira M, Reis Silva R, Amorim D, Demetrio C, Santos R. 12 Relationship between Angus oocyte quality and embryo production. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv35n2ab12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
4
|
Reis Silva R, Demetrio D, Walhof C, Oliveira M, Spricigo J, Santos R. 13 Is pregnancy failure still a major concern for bovine. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv35n2ab13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
5
|
Brown W, Oliveria M, Reis Silva R, Demetrio D, Block J. 202 Effects of administration of mycobacterium cell wall fraction during follicle superstimulation on oocyte numbers and embryo development following ovum pickup and. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv35n2ab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
|
6
|
Brown W, Oliveria M, Reis Silva R, Demetrio D, Block J. 133 Effect of administration of mycobacterium cell wall fraction during the periovulatory period on the proportion of pregnancies obtained in virgin dairy heifers receiving. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv35n2ab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
7
|
Demetrio D, Oliveira M, Baumgartner T, Demetrio C, Santos R. 8 Jersey in vitro embryo production data. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 34:237-238. [PMID: 35231208 DOI: 10.1071/rdv34n2ab8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C Demetrio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - R Santos
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oliveira M, Demetrio C, Baumgartner T, Santos R, Demetrio D. 12 Factors affecting Jersey in vitro embryo pregnancy rates. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 34:240. [PMID: 35231257 DOI: 10.1071/rdv34n2ab12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - C Demetrio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - R Santos
- Universidade de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Santos R, Oliveira M, Melgar N, Chebel R, Demetrio D. 9 Pregnancy loss in Holstein lactating recipient cows diagnosed pregnant by pregnancy-associated glycoprotein test in blood. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv32n2ab9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the pregnancy loss (PL) between Day 30 (P30) and Day 80 (P80) of pregnancy in lactating Holstein recipients that received an invivo- (flush) or invitro-produced (IVF) embryo. The recipient cows were located at Maddox Dairy in Riverdale, CA, USA, a Holstein herd that milks 3500 cows with a 305-day mature-equivalent milk production of 12 800 kg. First-lactation cows were enrolled in a Presynch-Ovsynch oestrus-synchronization program and scheduled to be artificially bred for the first time at 80 days after calving or to receive an embryo 7 or 8 days after the expected heat (recipients). The data from 590 pregnancies (1045 embryo transfers) from embryos transferred between January 2018 and March 2019 was analysed. Only grade 1 embryos (from morula to hatched blastocyst stage) produced invivo or invitro from Holstein donor heifers, lactating or dry cows, were transferred fresh (invivo or invitro) or frozen-thawed (invivo), and pregnancy rates are shown in Table 1. The ruminant trophoblast produces pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) that can be detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) in the blood of pregnant cattle as early as 28 days after insemination. Various dairy herds in the USA have been using this test to supplement or replace the use of transrectal ultrasonography for early pregnancy diagnosis. Blood was sampled on P30 after expected heat day (23 days after embryo transfer) from the recipient cows and sent to IDEXX for the PAG Bovine Pregnancy Test, which was reconfirmed on P80 of pregnancy by transrectal ultrasonography. Pregnancy loss was considered to have occurred when a cow was pregnant on P30 but not pregnant on P80. The variable PL was analysed by binary logistic regression in the MINITAB program, and the model included effects of donor status (heifer vs. milk vs. dry) and embryo type. The total PL was 12.2% (72/590) and the details are shown in Table 1. No effect of donor status (P=0.80) was detected. However, there was effect of embryo type (P=0.004). The IVF embryos had a PL of 18.0% compared with 9.5% for the invivo-produced embryos. Further research should be performed to study heifer embryos PL, because currently more embryos are being produced from very young donor cows and sires due to intensive use of genomic testing. In conclusion, there is a higher PL in lactating dairy recipients receiving IVF fresh embryos compared with fresh or frozen invivo-produced embryos.
Table 1.Embryo transfer (ET) pregnancy rates (PR, P30) in first-lactation Holstein cows (top) and pregnancy loss (PL) from Day 30 (P30) to 80 (P80) in first-lactation recipient Holstein cows (bottom)
Item
Heifer donor
Lactating donor
Dry donor
Total
ET
P30
PR%
ET
P30
PR%
ET
P30
PR%
ET
P30
PR%
Invivo - fresh
6
3
50.0
43
25
58.1
329
206
62.6
378
234
61.9
Invivo - frozen
75
38
50.7
221
129
58.4
296
167
56.4
IVF - fresh
123
61
49.6
91
42
46.2
157
86
54.8
371
189
50.9
Total
129
64
49.6
209
105
50.2
707
421
59.5
1045
590
56.5
P30
P80
PL%
P30
P80
PL%
P30
P80
PL%
P30
P80
PL%
Invivo - fresh
3
3
0.0
25
24
4.0
206
186
9.7
234
213
9.0
Invivo - frozen
38
35
7.9
129
115
10.9
167
150
10.2
IVF - fresh
61
48
21.3
42
35
16.7
86
72
16.3
189
155
18.0
Total
64
51
20.3
105
94
10.5
421
373
11.4
590
518
12.2
Collapse
|
10
|
Demetrio D, Magalhaes A, Oliveira M, Santos R, Chebel R. 11 Invivo-derived embryo pregnancy rates at Maddox Dairy from 2008 to 2018. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv32n2ab11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maddox Dairy, located in Riverdale, CA, USA, is a Holstein herd that milks 3500 cows with a 305-day mature-equivalent milk production of 12 800 kg, and they have been producing high genetic animals by embryo transfer (ET) since the early 1980s. Invivo-derived embryos from Holstein donors were transferred fresh (grade 1 or 2) or frozen (grade 1), at morula (4), early blastocyst (5), or blastocyst (6) stage, to virgin heifers (VH, natural oestrus, 13-15 months old) or lactating cows (LC, Presynch-Ovsynch, 86 days in milk, first or second lactation) 6 to 9 days after oestrus. Pregnancy diagnosis was done by transrectal ultrasonography at 32-46 days in VH and by the IDEXX PAG test at 30 days in LC. June, July, August, September, and October were called critical months (first service AI conception rate drops below 44%) and compared with the other months. The data from 32 503 ETs between January 2008 and December 2018 are summarised on Table 1. Pregnancy rates (PR) are lower for LC recipients than for VH. Embryo transfers performed 7 or 8 days after oestrus had higher PR in both types of recipients and embryos, but Day 6 and 9 oestrus are also used with fair results. The season does not seem to affect PR. There is not enough difference in the combination of stage and days from oestrus for invivo-derived embryos. These numbers do not belong to a planned experiment. Several management changes during the years were made, which make it very difficult to apply statistical methods to analyse the data correctly. They are used as a tool to make decisions in an attempt to improve future results.
Table 1.Pregnancy rate (PR) of virgin heifers (top) and lactating cows (bottom)-fresh (SH) and frozen (OZ) invivo-derived embryo transfer1
Heat-months
SH-ST4
SH-ST5
SH-ST6
SH-All
OZ-ST4
OZ-ST5
OZ-ST6
OZ-All
PR%
n
PR%
n
PR%
n
PR%
n
PR%
n
PR%
n
PR%
n
PR%
n
Heifers
6 d-CM
62
934
66
243
68
69
63
1246
56
473
58
219
62
42
57
734
6 d-OM
62
1623
67
489
69
211
64
2323
56
600
55
296
48
137
55
1033
6 d-T
62
2557
67
732
69
280
63
3569
56
1073
57
515
51
179
56
1767
7 d-CM
64
1506
68
495
67
221
65
2222
60
822
62
340
63
156
61
1318
7 d-OM
66
2723
68
1021
69
510
67
4254
57
1120
59
581
57
231
58
1932
7 d-T
66
4229
68
1516
69
731
67
6476
58
1942
60
921
60
387
59
3250
8 d-CM
65
1348
64
518
67
322
65
2188
59
595
64
258
63
108
61
961
8 d-OM
66
2166
68
886
70
510
67
3562
61
770
60
364
51
130
60
1264
8 d-T
66
3514
67
1404
69
832
66
5750
60
1365
62
622
56
238
60
2225
9 d-CM
60
109
56
43
70
20
60
172
60
5
33
6
50
4
47
15
9 d-OM
58
129
63
57
60
40
60
226
63
16
50
18
75
4
58
38
9 d-T
59
238
60
100
63
60
60
398
62
21
46
24
63
8
55
53
All-CM
64
3897
66
1299
67
632
65
5828
58
1895
61
823
63
310
60
3028
All-OM
65
6641
67
2453
69
1271
66
10 365
58
2506
58
1259
53
502
58
4267
All-T
65
10 538
67
3752
69
1903
66
16 193
58
4401
60
2082
57
812
59
7295
Lactating cows
6 d-CM
54
265
48
86
50
12
53
363
38
141
31
77
50
10
36
228
6 d-OM
49
463
52
203
45
56
50
723
46
101
48
54
59
27
48
182
6 d-T
51
728
51
289
46
68
51
1086
41
242
38
131
57
37
42
410
7 d-CM
54
755
59
274
56
103
55
1137
43
928
48
450
43
192
45
1570
7 d-OM
55
914
66
367
54
109
58
1393
46
1052
45
564
47
353
46
1969
7 d-T
55
1669
63
641
55
212
57
2530
45
1980
46
1014
46
545
45
3539
8 d-CM
63
252
68
82
76
33
65
368
48
219
56
80
42
33
50
332
8 d-OM
61
257
64
161
53
47
61
466
50
191
53
77
56
16
51
284
8 d-T
62
509
65
243
63
80
63
834
49
410
55
157
47
49
50
616
All-CM
56
1272
58
442
60
148
57
1868
44
1288
47
607
43
235
45
2130
All-OM
55
1634
62
731
51
212
56
2582
47
1344
46
695
48
396
47
2435
All-T
55
2906
60
1173
55
360
57
4450
45
2632
47
1302
46
631
46
4565
1ST=stage; CM=critical months (June, July, August, September, and October); OM=other months.
Collapse
|
11
|
Oliveira M, Santos R, Chebel R, Demetrio D. 10 Pregnancy rates following artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating Holstein cows. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv32n2ab10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive heat affects the fertility of high production lactating cows, and reduced pregnancy rates (PR) are observed during summer and early fall. Embryo production programs are used to produce more calves from high genetic merit animals, but could it also increase fertility by bypassing all the negative variables affecting the embryo development before Day 7 (oocyte development, ovulation, fertilization, early embryo development)? The data from AIs and embryo transfers (ET) between June 2017 and May 2019 were analysed. June, July, August, September, and October were called critical months (first-service AI conception rate dropped below 44%). The cows were located at Maddox Dairy in Riverdale, CA, USA, a Holstein herd that milks 3500 cows with a 305-day mature-equivalent milk production of 12 800 kg. First- and second-lactation cows were enrolled in a Presynch-Ovsynch oestrus-synchronization program and scheduled for the first AI at 86 days after calving or to receive an embryo 7 or 8 days after the expected heat. The embryos were produced invivo or invitro from Holstein donors and were transferred fresh or frozen. Blood was sampled on Day 30 after expected heat day (23 days after embryo transfer), and pregnancy was detected by the IDEXX PAG Bovine Pregnancy Test. Table 1 summarises the results, where ET PR% is the number of pregnant cows divided by the number of cows that received and embryo. All the cows synchronized for AI were bred, but only cows with the presence of a corpus luteum (CL) on ET day received an embryo. The presence of a CL was not detected in 28.7% (471/1642) of the cows (32.2% in the critical months and 25.7% in the others). Unfortunately, we could not detect the presence of a CL by ultrasonography every time we transferred embryos, so the nonovulation rate might be overestimated. The cows without a CL were considered open and used to calculate the adjusted PR (AdjPR%). Embryo transfer PR is superior to that of AI, especially during the critical months. Fresh invivo embryos have the most impact. When the cows without CLs are considered open, the difference between AI and ET is still evident for fresh invivo embryos. Besides producing animals with higher genetic merit, depending on the type of embryo used, ET can increase fertility in lactating Holstein cows, especially during the critical months. The other benefit of using ET is that cows that do not ovulate are synchronized right away, which is not the case for AI cows.
Table 1.AI×embryo transfer in lactating Holstein cows1 from June 2017 to May 20192
Item
Critical months (June to October)
Other months (November to May)
All year
%PR
n
Adj PR%
n
%PR
n
Adj PR%
n
%PR
n
Adj PR%
n
Artificial insemination
41.2%
896
41.2%
896
47.7%
1767
47.7%
1767
45.5%
2663
2663
Fresh invivo embryo
62.7%
373
47.5%
493
69.5%
262
55.3%
329
65.5%
635
50.6%
822
Frozen invivo embryo
59.3%
221
44.8%
292
59.4%
256
47.3%
322
59.3%
477
46.1%
614
IVF fresh embryo
47.9%
167
36.2%
221
54.0%
363
43.0%
456
52.1%
530
40.8%
677
Total embryos
58.5%
761
44.2%
1006
60.2%
881
47.9%
1107
59.4%
1642
46.1%
2113
1Lactating Holstein cows, first and second lactation, first service, Presynch-Ovsynch, 85 DIM.
2PR%=the number of pregnant cows divided by the number of cows that received and embryo; AdjPR%=adjusted pregnancy rate.
Collapse
|