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McLean K, Tan L, Bolland DE, Coffman LG, Peterson LF, Talpaz M, Neamati N, Buckanovich RJ. Leukemia inhibitory factor functions in parallel with interleukin-6 to promote ovarian cancer growth. Oncogene 2018; 38:1576-1584. [PMID: 30305729 PMCID: PMC6374186 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma-associated mesenchymal stem cells (CA-MSC) produce not only high levels of IL6 but also the related cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Interleukin 6 (IL6) mediated activation of STAT3 is implicated as a critical therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Less is known about the role of LIF, which can similarly activate STAT3, in ovarian cancer. We therefore sought to evaluate the tumorigenic effects of CA-MSC paracrine LIF signaling and the redundancy of IL6 and LIF in activating ovarian cancer STAT3 mediated cancer growth. As expected, we found that both IL6 and LIF induce STAT3 phosphorylation in tumor cells. In addition, both IL6 and LIF increased the percentage of ALDH+ ovarian cancer stem-like cells (CSC). Supporting redundancy of function by the two cytokines, CA-MSC induced STAT3 phosphorylation and increased cancer cell ‘stemness’. This effect was not inhibited by LIF or IL6 blocking antibodies alone, but was prevented by dual IL6/LIF blockade or JAK2 inhibition. Similarly, small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated reduction of IL6 or LIF in CA-MSC partially decreased but could not completely abrograte the ability of CA-MSC to induce STAT3 phosphorylation and stemness. Importantly, the in vivo pro-tumorigenic effect of CA-MSC is abrogated by dual blockade with the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib to a much greater extent than treatment with anti-IL6 or anti-LIF antibody alone. Ruxolitinib treatment also improves survival in the immunocompetent ovarian cancer mouse model system with ID8 tumor cells plus MSC. Ruxolitinib-treated tumors in both the immunocompromised and immunocompetent animal models demonstrate decreased phospho-STAT3, indicating on-target activity. In conclusion, CA-MSC activate ovarian cancer cell STAT3 signaling via IL6 and LIF and increase tumorigenesis cancer stemness. This functional redundancy suggests that therapeutic targeting of a single cytokine may be less effective than strategies such as dual inhibitor therapy or targeting shared downstream factors of the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. |
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Bolland DE, Moritz AE, Stanislowski DJ, Vaughan RA, Foster JD. Palmitoylation by Multiple DHHC Enzymes Enhances Dopamine Transporter Function and Stability. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2707-2717. [PMID: 30965003 PMCID: PMC6746250 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a plasma membrane protein that mediates the reuptake of extracellular dopamine (DA) and controls the spatiotemporal dynamics of dopaminergic neurotransmission. The transporter is subject to fine control that tailors clearance of transmitter to physiological demands, and dysregulation of reuptake induced by psychostimulant drugs, transporter polymorphisms, and signaling defects may impact transmitter tone in disease states. We previously demonstrated that DAT undergoes complex regulation by palmitoylation, with acute inhibition of the modification leading to rapid reduction of transport activity and sustained inhibition of the modification leading to transporter degradation and reduced expression. Here, to examine mechanisms and outcomes related to increased modification, we coexpressed DAT with palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs), also known as DHHC enzymes, which catalyze palmitate addition to proteins. Of 12 PATs tested, DAT palmitoylation was stimulated by DHHC2, DHHC3, DHHC8, DHHC15, and DHHC17, with others having no effect. Increased modification was localized to previously identified palmitoylation site Cys580 and resulted in upregulation of transport kinetics and elevated transporter expression mediated by reduced degradation. These findings confirm palmitoylation as a regulator of multiple DAT properties crucial for appropriate DA homeostasis and identify several potential PAT pathways linked to these effects. Defects in palmitoylation processes thus represent possible mechanisms of transport imbalances in DA disorders.
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
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Hacker KE, Bolland DE, Tan L, Saha AK, Niknafs YS, Markovitz DM, McLean K. The DEK Oncoprotein Functions in Ovarian Cancer Growth and Survival. Neoplasia 2018; 20:1209-1218. [PMID: 30412857 PMCID: PMC6226625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage repair alterations play a critical role in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis. Mechanistic drivers of the DNA damage response consequently present opportunities for therapeutic targeting. The chromatin-binding DEK oncoprotein functions in DNA double-strand break repair. We therefore sought to determine the role of DEK in epithelial ovarian cancer. DEK is overexpressed in both primary epithelial ovarian cancers and ovarian cancer cell lines. To assess the impact of DEK expression levels on cell growth, small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA approaches were utilized. Decreasing DEK expression in ovarian cancer cell lines slows cell growth and induces apoptosis and DNA damage. The biologic effects of DEK depletion are enhanced with concurrent chemotherapy treatment. The in vitro effects of DEK knockdown are reproduced in vivo, as DEK depletion in a mouse xenograft model results in slower tumor growth and smaller tumors compared to tumors expressing DEK. These findings provide a compelling rationale to target the DEK oncoprotein and its pathways as a therapeutic strategy for treating epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
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Shetty M, Bolland DE, Morrell J, Grove BD, Foster JD, Vaughan RA. Dopamine transporter membrane mobility is bidirectionally regulated by phosphorylation and palmitoylation. Curr Res Physiol 2023; 6:100106. [PMID: 38107792 PMCID: PMC10724222 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2023.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary regulator of dopamine availability in the brain is the dopamine transporter (DAT), a plasma membrane protein that drives reuptake of released dopamine from the extracellular space into the presynaptic neuron. DAT activity is regulated by post-translational modifications that establish clearance capacity through impacts on transport kinetics, and dysregulation of these events may underlie dopaminergic imbalances in mood and psychiatric disorders. Here, using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we show that phosphorylation and palmitoylation induce opposing effects on DAT lateral membrane mobility, which may influence functional outcomes by regulating subcellular localization and binding partner interactions. Membrane mobility was also impacted by amphetamine and in polymorphic variant A559V in directions consistent with enhanced phosphorylation. These findings grow the list of DAT properties controlled by these post-translational modifications and highlight their role in establishment of dopaminergic tone in physiological and pathophysiological states.
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Review |
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Hovde MJ, Bolland DE, Bakker C, Cottle T, Wallert MA, Vaughan RA, Provost JJ, Foster JD. Phosphorylation and Palmitoylation Dynamically Regulate Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger Isoform 1 (NHE1) Activity: Implications in Health and Disease. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Parente AD, Bolland DE, Huisinga KL, Provost JJ. Physiology of malate dehydrogenase and how dysregulation leads to disease. Essays Biochem 2024; 68:121-134. [PMID: 38962852 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is pivotal in mammalian tissue metabolism, participating in various pathways beyond its classical roles and highlighting its adaptability to cellular demands. This enzyme is involved in maintaining redox balance, lipid synthesis, and glutamine metabolism and supports rapidly proliferating cells' energetic and biosynthetic needs. The involvement of MDH in glutamine metabolism underlines its significance in cell physiology. In contrast, its contribution to lipid metabolism highlights its role in essential biosynthetic processes necessary for cell maintenance and proliferation. The enzyme's regulatory mechanisms, such as post-translational modifications, underscore its complexity and importance in metabolic regulation, positioning MDH as a potential target in metabolic dysregulation. Furthermore, the association of MDH with various pathologies, including cancer and neurological disorders, suggests its involvement in disease progression. The overexpression of MDH isoforms MDH1 and MDH2 in cancers like breast, prostate, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, alongside structural modifications, implies their critical role in the metabolic adaptation of tumor cells. Additionally, mutations in MDH2 linked to pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and other metabolic diseases emphasize MDH's role in metabolic homeostasis. This review spotlights MDH's potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target, advocating for further research into its multifunctional roles and regulatory mechanisms in health and disease.
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Bolland DE, Tan YS, Hao Y, Hacker KE, Tan L, Xie Y, Lei Y, McLean K. Induction of DNA Damage in Ovarian Cancer Induces Type I Interferon Signaling. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.804.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hovde MJ, Bolland DE, Provost JJ, Wallert MA, Vaughan RA, Foster JD. Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger Isoform 1 (NHE1) Palmitoylation and Phosphorylation Barcoding: Implications on Regulation and Function. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.632.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bolland DE, Hao Y, Tan YS, Reske J, Tan L, Chandler RL, Xie Y, Lei YL, McLean K. Abstract B05: Induction of DNA damage in high-grade serous carcinoma induces type I interferon signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.ovca19-b05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Current immunotherapy response rates in high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum are 10-15%. We sought to determine if decreasing levels of the DNA damage repair protein DEK or inhibiting its downstream effector aurora kinase A (AURKA) induces type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling to improve the immune sensing of HGSC.
Experimental Procedures: RNA-Seq analysis was performed on HGSC cell lines with stable expression of shRNA targeting DEK (shDEK) or control. Gene expression patterns were analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis and confirmed by RT-PCR. As AURKA/B were identified to be downregulated by shDEK, cell lines were treated with aurora kinase inhibitors and analyzed for DNA damage and apoptosis. IFN-I signature transcripts were analyzed by RT-PCR following shDEK therapy or aurora kinase inhibitor therapy compared to controls. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) profiles in HGSC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were characterized. Using the ID8 immunocompetent ovarian cancer mouse model, IFN-I signature transcripts were quantified after transfection with siRNA targeting Dek or control without or with overexpression of the DNA damage sensing protein Sting. In vivo studies were performed by injecting ID8 cells intraperitoneally and then treating with the AURKA inhibitor alisertib, anti-PD-L1 antibody, combination therapy or control. TILs were analyzed by flow cytometry.
Results: RNA-Seq analysis identified interferon-alpha response as an upregulated pathway in the setting of DEK deficiency. In vitro validation revealed that decreasing DEK levels increases IFN-I signaling. RNA-Seq analysis also showed decreased AURKA/B following shDEK treatment. A positive correlation between DEK and AURKA/B transcript levels was also found in primary patient samples. AURKA/B inhibitor therapy resulted in increased DNA damage and apoptosis, and increased IFN-I signature gene transcripts including IFNB1, IFNA4, ISG15, and MX1. TCGA analysis showed that elevated levels of IFN-I genes including chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 are correlated with TIL subsets essential for antitumor immunity. In ID8 cells, Dek-deficiency enhanced Sting-mediated induction of Ifnb1, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10. In the ID8 in vivo studies, AURKA inhibitor therapy resulted in increased TCRβ and TCRγδ TIL subpopulations. Combinatorial therapy animal studies are ongoing.
Conclusions: Decreasing levels of the DNA damage repair protein DEK or inhibiting its effector AURKA/B induces DNA damage and increases IFN-I signaling in both HGSC cells lines and primary patient samples. Our TCGA analysis supports the hypothesis that IFN-I signaling is pivotal for the HGSC immunogenicity. Inhibition of AURKA in the ID8 mouse model system results in a shift in the immune phenotype, and further preclinical combinatorial studies are under way. Our results identify a new synthetic immune toxicity combination by priming HGSC with AURKA-targeted therapy with the goal of increasing immunotherapy responses.
Citation Format: Danielle E. Bolland, Yuning Hao, Yee Sun Tan, Jake Reske, Lijun Tan, Ronald L. Chandler, Yuying Xie, Yu L. Lei, Karen McLean. Induction of DNA damage in high-grade serous carcinoma induces type I interferon signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr B05.
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Hovde MJ, Bolland DE, Armand A, Pitsch E, Bakker C, Kooiker AJ, Provost JJ, Vaughan RA, Wallert MA, Foster JD. Sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) palmitoylation and potential functional regulation. Life Sci 2022; 288:120142. [PMID: 34774621 PMCID: PMC8692447 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Determine the effect of palmitoylation on the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1), a member of the SLC9 family. MAIN METHODS NHE1 expressed in native rat tissues or in heterologous cells was assessed for palmitoylation by acyl-biotinyl exchange (ABE) and metabolic labeling with [3H]palmitate. Cellular palmitoylation was inhibited using 2-bromopalmitate (2BP) followed by determination of NHE1 palmitoylation status, intracellular pH, stress fiber formation, and cell migration. In addition, NHE1 was activated with LPA treatment followed by determination of NHE1 palmitoylation status and LPA-induced change in intracellular pH was determined in the presence and absence of preincubation with 2BP. KEY FINDINGS In this study we demonstrate for the first time that NHE1 is palmitoylated in both cells and rat tissue, and that processes controlled by NHE1 including intracellular pH (pHi), stress fiber formation, and cell migration, are regulated in concert with NHE1 palmitoylation status. Importantly, LPA stimulates NHE1 palmitoylation, and 2BP pretreatment dampens LPA-induced increased pHi which is dependent on the presence of NHE1. SIGNIFICANCE Palmitoylation is a reversible lipid modification that regulates an array of critical protein functions including activity, trafficking, membrane microlocalization and protein-protein interactions. Our results suggest that palmitoylation of NHE1 and other control/signaling proteins play a major role in NHE1 regulation that could significantly impact multiple critical cellular functions.
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