Establishing Reference Ranges of Hematological Parameters from Malian Healthy Adults

INTRODUCTION

Measurement of immuno-hematological parameters has been historically helpful in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of many infectious diseases and cancers. However, these parameters have not yet been established in many developing countries where patient care strongly relies on such low-cost tests. This study describes the immuno-hematological parameter ranges for Malian healthy adults.

METHODS

A cross sectional study was conducted from August 2004 to May 2013. We included 213 healthy volunteers (173 male and 40 female), aged between 18-59 years. Median, 2.5 and 97.5 percentile ranges for each immuno-hematological parameter are presented.

RESULTS

In our study population, the hematological parameters' ranges were mostly different to the universal established ranges. We found in our population a Median white blood cell (WBC) count of 5200 cells/μL [3237.5-11900], Red Blood Cell (RBC) count of 4.94 10^6 [3.56-6.17], hemoglobin (Hb) of 14.2 g/dL [12.2-17.38], platelet count (Plt) of 275 10^3/μL [145.4-614.4], lymphocytes 2050/μL [1200-3800], neutrophils 2200/μL [1040-6220]; monocytes 200/μL [100-660]; eosinophils 131/μL [0-1026]; CD4 902 cells/μL [444-1669] and CD8 485 cells/μL [0-1272]. We found significant gender differences in RBC, Hb level and MPV. However, RBC and Hb were higher in males median values compared to females (median values) (p<0.001), whereas the Mean platelet volume lower values (MPV) in males than females (P<0.047). The hemoglobin level for some West African countries (Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Nigeria) ranged from 13.5 to 15.1 g/dL for males and 12 to 13 g/dL for females. However in East and Southern Africa, the values were anywhere from 14.1 to 16.1 for males and 11.2 to 14.4 for females.

CONCLUSION

Our data may help physicians to better define hematological abnormalities in patients. They may also be used to define new "normal hematological values" in Malian population or in the whole West African population.

Performance of microscopic observation drug susceptibility for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis and detection of drug resistance in Bamako, Mali

OBJECTIVES

In Mali early detection and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are still challenging due to the cost, time and/or complexity associated with regular tests. Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) is a low-cost assay validated by WHO in 2010. It is a liquid-culture-based assay to detect the 'cording' characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and to assess susceptibility to both isoniazid and rifampicin defining multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). In this study we aimed to evaluate the performance of MODS as diagnostic tool compared with a validated method-Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube/Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing/Streptomycin, Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Ethambutol (MGIT/AST/SIRE).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Between January 2010 and October 2015 we included 98 patients with suspected TB in an observational cohort study. The sensitivity and specificity of MODS assay for detecting TB were respectively 94.12% and 85.71% compared with the reference MGIT/7H11 culture, with a Cohen κ coefficient of 0.78 (95% CI 0.517-1.043). The median time to culture positivity for MODS assay and MGIT (plus interquartile range, IQR) was respectively 8 days (IQR 5-11) and 6 days (IQR 5-6). In detecting patients with MDR-TB, the sensitivity and specificity of MODS assay were respectively 100% and 95.92%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were, respectively, 66.7% and 100%. The median turnaround times for obtaining MDR-TB results using MODS assay and MGIT/AST/SIRE was respectively 9 days and 35 days. Hence, the MODS assay rapidly identifies MDR-TB in Mali compared with the MGIT/AST/SIRE.

CONCLUSION

As an easy, simple, fast and affordable method, the MODS assay could significantly improve the management of TB.

Tuberculosis drug resistance in Bamako, Mali, from 2006 to 2014

Background

Although Drug resistance tuberculosis is not a new phenomenon, Mali remains one of the “blank” countries without systematic data.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2014, we enrolled pulmonary TB patients from local TB diagnostics centers and a university referral hospital in several observational cohort studies. These consecutive patients had first line drug susceptibility testing (DST) performed on their isolates. A subset of MDR was subsequently tested for second line drug resistance.

Results

A total of 1186 mycobacterial cultures were performed on samples from 522 patients, including 1105 sputa and 81 blood samples, yielding one or more Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (Mtbc) positive cultures for 343 patients. Phenotypic DST was performed on 337 (98.3%) unique Mtbc isolates, of which 127 (37.7%) were resistant to at least one drug, including 75 (22.3%) with multidrug resistance (MDR). The overall prevalence of MDR-TB was 3.4% among new patients and 66.3% among retreatment patients. Second line DST was available for 38 (50.7%) of MDR patients and seven (18.4%) had resistance to either fluoroquinolones or second-line injectable drugs.

Conclusion

The drug resistance levels, including MDR, found in this study are relatively high, likely related to the selected referral population. While worrisome, the numbers remained stable over the study period. These findings prompt a nationwide drug resistance survey, as well as continuous surveillance of all retreatment patients, which will provide more accurate results on countrywide drug resistance rates and ensure that MDR patients access appropriate second line treatment.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2060-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Tuberculosis specific responses following therapy for TB: Impact of HIV co-infection

Characterizing perturbations in the immune response to tuberculosis in HIV can develop insights into the pathogenesis of coinfection. HIV+ TB+ and TB monoinfected (TB+) subjects recruited from clinics in Bamako prior to initiation of TB treatment were evaluated at time-points following initiation of therapy. Flow cytometry assessed CD4+/CD8+ T cell subsets and activation markers CD38/HLA-DR. Antigen specific responses to TB proteins were assessed by intracellular cytokine detection and proliferation. HIV+ TB+ subjects had significantly higher markers of immune activation in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to TB+ subjects. HIV+ TB+ had lower numbers of TB-specific CD4+ T cells at baseline. Plasma IFNγ levels were similar between HIV+ TB+ and TB+ subjects. No differences were observed in in-vitro proliferative capacity to TB antigens between HIV+ TB+ and TB+ subjects. Subjects with HIV+ TB+ coinfection demonstrate in vivo expansion of TB-specific CD4+ T cells. Immunodeficiency associated with CD4+ T cell depletion may be less significant compared to immunosuppression associated with HIV viremia or untreated TB infection.

[Treatment of malignant gastric tumors in the surgery "a" department of the Point G teaching hospital: 84 cases]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the short-term results of the treatment of malignant gastric tumors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A 3-year retrospective study from january 2007 to december 2010 was conducted in the Surgery "A" department of the Point G Teaching Hospital. The clinical records of 84 patients with gastric cancers were collected. Included in this study were patients who underwent surgery for malignant gastric tumors confirmed by histology. Patients who did not undergo surgery and those who presented tumors of the cardia were not included in this study.

RESULTS

The treatment consisted of a subtotal gastrectomy with ganglionic curettage taking out the first and the second relays in 33 patients (39.28%), total gastrostomy in 3 patients (3.57%), and the remaining 48 patients (57.14%) underwent gastro-entero anastomosis. Morbidity was 10.7%, represented by 7 cases of parietal suppuration and 2 cases of evisceration. Mortality rate was 11.11%, due to poor general condition of the patients. The global 1-year survival rate was 36.9%. The one and two-year survival rates after subtotal gastrostomy were 93.9% and 75.75%, respectively. No survival case was noticed one year after total gastrectomy and gastric enteric anastomosis.

CONCLUSION

Partial gastrectomy with ganglionic curettage when possible associated with an early diagnosis could allow a sharp improvement of the gastric tumors' survival rate.

[Tracheal intubation in the Emergency Unit: accidents and incidents in the teaching hospital of Gabriel Touré of Bamako]

INTRODUCTION

Intubation in urgency is characterized by a greater difficulty compared with intubation in situation regulated with the operating theatre suite. In urgency, the determination of the predictive anatomical factors of difficult intubation is secondary. The incidence of the complications of endotracheal intubations in urgency in the French system was 11,6% with a rate of failure to 0,5.

OBJECTIVE

To study the incidents and accidents during endotracheal intubations in the service of reception of the urgencies with the Gabriel TOURE teaching hospital of Bamako.

PATIENTS AND METHOD

A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2010 at September 2011 with the service of reception of the urgencies of the Gabriel Touré teaching hospital. All the intubated patients were included. All the patients received a clinical evaluation and paraclinic examinations. Clinical monitoring was carried out in the 24 hours following the accident. The statistical test which was used for the comparison of our results was Khi ² with a threshold of significance fixed at P<0,05.

RESULTS

For the period of study 120 cases of accidents and incidents were collected for 320 intubated patients - a frequency of 37,5%. The age bracket 15 - 29 was prevalent representing 30,8 % of patients. The sex ratio was 2,3 in favour of men. In 44.3% of cases patients died in the 24 hours following intervention. Only patients admitted for cranial traumatism presented undesirable side effects in 50% of the cases versus 50% for the other joined reasons for admission.

CONCLUSION

The accidents during endotracheal intubation in urgent interventions are considerable, hence the acquisition of more suitable material and good training would decrease incidence.

[Domestic accidents: epidemiological aspects in a District of Bamako]

AIMS

To study the epidemiological, clinical and prognostic aspects of domestic accidents in the health center of reference of one district in Bamako.

MATERIEL AND METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study of domestic accidents received at the health center of reference of "commune V" in Bamako district from September 2009 to February 2010. All cases of domestic accident that came to the health center and followed up were included. The Chi² was used for the statistical test with P ≤ 0,05 considered significant.

RESULT

During the study period (September 2009 to February 2010), we gathered 192 cases of domestic accident for 7425 out patients or 2.6% of the reasons for consultation. The sex-ratio was 1.49 in favor of men. The occurrence of burns was more frequent in the age group 6-14 years and 15-24 years with respectively, p= 0,002 and p= 0.00002. Overall mortality was 2.6% and all deaths were due to the burn.

CONCLUSION

Domestic accidents are frequent and take an important place in overall reasons for admission. In this context, the burn is more responsible for deaths.

[Comparaison between the association of chlorhydrate ketamin-magnesium sulfate ketamin chlorhydrate and in paracetamol aving in visceral surgery]

AIM

To compare paracetamol saving followed by the association of ketamine chlorhydrate - magnesium sulfate to ketamine chlorhydrate and analyze cost after the 2 protocols administration.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We conducted this comparative study from June 2005 to January 2006 in the services of anesthesiology and resuscitation and visceral surgery of the teaching hospital Gabriel Touré, Bamako. 80 patients were split into 2 groups - group A receiving: 0,25mg/kg of ketamine chlorhydrate plus 50mg /kg of magnesium sulfate, group B receiving: 0,25mg/kg of ketamine chlorhydrate.

RESULTS

The 2 groups were compared by anthropometrical and clinical data (age, sex, weight) and ASA. The reduction of paracetamol dosage was 57, 50 % of the 4 g actually used per day in A group against 48, 50% in B group.

CONCLUSION

Ketamin chlorhydrate associated to magnesium sulfate insure a post-operative analgesic saving in visceral surgery. Cost of analgesia actually used is reduced.

[Lidocaine in endotracheal intubation]

AIM

To evaluate the effect of lidocaîne use by IV during endotracheal intubation.

PATIENTS AND METHOD

Our study was simple insu randomized prospective and comparative. It was done at the teaching hospital Gabriel Touré of Bamako from march to September 2005. Patients were distributed in 3 groups. The first group I: got fentanyl 2 nmg /kg+penthotal 5mg/kg+vecuronium 0.1mg/kg and intubation 3 mn later. The group II: lodocaîne 1,5mg +fentanyl 2nmg/kg+penthotal 5mg /kg + vecuronium 0.1mg/kg and intubation 3mn later. The group III: lodocaïne 1.5 mg/kg+pentothal 5mg/kg+vecuronium 0.1mg/kg and intubation 3 mn later.

RESULTS

The mean arterial pression to intubation has been 105.88±13.82 mmhg in the groupI, 96.60±15.01mmhg in the group II and 96.44±12.09mmhg in the group III with P = 0.008. To incision it has been 99.12±11.82 in the group I, 94.90 ±6.67 mmhg in the group II and 92.26±8.81 mmhg in the groupIII with P = 0.017.

CONCLUSION

Lidocaïne, used alone in Iv or associated to fentanyl 3 mn before intubation prevents hypertension related to intubation and incision.

[The etiological, clinical and prognosis of diarrhea occurs during AIDS in to hospital in Bamako]

Its was a descriptive survey achieved in the service of the infectious and tropical illnesses of the teaching hospital of the "Point G" from 31 December 2002 to 30 June 2004 was about the analysis of 76 files. Its goal was to determine the clinical, etiological and prognostic aspects, of the diarrhea during the AIDS. The oral-pharyngeal candidiasis (50%), the deshydratation (60,5%), the fever (67,5%) and the thinning (77,6%) were associated to the diarrhoea frequently. Cholera syndrome was (52.6%), dysenteric syndrome was (36.8%) and the diarrhea syndrome was (10.5%). According to the etiological aspect, the parasites were founded in 51,3 % of cases, bacteria 9,2 % of cases, and fungus 5,3%. Any pathogen hasn't been founded in 34,2% of cases. Cyptosporidium parvum (15,8 %), and Isospora Belli (11,8%) was the most common parasites founded, but some unusual pathogens as: Entamoeba hystolitica, Trichomonas intestinalis , Giardia intestinalis , Shistosoma mansoni , Dicrococelium dendriticum, Trichostrongylus were present . The most common bacteria were Escherichia coli 5,3%. The fungus family was represented by Candida albicans . The lethality rate was 46,1%.

CONCLUSION

The etiology of diarrhea occurs during aids is variable and include opportunistic and non opportunistic. The fatality rate remains incised because the delay of care and the poverty of the patients.