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The Path to UVCB Ecological Risk Assessment: Grappling with Substance Characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2649-2657. [PMID: 35959883 PMCID: PMC9828001 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, and biological materials (UVCBs) pose a unique challenge to regulators and to product registrants, who are required to characterize their fate, exposure, hazard, and potential risks to human health and the environment. To address these challenges and ensure an efficient and fit-for-purpose process, it is proposed that the ecological risks of UVCBs be assessed following a tiered strategy. The development of this approach required exploring how substance composition ties into hazard and exposure information and determining the extent to which a UVCB needs to be characterized to ensure a robust risk assessment. The present study highlights the key aspects of this new method. It presents how a tiered substance characterization approach can be integrated into broader UVCB risk-assessment schemes to encourage an examination of data needs before a full substance characterization is performed. The first tier of the characterization process, Tier 0, is a fundamental step that includes data from basic, lower-resolution compositional analyses. Tier 0 assessments can be used to inform hazard and exposure for any substance of interest. The need for more sophisticated, higher-tier characterization is determined by the level of uncertainty of the risk assessment. The next step will integrate a tiered exposure assessment into the characterization scheme featured in the present study, to create a more complete risk-assessment framework. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2649-2657. © 2022 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
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Corrigendum to "RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone, CAS Registry Number 2408-37-9" [Food Chem. Toxicol. 134 Supplement 1 2019 110723 ISSN 0278-6915]. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161 Suppl 1:112815. [PMID: 35031141 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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RIFM low-exposure fragrance ingredients safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149 Suppl 1:111981. [PMID: 33577945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of these materials as described in this safety assessment. The 167 materials identified in this assessment were evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Target data, read-across analogs and TTC show that these materials are not expected to be genotoxic. The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the TTC for their respective Cramer Classes (see Fig. 1 below) and the exposure to these materials is below the TTC. The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the DST for non-reactive and reactive materials (900 μg/cm2 and 64 μg/cm2, respectively); exposures are below the DST. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on UV spectra; these materials are not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; the materials were found not to be PBT as per the IFRA Environmental Standards, and their risk quotients, based on their current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., PEC/PNEC), are <1.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene, CAS registry number 13877-91-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149 Suppl 1:111989. [PMID: 33465460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene and read-across analog myrcene (β-myrcene; CAS # 123-35-3) show that 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene is not expected to be genotoxic and provide a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) >100 for the repeated dose toxicity and developmental and reproductive toxicity endpoints. The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the dermal sensitization threshold (DST) for non-reactive materials (900 μg/cm 2 ); exposure is below the DST. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6- octatriene is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene is below the TTC (1.4 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6- octatriene was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental oncentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, citronellal, CAS registry number 106-23-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149 Suppl 1:111991. [PMID: 33453335 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, p-tolualdehyde, CAS Registry Number 104-87-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149 Suppl 1:111982. [PMID: 33454360 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. p-Tolualdehyde was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization potential, and environmental safety. Data from read-across analog benzaldehyde (CAS # 100-52-7) show that p-tolualdehyde is not expected to be genotoxic. Data from read-across analog cuminaldehyde (CAS # 122-03-2) provided p-tolualdehyde a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 1100 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. The repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were completed using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to p-tolualdehyde is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day, 0.03 mg/kg/day, and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on data from read-across analog 4-ethylbenzaldehyde (CAS # 4748-78-1); p-tolualdehyde is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; p-tolualdehyde was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-nonanone, CAS Registry Number 821-55-6. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 149 Suppl 1:111934. [PMID: 33383143 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol, CAS Registry Number 2785-87-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 149 Suppl 1:111853. [PMID: 33166670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Improving the Environmental Risk Assessment of Substances of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products, or Biological Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2097-2108. [PMID: 32780492 PMCID: PMC7693076 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials (UVCBs) pose unique risk assessment challenges to regulators and to product registrants. These substances can contain many constituents, sometimes partially unknown and/or variable, depending on fluctuations in their source material and/or manufacturing process. International regulatory agencies have highlighted the difficulties in characterizing UVCBs and assessing their toxicity and environmental fate. Several industrial sectors have attempted to address these issues by developing frameworks and characterization methods. Based on the output of a 2016 workshop, this critical review examines current practices for UVCB risk assessment and reveals a need for a multipronged and transparent approach integrating whole-substance and constituent-based information. In silico tools or empirical measurements can provide information on discrete and/or blocks of UVCB constituents with similar hazard properties. Read-across and/or whole-substance toxicity and fate testing using adapted emerging methods can provide whole-substance information. Continued collaboration of stakeholders representing government, industry, and academia will facilitate the development of practical testing strategies and guidelines for addressing regulatory requirements for UVCBs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2097-2108. © 2020 Health and Environmental Sciences Institute. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,5-diethyltetrahydrofuran, CAS Registry Number 41239-48-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111821. [PMID: 33080328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, decane, CAS registry number 124-18-5. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111804. [PMID: 33035631 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 5-phenylhex-3-en-2-one, CAS Registry Number 60405-50-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111780. [PMID: 33017622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, propenylguaethol, CAS Registry Number 94-86-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111776. [PMID: 32991985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ethyl methacrylate, CAS Registry Number 97-63-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111779. [PMID: 32991987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ω-pentadecalactone, CAS Registry Number 106-02-5. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111762. [PMID: 32971209 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, pyridine, 4-ethenyl-, reaction products with 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indene, CAS Registry Number 125352-06-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111764. [PMID: 32961269 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-furanmethanethiol formate, CAS Registry Number 59020-90-5. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111760. [PMID: 32961268 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, undecane, CAS Registry Number 1120-21-4. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111745. [PMID: 32937169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-decanone, CAS Registry Number 693-54-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111735. [PMID: 32926935 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. 2-Decanone was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from read-across analog 2-heptanone (CAS # 110-43-0) show that 2-decanone is not expected to be genotoxic. Data on read-across analog 2-heptanone (CAS # 110-43-0) provide a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the dermal sensitization threshold (DST) for non-reactive materials (900 μg/cm2); exposure is below the DST. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; 2-decanone is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. For the local respiratory endpoint, a calculated MOE >100 was provided by the read-across analog 4-methyl-2-pentanone (CAS # 108-10-1). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; for the hazard assessment based on the screening data, 2-decanone is not persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards. For the risk assessment, 2-decanone was not able to be risk screened as there were no reported volumes of use for either North America or Europe in the 2015 IFRA Survey.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, pentanoic acid, 2-methylbutyl ester, CAS Registry Number 55590-83-5. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111732. [PMID: 32898596 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, dimethyl sulfide, CAS Registry Number 75-18-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111705. [PMID: 32889015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-phenylpropionaldehyde, CAS Registry Number 93-53-8. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111697. [PMID: 32853699 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. 2-Phenylpropionaldehyde was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data on read-across analogs 3-phenylbutanal (CAS # 16251-77-7) and isopropylphenylbutanal (CAS # 125109-85-5) show that this material is not expected to be genotoxic. Data from the target material provide a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) >100 for the repeated dose toxicity endpoint and a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 380 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. The developmental and reproductive toxicity and the local respiratory toxicity endpoints were completed using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material (0.03 mg/kg/day and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; 2-phenylpropionaldehyde is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; 2-phenylpropionaldehyde was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3,7-dimethyl-3,6-octadienal, CAS registry number 55722-59-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111696. [PMID: 32853697 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. 3,7-Dimethyl-3,6-octadienal was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from read-across analog citral (CAS # 5392-40-5) show that 3,7-dimethyl-3,6-octadienal is not expected to be genotoxic and provided a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) >100 for the repeated dose toxicity and developmental and reproductive endpoints. Data from the read-across analog citronellal (CAS # 106-23-0) provided 3,7-dimethyl-3,6-octadienal a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 7000 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; 3,7-dimethyl-3,6-octadienal is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to 3,7-dimethyl-3,6-octadienal is below the TTC (1.4 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; 3,7-dimethyl-3,6-octadienal was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, indole, CAS Registry Number 120-72-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111693. [PMID: 32846210 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole-5-propionaldehyde, CAS Registry Number 1205-17-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111685. [PMID: 32835728 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, phenylacetaldehyde, CAS Registry Number 122-78-1. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111658. [PMID: 32835729 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. The material (phenylacetaldehyde) was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that phenylacetaldehyde is not genotoxic and provide a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose and developmental and reproductive toxicity endpoints. Data from phenylacetaldehyde provided a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 590 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was completed using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to phenylacetaldehyde was below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day, 0.03 mg/kg/day, and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoint was completed based on data and ultraviolet (UV) spectra; phenylacetaldehyde is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; phenylacetaldehyde was not found to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) environmental standards and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]) are <1.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3,6-dihydro-4-methyl-2-phenyl-2H-pyran, CAS Registry number 60335-71-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111678. [PMID: 32827562 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, p-isobutyl-α-methyl hydrocinnamaldehyde, CAS Registry Number 6658-48-6. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111686. [PMID: 32822776 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nonanoic acid, CAS Registry Number 112-05-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111683. [PMID: 32822774 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, isobutyric acid, CAS Registry Number 79-31-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111673. [PMID: 32810584 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ethyl 10-undecenoate, CAS Registry Number 692-86-4. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111655. [PMID: 32810587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cyclohexaneethyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 21722-83-8. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111656. [PMID: 32800988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 1,4-cineole, CAS Registry Number 470-67-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111659. [PMID: 32800987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, myrcene, CAS Registry Number 123-35-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111631. [PMID: 32783999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-ethoxy-4-methylphenol, CAS Registry Number 2563-07-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111657. [PMID: 32783996 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenyl)ethanone, CAS Registry Number 774-55-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111629. [PMID: 32781223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,4-dimethyl-4-phenyltetrahydrofuran, CAS registry number 82461-14-1. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111634. [PMID: 32781225 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nonane, CAS Registry Number 111-84-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111608. [PMID: 32777340 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, methyl 3-nonenoate, CAS Registry Number 13481-87-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111660. [PMID: 32781228 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, thiogeraniol, CAS registry number 39067-80-6. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111616. [PMID: 32781221 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, allyl sulfide, CAS Registry Number 592-88-1. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111661. [PMID: 32781226 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, hexyl hexanoate, CAS Registry Number 6378-65-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111635. [PMID: 32781227 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Hexyl hexanoate was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from read-across analog hexyl isobutyrate (CAS # 2349-07-7) show that hexyl hexanoate is not expected to be genotoxic. The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to hexyl hexanoate is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day, 0.03 mg/kg/day, and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the dermal sensitization threshold (DST) for non-reactive materials (900 μg/cm2); exposure is below the DST. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; hexyl hexanoate is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; hexyl hexanoate was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
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43
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, styryl acetate, CAS Registry Number 10521-96-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111618. [PMID: 32771450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, CAS Registry Number 3658-77-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111620. [PMID: 32777341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, tetrahydro-α-pentylfurfuryl acetate, CAS Registry Number 67634-08-6. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111622. [PMID: 32771451 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Tetrahydro-α-pentylfurfuryl acetate was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that tetrahydro-α-pentylfurfuryl acetate is not genotoxic. The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class III material, and the exposure to tetrahydro-α-pentylfurfuryl acetate is below the TTC (0.0015 mg/kg/day, 0.0015 mg/kg/day, and 0.47 mg/day, respectively). The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the dermal sensitization threshold (DST) for non-reactive materials (900 μg/cm2); exposure is below the DST. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; tetrahydro-α-pentylfurfuryl acetate is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; tetrahydro-α-pentylfurfuryl acetate was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
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46
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, eugenyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 93-28-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111630. [PMID: 32771453 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-(1-methylpropyl)-1-vinylcyclohexyl acetate, CAS Registry Number 37172-02-4. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111610. [PMID: 32777339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, S-1-methylethyl 3-methylbut-2-enethioate, CAS Registry Number 34365-79-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111609. [PMID: 32771454 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, phenylacetaldehyde glyceryl acetal, CAS registry number 29895-73-6. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111624. [PMID: 32771452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3-hepten-1-ol, (3Z)-, CAS Registry Number 1708-81-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111617. [PMID: 32771449 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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