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Peixoto C, Joncour A, Temal-Laib T, Tirera A, Dos Santos A, Jary H, Bucher D, Laenen W, Pereira Fernandes A, Lavazais S, Delachaume C, Merciris D, Saccomani C, Drennan M, López-Ramos M, Wakselman E, Dupont S, Borgonovi M, Roca Magadan C, Monjardet A, Brys R, De Vos S, Andrews M, Jimenez JM, Amantini D, Desroy N. Discovery of Clinical Candidate GLPG3970: A Potent and Selective Dual SIK2/SIK3 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5233-5258. [PMID: 38552030 PMCID: PMC11017251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) SIK1, SIK2, and SIK3 belong to the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family of serine/threonine kinases. SIK inhibition represents a new therapeutic approach modulating pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory pathways that holds potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we describe the identification of GLPG3970 (32), a first-in-class dual SIK2/SIK3 inhibitor with selectivity against SIK1 (IC50 of 282.8 nM on SIK1, 7.8 nM on SIK2 and 3.8 nM on SIK3). We outline efforts made to increase selectivity against SIK1 and improve CYP time-dependent inhibition properties through the structure-activity relationship. The dual activity of 32 in modulating the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα and the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 is demonstrated in vitro in human primary myeloid cells and human whole blood, and in vivo in mice stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Compound 32 shows dose-dependent activity in disease-relevant mouse pharmacological models.
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Temal-Laib T, Peixoto C, Desroy N, De Lemos E, Bonnaterre F, Bienvenu N, Picolet O, Sartori E, Bucher D, López-Ramos M, Roca Magadán C, Laenen W, Flower T, Mollat P, Bugaud O, Touitou R, Pereira Fernandes A, Lavazais S, Monjardet A, Borgonovi M, Gosmini R, Brys R, Amantini D, De Vos S, Andrews M. Optimization of Selectivity and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Salt-Inducible Kinase Inhibitors that Led to the Discovery of Pan-SIK Inhibitor GLPG3312. J Med Chem 2024; 67:380-401. [PMID: 38147525 PMCID: PMC10788895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) SIK1, SIK2, and SIK3 are serine/threonine kinases and form a subfamily of the protein kinase AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family. Inhibition of SIKs in stimulated innate immune cells and mouse models has been associated with a dual mechanism of action consisting of a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase of immunoregulatory cytokine production, suggesting a therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases. Following a high-throughput screening campaign, subsequent hit to lead optimization through synthesis, structure-activity relationship, kinome selectivity, and pharmacokinetic investigations led to the discovery of clinical candidate GLPG3312 (compound 28), a potent and selective pan-SIK inhibitor (IC50: 2.0 nM for SIK1, 0.7 nM for SIK2, and 0.6 nM for SIK3). Characterization of the first human SIK3 crystal structure provided an understanding of the binding mode and kinome selectivity of the chemical series. GLPG3312 demonstrated both anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities in vitro in human primary myeloid cells and in vivo in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taouès Temal-Laib
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Nicolas Desroy
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Elsa De Lemos
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Natacha Bienvenu
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Olivier Picolet
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Eric Sartori
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Denis Bucher
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | - Wendy Laenen
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Thomas Flower
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Patrick Mollat
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Olivier Bugaud
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Robert Touitou
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | - Alain Monjardet
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Monica Borgonovi
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Romain Gosmini
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Reginald Brys
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - David Amantini
- Galapagos
SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Steve De Vos
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Martin Andrews
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
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Lavazais S, Pereira-Fernandes A, Delachaume C, Jagerschmidt C, Drennan M, Merciris D, Peixoto C, Borgonovi M, Desroy N, Amantini D, De Vos S, Nys K. POS0442 GLPG4399: SELECTIVE SIK3 INHIBITION AS A NOVEL MODE OF ACTION FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIC DISEASES (PRECLINICAL). Ann Rheum Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundSalt-inducible kinases (SIKs) is a family of kinases with immunomodulatory function identified using a proprietary adenoviral shRNA knockdown target discovery platform. Moreover, SIK inhibition has previously been shown to have a role in inflammatory signalling.1–3 These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for SIK inhibition in inflammatory indications. A medicinal chemistry effort resulted in the development of a first-in-class, oral, selective SIK3 inhibitor: GLPG4399. This compound may be beneficial in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis which are chronic disorders characterized by impaired joint synovial inflammation.ObjectivesOur research aimed to characterize GLPG4399 and explore its impact in arthritis-relevant inflammatory in vitro phenotypic cell assays, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of selective SIK3 inhibition in in vivo experimental models of arthritis.MethodsThe selectivity and potency of GLPG4399 was profiled using biochemical and target-based cell assays. The mode of action of selective SIK3 inhibition in inflammation was explored in an in vitro panel of innate (monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells) and adaptive (B and T lymphocytes) immune phenotypic assays and in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human whole blood assay by measuring the production of inflammatory cytokines. In vivo target engagement was evaluated in an acute LPS-stimulated cytokine release mouse model by measuring plasma tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α levels. The therapeutic efficacy of GLPG4399 was evaluated in vivo in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and IL-23-induced psoriatic arthritis mouse models by assessing disease activity endpoints.ResultsGLPG4399 was shown to be a SIK3 inhibitor with high selectivity against a panel of 370 kinases. The wide effect of SIK3 inhibition on key immune cell types was demonstrated by GLPG4399’s reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, B and T lymphocytes in a panel of in vitro innate and adaptive immune phenotypic assays. The biological activity and target engagement of GLPG4399 was further demonstrated by dose-dependent inhibition of TNFα production in vitro in LPS-stimulated human whole blood and in vivo in the blood of LPS-challenged mice. Oral treatment with GLPG4399 in mice resulted in a significant and dose-dependent improvement of disease activity score in both CIA and the psoriatic arthritis disease model. Moreover, bone erosion in CIA and new bone formation in the psoriatic arthritis disease model were significantly reduced.ConclusionOur preclinical findings demonstrate the strong immunomodulatory effect of SIK3 inhibition in arthritis-relevant inflammatory cell assays and highlight the significant preclinical efficacy of GLPG4399 in two experimental arthritis mouse models. The novel mechanisms of action of GLPG4399 represents a promising approach for the treatment of arthritis.References[1]Sundberg TB et al. PNAS 2014;111:12468–73.[2]Lombardi MS et al. J Leukoc Biol 2016;99:711–21.[3]Wein MN et al. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018;29:723–35.AcknowledgementsThese studies were funded by Galapagos NV (Mechelen, Belgium). Editorial and publications management support was provided by PharmaGenesis London, London, UK, and funded by Galapagos NV.Disclosure of InterestsStephanie Lavazais Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Anna Pereira-Fernandes Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Carole Delachaume Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Catherine Jagerschmidt Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Michael Drennan Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Didier Merciris Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Christophe Peixoto Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Monica Borgonovi Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Nicolas Desroy Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., David Amantini Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Steve De Vos Employee of: Employee of Galapagos., Kris Nys Employee of: Employee of Galapagos.
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4
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Clement-Lacroix P, Little CB, Smith MM, Cottereaux C, Merciris D, Meurisse S, Mollat P, Touitou R, Brebion F, Gosmini R, De Ceuninck F, Botez I, Lepescheux L, van der Aar E, Christophe T, Vandervoort N, Blanqué R, Comas D, Deprez P, Amantini D. Pharmacological characterization of GLPG1972/S201086, a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of ADAMTS5. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:291-301. [PMID: 34626798 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5) is a key enzyme in degradation of cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). We report the pharmacological characterization of GLPG1972/S201086, a new, potent and selective small-molecule ADAMTS5 inhibitor. METHODS Potency and selectivity of GLPG1972/S201086 for ADAMTS5 were determined using fluorescently labeled peptide substrates. Inhibitory effects of GLPG1972/S201086 on interleukin-1α-stimulated glycosaminoglycan release in mouse femoral head cartilage explants and on interleukin-1β-stimulated release of an ADAMTS5-derived aggrecan neoepitope (quantified with ELISA) in human articular cartilage explants were determined. In the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse and menisectomized (MNX) rat models, effects of oral GLPG1972/S201086 on relevant OA histological and histomorphometric parameters were evaluated. RESULTS GLPG1972/S201086 inhibited human and rat ADAMTS5 (IC50 ± SD: 19 ± 2 nM and <23 ± 1 nM, respectively), with 8-fold selectivity over ADAMTS4, and 60->5,000-fold selectivity over other related proteases in humans. GLPG1972/S201086 dose-dependently inhibited cytokine-stimulated aggrenolysis in mouse and human cartilage explants (100% at 20 μM and 10 μM, respectively). In DMM mice, GLPG1972/S201086 (30-120 mg/kg b.i.d) vs vehicle reduced femorotibial cartilage proteoglycan loss (23-37%), cartilage structural damage (23-39%) and subchondral bone sclerosis (21-36%). In MNX rats, GLPG1972/S201086 (10-50 mg/kg b.i.d) vs vehicle reduced cartilage damage (OARSI score reduction, 6-23%), and decreased proteoglycan loss (∼27%) and subchondral bone sclerosis (77-110%). CONCLUSIONS GLPG1972/S201086 is a potent, selective and orally available ADAMTS5 inhibitor, demonstrating significant protective efficacy on both cartilage and subchondral bone in two relevant in vivo preclinical OA models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
| | - M M Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | - P Mollat
- Galapagos SASU, Romainville, France.
| | - R Touitou
- Galapagos SASU, Romainville, France.
| | - F Brebion
- Galapagos SASU, Romainville, France.
| | - R Gosmini
- Galapagos SASU, Romainville, France.
| | | | - I Botez
- Institut de Recherches Servier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | - R Blanqué
- Galapagos SASU, Romainville, France.
| | - D Comas
- Galapagos SASU, Romainville, France.
| | - P Deprez
- Galapagos SASU, Romainville, France.
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van der Aar E, Deckx H, Dupont S, Fieuw A, Delage S, Larsson S, Struglics A, Lohmander LS, Lalande A, Leroux E, Amantini D, Passier P. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the ADAMTS-5 Inhibitor GLPG1972/S201086 in Healthy Volunteers and Participants With Osteoarthritis of the Knee or Hip. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 11:112-122. [PMID: 34859612 PMCID: PMC9299907 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
GLPG1972/S201086 is a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif‐5 (ADAMTS‐5) inhibitor in development as an osteoarthritis disease‐modifying therapy. We report the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics (turnover of plasma/serum ARGS‐aggrecan neoepitope fragments [ARGS]) of GLPG1972 in 3 randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase 1 trials. Study A, a first‐in‐human trial of single (≤2100 mg [fasted] and 300 mg [fed]) and multiple (≤1050 mg once daily [fed]; 14 days) ascending oral (solution) doses, investigated GLPG1972 in healthy men (N = 41; NCT02612246). Study B investigated multiple ascending oral (tablet) doses of GLPG1972 (≤300 mg once daily [fed]; 4 weeks) in male and female participants with osteoarthritis (N = 30; NCT03311009). Study C investigated single (Japanese: ≤1500 mg; White: 300 mg [fasted]) and multiple (Japanese, ≤1050 mg once daily; White, 300 mg once daily [fed]; 14 days) ascending oral (tablet) doses of GLPG1972 in healthy Japanese and White men (N = 88). The pharmacokinetic profile of GLPG1972 was similar between healthy participants and participants with osteoarthritis, with low to moderate interindividual variability. GLPG1972 was rapidly absorbed (median time to maximum concentration, 4 hours), and eliminated with a mean apparent terminal elimination half‐life of ≈10 hours. Steady state was achieved within 2 days of dosing, with minimal accumulation. Steady‐state plasma exposure after 300 mg of GLPG1972 showed no or minor differences between populations. Area under the plasma concentration–time curve (56.8‐67.6 μg · h/mL) and time to maximum concentration (4 hours) were similar between studies. Urinary excretion of GLPG1972 (24 hours) was low (<11%). Multiple dosing significantly reduced ARGS levels vs baseline at all time points for all doses vs placebo. GLPG1972 was generally well tolerated at all doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Staffan Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundOrthopaedicsFaculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - André Struglics
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundOrthopaedicsFaculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - L. Stefan Lohmander
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundOrthopaedicsFaculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Agnes Lalande
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S.)ServierSuresnesFrance
| | - Emilie Leroux
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S.)ServierSuresnesFrance
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Brebion F, Gosmini R, Deprez P, Varin M, Peixoto C, Alvey L, Jary H, Bienvenu N, Triballeau N, Blanque R, Cottereaux C, Christophe T, Vandervoort N, Mollat P, Touitou R, Leonard P, De Ceuninck F, Botez I, Monjardet A, van der Aar E, Amantini D. Discovery of GLPG1972/S201086, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable ADAMTS-5 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2937-2952. [PMID: 33719441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no approved disease-modifying osteoarthritis (OA) drugs (DMOADs). The aggrecanase ADAMTS-5 is key in the degradation of human aggrecan (AGC), a component of cartilage. Therefore, ADAMTS-5 is a promising target for the identification of DMOADs. We describe the discovery of GLPG1972/S201086, a potent and selective ADAMTS-5 inhibitor obtained by optimization of a promising hydantoin series following an HTS. Biochemical activity against rat and human ADAMTS-5 was assessed via a fluorescence-based assay. ADAMTS-5 inhibitory activity was confirmed with human aggrecan using an AGC ELISA. The most promising compounds were selected based on reduction of glycosaminoglycan release after interleukin-1 stimulation in mouse cartilage explants and led to the discovery of GLPG1972/S201086. The anticatabolic activity was confirmed in mouse cartilage explants (IC50 < 1.5 μM). The cocrystal structure of GLPG1972/S201086 with human recombinant ADAMTS-5 is discussed. GLPG1972/S201086 has been investigated in a phase 2 clinical study in patients with knee OA (NCT03595618).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brebion
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Romain Gosmini
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Pierre Deprez
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Marie Varin
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Luke Alvey
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Hélène Jary
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Natacha Bienvenu
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Roland Blanque
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Céline Cottereaux
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Nele Vandervoort
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Patrick Mollat
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Robert Touitou
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Philip Leonard
- Structural Biology, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, CB10 1XL Saffron Walden, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric De Ceuninck
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Immuno-inflammatory Disease, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Iuliana Botez
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chemistry Center of Excellence, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Alain Monjardet
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - David Amantini
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
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Abstract
Aberrant activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) like c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 is an event involved in the pathophysiology of numerous human diseases. The apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is an upstream target that gets activated only under pathological conditions and as such is a promising target for therapeutic intervention. In the first part of this review the molecular mechanisms leading to ASK1 activation and regulation will be described as well as the evidences supporting a pathogenic role for ASK1 in human disease. In the second part, an update on drug discovery efforts towards the discovery and development of ASK1-targeting therapies will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Gibson
- Sandexis Medicinal Chemistry Ltd, Innovation House Discovery ParkSandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
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8
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Clement-Lacroix P, Little C, Meurisse S, Blanqué R, Mollat P, Brebion F, Gosmini R, De Ceuninck F, Botez I, Lepescheux L, van der Aar E, Christophe T, Vandervoort N, Cottereaux C, Comas D, Deprez P, Amantini D. GLPG1972: a potent, selective, orally available adamts-5 inhibitor for the treatment of OA. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Bechi B, Amantini D, Tintori C, Botta M, Fabio RD. Stereocontrolled synthesis of 5-azaspiro[2.3]hexane derivatives as conformationally "frozen" analogues of L-glutamic acid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1114-20. [PMID: 24991261 PMCID: PMC4077356 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies aimed to “freeze” natural amino acids into more constrained analogues have been developed with the aim of enhancing in vitro potency/selectivity and, more in general, drugability properties. The case of L-glutamic acid (L-Glu, 1) is of particular importance since it is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and plays a critical role in a wide range of disorders like schizophrenia, depression, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and in the identification of new potent and selective ligands of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs). To this aim, bicycle compound Ib was designed and synthesised from D-serine as novel [2.3]-spiro analogue of L-Glu. This frozen amino acid derivative was designed to further limit the rotation around the C3–C4 bond present in the azetidine derivative Ia by incorporating an appropriate spiro moiety. The cyclopropyl moiety was introduced by a diastereoselective rhodium catalyzed cyclopropanation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bechi
- Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy ; Present address: Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David Amantini
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135, Verona, Italy ; Present address: Galapagos SASU, 102 avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Cristina Tintori
- Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Romano di Fabio
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135, Verona, Italy ; Present address: Drug Design and Discovery, Aptuit S.r.l., Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
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Cao L, Maciejewski JP, Elzner S, Amantini D, Wipf P. Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazines and the triazinoisoquinolinedione DEF ring system of noelaquinone. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5811-4. [PMID: 22473572 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25353d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular Staudinger-aza-Wittig reaction is used for a general synthesis of 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazines, a structural motif reported for the natural product noelaquinone. The DEF moiety of noelaquinone was obtained in 13 steps and 2% overall yield, and the structure of the synthetic product was confirmed by X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, 219 Parkman Avenue, 15260 Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Gozzi A, Turrini G, Piccoli L, Massagrande M, Amantini D, Antolini M, Martinelli P, Cesari N, Montanari D, Tessari M, Corsi M, Bifone A. Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals different neural substrates for the effects of orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptor antagonists. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16406. [PMID: 21307957 PMCID: PMC3030585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are neuro-modulatory peptides involved in the control of diverse physiological functions through interaction with two receptors, orexin-1 (OX1R) and orexin-2 (OX2R). Recent evidence in pre-clinical models points toward a putative dichotomic role of the two receptors, with OX2R predominantly involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle and arousal, and the OX1R being more specifically involved in reward processing and motivated behaviour. However, the specific neural substrates underlying these distinct processes in the rat brain remain to be elucidated. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the rat to map the modulatory effect of selective OXR blockade on the functional response produced by D-amphetamine, a psychostimulant and arousing drug that stimulates orexigenic activity. OXR blockade was produced by GSK1059865 and JNJ1037049, two novel OX1R and OX2R antagonists with unprecedented selectivity at the counter receptor type. Both drugs inhibited the functional response to D-amphetamine albeit with distinct neuroanatomical patterns: GSK1059865 focally modulated functional responses in striatal terminals, whereas JNJ1037049 induced a widespread pattern of attenuation characterised by a prominent cortical involvement. At the same doses tested in the fMRI study, JNJ1037049 exhibited robust hypnotic properties, while GSK1059865 failed to display significant sleep-promoting effects, but significantly reduced drug-seeking behaviour in cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Collectively, these findings highlight an essential contribution of the OX2R in modulating cortical activity and arousal, an effect that is consistent with the robust hypnotic effect exhibited by JNJ1037049. The subcortical and striatal pattern observed with GSK1059865 represent a possible neurofunctional correlate for the modulatory role of OX1R in controlling reward-processing and goal-oriented behaviours in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gozzi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, IIT@NEST, Italy.
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Amantini D, Fringuelli F, Piermatti O, Pizzo F, Zunino E, Vaccaro L. Synthesis of 4-Aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles through TBAF-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of 2-Aryl-1-nitroethenes with TMSN3 under Solvent-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2005; 70:6526-9. [PMID: 16050724 DOI: 10.1021/jo0507845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TBAF-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of 2-aryl-1-cyano- or 2-aryl-1-carbethoxy-1-nitroethenes 1 with TMSN3 under SFC allow the corresponding 4-aryl-5-cyano- or 4-aryl-5-carbethoxy-1H-1,2,3-triazoles 2 to be prepared under mild reaction conditions and with good to excellent yields (70-90%). The proposed protocol does not require dried glassware or inert atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Amantini
- CEMIN, Centro di Eccellenza Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Amantini D, Beleggia R, Fringuelli F, Pizzo F, Vaccaro L. TBAF-Catalyzed Synthesis of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles under Solventless Conditions. J Org Chem 2004; 69:2896-8. [PMID: 15074950 DOI: 10.1021/jo0499468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) is an efficient catalyst in the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of organic nitriles 1 with trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN(3)) in solventless conditions. The corresponding 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles 2 were obtained under mild conditions and in 80-97% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Amantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Perugia, CEMIN (Centro di Eccellenza Materiali Innovativi per applicazioni chimiche, fisiche e biomediche), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Amantini D, Fringuelli F, Piermatti O, Pizzo F, Vaccaro L. 3-Nitrocoumarins as Dienophiles in the Diels−Alder Reaction in Water. An Approach to the Synthesis of Nitrotetrahydrobenzo[c]chromenones and Dihydrodibenzo[b,d]furans. J Org Chem 2003; 68:9263-8. [PMID: 14629145 DOI: 10.1021/jo034956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The [4 + 2] cycloadditions of 3-nitrocoumarin (1a), 6-chloro-3-nitrocoumarin (1b), and 6-, 7-, and 8-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins (1c, 5, and 6) with (E)-piperylene (7), isoprene (8), 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene (9), 2-methoxy-1,3-butadiene (10), 2,3-dimethoxy-1,3-butadiene (11), and cyclopentadiene (12) were investigated in aqueous medium, in organic solvent and under solventless conditions. The reactions performed in water occurred in heterogeneous phase but were faster than those executed in toluene or dichloroethane (DCE). 1a-c, 5, and 6 behaved as 2pi components in the Diels-Alder cycloadditions with 7-10 and 12, and exo adducts were preferentially or exclusively produced. Surprisingly 1a, behaved as a 4pi component in the cycloaddition in water with 11 and 4-substituted 3-nitrochromanones 20 and 21 were isolated. The cycloadditions of hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins 1c, 5, and 6 with 1,3-diene 9 did not work in water or in organic solvent, but did work under solventless conditions. Nitrotetrahydrobenzo[c]chromenones 13-16, 24, and 25, originating from the normal electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions, were converted into dihydrodibenzo[b,d]furans 27-31 in water, via one-pot Nef-cyclodehydration reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Amantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Pizzo F, Vaccaro L, Amantini D, Fringuelli F, Tortoioli S. ZnCl2as an Efficient Catalyst in the Thiolysis of 1,2-Epoxides by Thiophenol in Aqueous Medium. Synlett 2003. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-42107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Amantini D, Fringuelli F, Pizzo F. Uncatalyzed [4 + 2] cycloadditions of 3-nitrocoumarins with vinyl ethers in solventless conditions. A new entry to chromene derivatives. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7238-43. [PMID: 12375949 DOI: 10.1021/jo0260185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The [4 + 2] cycloadditions of 3-nitrocoumarins 5 with electron-rich dienophiles (ethyl vinyl ether (8), 2,3-dihydrofuran (9), and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (10)) were investigated in water, in neat conditions, and in organic solvents. The cycloadditions do not require the use of catalysts and are highly endo diastereoselective, and in water the cyclic nitronates 13, 18, and 23 are converted into chromene derivatives via hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and acetalation reactions. A one-pot procedure based on consecutive reactions in neat/water conditions allows 3-nitrocoumarins 5 to be used as building blocks for the synthesis of chromanols and tetrahydrofuro- and tetrahydropyranochromenes. For the first time, the hydrolysis of cyclic nitronates having the C-O bond of 1,2-oxazine ring as a part of an acetal was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Amantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Amantini D, Fringuelli F, Pizzo F, Vaccaro L. Efficient O-trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols with trimethylsilyl azide catalyzed by tetrabutylammonium bromide under neat conditions. J Org Chem 2001; 66:6734-7. [PMID: 11578228 DOI: 10.1021/jo015814s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A very efficient procedure for the trimethylsilylation of a wide variety of alcohols, including primary, allylic, benzylic, secondary, hindered secondary, tertiary, and phenols is reported. The reactions were carried out under neat conditions with trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN(3)) and, when necessary, in the presence of a catalytic amount (20 mol %) of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) at 30 or 70 degrees C. Under catalytic conditions, the yields of the corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers were greater than 91%. This procedure also allows the selective protection of primary and secondary alcohols in the presence of tertiary ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Amantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Amantini D, Fringuelli F, Pizzo F, Vaccaro L. Bromolysis and iodolysis of alpha,beta-epoxycarboxylic acids in water catalyzed by indium halides. J Org Chem 2001; 66:4463-7. [PMID: 11421763 DOI: 10.1021/jo0156215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ring opening of alpha,beta-epoxycarboxylic acids by bromide and iodide ions has been efficiently carried out in water in high regio- and stereoselective fashion. The iodolysis of trans-beta-monoalkylated epoxycarboxylic acids at pH 4.0 was completely alpha-regioselective and anti diastereoselective. The InCl(3)-catalyzed iodolysis of a variety of alpha,beta-epoxycarboxylic acids at pH 1.5 gave the corresponding anti beta-iodohydrins in 88-95% yields. The one-pot synthesis of the alpha- and beta-hydroxyhexanoic acids, starting from the corresponding alpha,beta-epoxycarboxylic acid 1a by iodolysis followed by reduction of the resulting iodohydrins 4a and 4b by NaBH(4)-InCl(3) in water, has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Amantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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