Paraneoplastic retinopathy associated with occult bladder cancer

The aim was to report the first case of cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) presenting before bladder cancer diagnosis. A 71-year-old woman with a history of bilateral vision loss underwent subsequent complete ophthalmic examination include a fluorescein angiography, full-field electroretinogram (ERG), serology including serum antibodies for CAR, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan. The patient was diagnosed with bladder carcinoma revealed by PET-CT. Timely recognition of this entity may be crucial for an increased patient survival thus adult onset progressive photoreceptor dysfunction, confirmed by ERG, should alert to a possible remote effect of known or occult malignancy. In the latter, PET-CT may be exploited as a powerful diagnostic tool.

Double vision is a major manifestation in moderate to severe graves' orbitopathy, but it correlates negatively with inflammatory signs and proptosis

CONTEXT

Double vision (diplopia) is a major determinant of work disability in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO), but is not part of the classification NOSPECS classification of GO.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of the study were to quantitate diplopia in patients with moderate to severe GO and to study associations with other disease and patient variables.

DESIGN

This was a single-center prospective study of consecutive patients at the time of referral.

SETTING

The study was conducted at the University Hospital Thyroid-Eye Clinic.

PATIENTS

Patients included 216 patients diagnosed with moderate to severe and active GO.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Binocular diplopia in field of gaze and monocular fields of motility were prospectively recorded on diagrams and measured by planimetry. Fields of diplopia were correlated to other disease and patient variables.

RESULTS

Six patients had only one functional eye and were excluded. Among the remaining 210 patients, diplopia was present in 75.2%. In patients with diplopia, this ranged from 5% to 100% (observed in 11.4% of patients) of binocular field of gaze. The field of diplopia correlated positively with eye motility restriction and with asymmetrical affection of orbits but negatively with signs of inflammation and proptosis that often are the main outcome measures in clinical studies of GO therapy.

CONCLUSION

Diplopia is very common in moderate to severe GO and a major cause for active therapy. In moderate to severe GO, the field of diplopia correlates negatively with some other indicators of disease activity, which may be explained by the physiological properties of binocular fusion.

Incidence and clinical presentation of moderate to severe graves' orbitopathy in a Danish population before and after iodine fortification of salt

CONTEXT

Population-based data on the incidence and clinical presentation of moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy (GO) are scarce, and virtually nothing is known on the effect of an iodization program on the incidence and presentation of GO.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to characterize incident moderate to severe GO in North Jutland County, Denmark, during the period 1992-2009, before and after the Danish salt iodization program.

DESIGN AND PATIENTS

The design of the study was a prospective register of patients with incident moderate to severe GO in a population during 8.9 million persons × years of observation.

SETTING

The study was conducted at a thyroid-eye clinic of university hospital.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Clinical presentation and incidence before and after the year 2000 initiation of the mandatory Danish iodization of salt were measured. The incidence of GO was related to the incidence of Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) in the same population.

RESULTS

The incidence rate of moderate to severe GO was 16.1/million per year (women: 26.7; men: 5.4), with no change associated with iodization of salt. The moderate to severe GO incidence was 4.9% of the incidence of GH. The incidence rate ratio between women and men with GO (4.9) was not different from the ratio in GH. Compared with GH, only a few patients (<2%) suffered from moderate and severe GO below the age of 40 yr, whereas GO was relatively common in age groups 40-60 yr (∼8%).

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately 5% of the patients with Graves' disease develop moderate to severe GO, with a similar risk in women and men with Graves' disease. The risk of GO is much higher in patients aged 40-60 yr than in young patients with Graves' disease. Salt iodization was not associated with a change in the incidence of GO.

Sustained control of Graves' hyperthyroidism during long-term low-dose antithyroid drug therapy of patients with severe Graves' orbitopathy

BACKGROUND

Patients with severe Graves' orbitopathy often have hyperthyroidism that is difficult to treat and a high proportion of patients experience relapse of hyperthyroidism after a course of antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy of fixed duration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of prolonged low-dose ATD therapy for attaining stable euthyroidism in patients with severe Graves' orbitopathy and hyperthyroidism.

METHODS

We performed retrospective analyses of data collected during observation of a cohort of patients (n = 108) treated for severe Graves' orbitopathy and for hyperthyroidism using partial block with low-dose thionamide + replacement with levothyroxine (L-T4) for >2 years. The study was performed at a university hospital referral center for patients with severe Graves' orbitopathy.

RESULTS

The median duration of thionamide therapy was 80 months (25-75 percentiles: 55-115 months); 101 patients received methimazole (median: 5 mg/day) without side effects during prolonged therapy, and 7 propylthiouracil (median: 200 mg/day); median L-T4 dose was 0.1 mg/day. Ninety percent of patients remained euthyroid throughout the period of therapy, and 65% of them had thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies in serum within the assay reference interval at the last observation. Only four (3.7%) developed episodes of hyperthyroidism during stable therapy, and 94% had serum TSH within 0.1-4.0 mU/L at the last observation. One patient developed reversible cutaneous vasculitis after 6 years of propylthiouracil therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Prolonged partial block plus replacement therapy with low-dose ATD + L-T4 keeps the majority of patients with severe Graves' orbitopathy and hyperthyroidism stable and euthyroid.