Pooled ctDNA analysis of MONALEESA phase III advanced breast cancer trials

BACKGROUND

The phase III MONALEESA trials tested the efficacy and safety of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitor ribociclib with different endocrine therapy partners as first- or second-line treatment of hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer (ABC). Using the largest pooled biomarker dataset of the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib in ABC to date, we identified potential biomarkers of response to ribociclib.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Baseline circulating tumour DNA from patients in the MONALEESA trials was assessed using next-generation sequencing. An analysis of correlation between gene alteration status and progression-free survival (PFS) was carried out to identify potential biomarkers of response to ribociclib.

RESULTS

Multiple frequently altered genes were identified. Alterations in ERBB2, FAT3, FRS2, MDM2, SFRP1, and ZNF217 were associated with a greater PFS benefit with ribociclib versus placebo. Patients with high tumour mutational burden (TMB) and with ANO1, CDKN2A/2B/2C, and RB1 alterations exhibited decreased sensitivity to ribociclib versus placebo.

CONCLUSIONS

Although exploratory, these results provide insight into alterations associated with the improved response to ribociclib treatment and may inform treatment sequencing in patients with actionable alterations following progression on CDK4/6 inhibitors. Validation of potential biomarkers identified here and development of prospective trials testing their clinical utility are warranted.

CLINICALTRIALS

GOV IDENTIFIERS

NCT01958021, NCT02422615, NCT02278120.

Validation of a Mobile Health Technology Platform (FeverTracker) for Malaria Surveillance in India: Development and Usability Study

Background

A surveillance system is the foundation for disease prevention and control. Malaria surveillance is crucial for tracking regional and temporal patterns in disease incidence, assisting in recorded details, timely reporting, and frequency of analysis.

Objective

In this study, we aim to develop an integrated surveillance graphical app called FeverTracker, which has been designed to assist the community and health care workers in digital surveillance and thereby contribute toward malaria control and elimination.

Methods

FeverTracker uses a geographic information system and is linked to a web app with automated data digitization, SMS text messaging, and advisory instructions, thereby allowing immediate notification of individual cases to district and state health authorities in real time.

Results

The use of FeverTracker for malaria surveillance is evident, given the archaic paper-based surveillance tools used currently. The use of the app in 19 tribal villages of the Dhalai district in Tripura, India, assisted in the surveillance of 1880 suspected malaria patients and confirmed malaria infection in 93.4% (114/122; Plasmodium falciparum), 4.9% (6/122; P vivax), and 1.6% (2/122; P falciparum/P vivax mixed infection) of cases. Digital tools such as FeverTracker will be critical in integrating disease surveillance, and they offer instant data digitization for downstream processing.

Conclusions

The use of this technology in health care and research will strengthen the ongoing efforts to eliminate malaria. Moreover, FeverTracker provides a modifiable template for deployment in other disease systems.

Dry Post Wintertime Mass Surveillance Unearths a Huge Burden of P. vivax, and Mixed Infection with P. vivax P. falciparum, a Threat to Malaria Elimination, in Dhalai, Tripura, India

With India aiming to achieve malaria elimination by 2030, several strategies have been put in place. With that aim, mass surveillance is now being conducted in some malaria-endemic pockets. As dry season mass surveillance has been shown to have its importance in targeting the reservoir, a study was undertaken to assess the parasite load by a sensitive molecular method during one of the mass surveys conducted in the dry winter period. It was executed in two malaria-endemic villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, in northeast India, also reported as P. falciparum predominated area. The present study found an enormous burden of Rapid Diagnostic Test negative malaria cases with P. vivax along with P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed infections during the mass surveillance from febrile and afebrile cases in dry winter months (February 2021–March 2021). Of the total 150 samples tested, 72 (48%) were positive and 78 (52%) negative for malaria by PCR. Out of the 72 positives, 6 (8.33%) were P. falciparum, 40 (55.55%) P. vivax, and 26 (36.11%) mixed infections. Out of 78 malaria negative samples, 6 (7.7%) were with symptoms, while among the total malaria positive, 72 cases 7 (9.8%) were with symptoms, and 65 (90.2%) were asymptomatic. Out of 114 samples tested by both microscopy and PCR, 42 samples turned out to be submicroscopic with 4 P. falciparum, 23 P. vivax, and 15 mixed infections. Although all P. vivax submicroscopic infections were asymptomatic, three P. falciparum cases were found to be febrile. Evidence of malaria transmission was also found in the vectors in the winter month. The study ascertained the use of molecular diagnostic techniques in detecting the actual burden of malaria, especially of P. vivax, in mass surveys. As Jhum cultivators in Tripura are at high risk, screening for the malarial reservoirs in pre-Jhum months can help with malaria control and elimination.

Mitigation of X-ray induced DNA damages and expression of DNA-repair genes by antioxidative Potentilla fulgens root extract and its ethyl-acetate fraction in mammalian cells

Potentilla fulgens is a medicinal plant in North-East India whose root is reported to have anti-diabetic, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties. The potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of P. fulgens root (PRE) for providing protection to mammalian cells exposed to ionising radiation was investigated in this study. The methanolic extract of PRE shows an enhanced radical scavenging ability in a concentration dependent manner. PRE-pre-treatment to stimulated human blood lymphocytes (HBLs) reduced the frequency of deletion and exchange aberrations induced by X-irradiation. Similar protection of chromosome aberrations was also observed in mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs) where mice were given PRE extract (1 mg extract/day/mice) ad libitum in the drinking water for 45 days before whole-body X-irradiation. Of the various extracts prepared by partitioning of the methanol extract, the ethyl-acetate (EA) fraction was found to possess better antioxidant, radical scavenging and DNA-damage reduction activities. PRE-pre-treatment also reduced the radiation-induced cell-cycle delay effectively in HBL. In HEK-293 cells, PRE reduced radiation-induced G2-block in cell kinetics. Interestingly, PRE-treatment alone increased the concentration of endogenous glutathione (GSH) in mouse BMC and in stimulated HBL along with the elevated expression of γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase heavy/catalytic subunit, a key determinant of GSH synthesis. Studies on expression of two DNA-repair genes revealed that there was a marked increase in the expression of GADD45 and H2AX genes after X-irradiation in stimulated HBL, and such expression was reduced significantly if PRE-treatment was given prior to radiation. The present findings show the ability of PRE to reduce radiation-induced DNA damages probably by free radical scavenging whereas modulation of expression of DNA-repair genes' and endogenous GSH-increment emerge as effective strategies. The present study is the first report on the selected medicinal plant species that suggests it to be a potential natural radioprotector when used as root extract or its EA fraction for mitigating radiation toxicity.

Predicted sensitivity to endocrine therapy for stage II-III hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative (HR+/HER2-) breast cancer before chemo-endocrine therapy

BACKGROUND

We proposed that a test for sensitivity to the adjuvant endocrine therapy component of treatment for patients with stage II-III breast cancer (SET2,3) should measure transcription related to estrogen and progesterone receptors (SET_ER/PR index) adjusted for a baseline prognostic index (BPI) combining clinical tumor and nodal stage with molecular subtype by RNA4 (ESR1, PGR, ERBB2, and AURKA).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with clinically high-risk, hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative (HR+/HER2-) breast cancer received neoadjuvant taxane-anthracycline chemotherapy, surgery with measurement of residual cancer burden (RCB), and then adjuvant endocrine therapy. SET2,3 was measured from pre-treatment tumor biopsies, evaluated first in an MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) cohort (n = 307, 11 years' follow-up, U133A microarrays), cut point was determined, and then independent, blinded evaluation was carried out in the I-SPY2 trial (n = 268, high-risk MammaPrint result, 3.8 years' follow-up, Agilent-44K microarrays, NCI Clinical Trials ID: NCT01042379). Primary outcome measure was distant relapse-free survival. Multivariate Cox regression models tested prognostic independence of SET2,3 relative to RCB and other molecular prognostic signatures, and whether other prognostic signatures could substitute for SET_ER/PR or RNA4 components of SET2,3.

RESULTS

SET2,3 added independent prognostic information to RCB in the MDACC cohort: SET2,3 [hazard ratio (HR) 0.23, P = 0.004] and RCB (HR 1.77, P < 0.001); and the I-SPY2 trial: SET2,3 (HR 0.27, P = 0.031) and RCB (HR 1.68, P = 0.008). SET2,3 provided similar prognostic information irrespective of whether RCB-II or RCB-III after chemotherapy, and in both luminal subtypes. Conversely, RCB was most strongly prognostic in cancers with low SET2,3 status (MDACC P < 0.001, I-SPY2 P < 0.001). Other molecular signatures were not independently prognostic; they could effectively substitute for RNA4 subtype within the BPI component of SET2,3, but they could not effectively substitute for SET_ER/PR index.

CONCLUSIONS

SET2,3 added independent prognostic information to chemotherapy response (RCB) and baseline prognostic score or subtype. Approximately 40% of patients with clinically high-risk HR+/HER2- disease had high SET2,3 and could be considered for clinical trials of neoadjuvant endocrine-based treatment.

Improved tolerability of neratinib in patients with HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer: the CONTROL trial

BACKGROUND

Neratinib is an irreversible pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for extended adjuvant treatment in early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer based on the phase III ExteNET study. In that trial, in which no antidiarrheal prophylaxis was mandated, grade 3 diarrhea was observed in 40% of patients and 17% discontinued due to diarrhea. The international, open-label, sequential-cohort, phase II CONTROL study is investigating several strategies to improve tolerability.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients who completed trastuzumab-based adjuvant therapy received neratinib 240 mg/day for 1 year plus loperamide prophylaxis (days 1-28 or 1-56). Sequential cohorts evaluated additional budesonide or colestipol prophylaxis (days 1-28) and neratinib dose escalation (DE; ongoing). The primary end point was the incidence of grade ≥3 diarrhea.

RESULTS

Final data for loperamide (L; n = 137), budesonide + loperamide (BL; n = 64), colestipol + loperamide (CL; n = 136), and colestipol + as-needed loperamide (CL-PRN; n = 104) cohorts, and interim data for DE (n = 60; completed ≥six cycles or discontinued; median duration 11 months) are available. No grade 4 diarrhea was observed. Grade 3 diarrhea rates were lower than ExteNET in all cohorts and lowest in DE (L 31%, BL 28%, CL 21%, CL-PRN 32%, DE 15%). Median number of grade 3 diarrhea episodes was one; median duration per grade 3 episode was 1.0-2.0 days across cohorts. Most grade 3 diarrhea and diarrhea-related discontinuations occurred in month 1. Diarrhea-related discontinuations were lowest in DE (L 20%, BL 8%, CL 4%, CL-PRN 8%, DE 3%). Decreases in health-related quality of life did not cross the clinically important threshold.

CONCLUSIONS

Neratinib tolerability was improved with preemptive prophylaxis or DE, which reduced the rate, severity, and duration of neratinib-associated grade ≥3 diarrhea compared with ExteNET. Lower diarrhea-related treatment discontinuations in multiple cohorts indicate that proactive management can allow patients to stay on neratinib for the recommended time period. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT02400476.

Impact of homologous recombination deficiency biomarkers on outcomes in patients with triple-negative breast cancer treated with adjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (SWOG S9313)

Background

Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD)-causing alterations have been reported in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We hypothesized that TNBCs with HRD alterations might be more sensitive to anthracycline plus cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy and report on HRD status and BRCA1 promoter methylation (PM) as prognostic markers in TNBC patients treated with adjuvant doxorubicin (A) and cyclophosphamide (C) in SWOG9313.

Patients and methods

In total, 425 TNBC patients were identified from S9313. HRD score, tumor BRCA1/2 sequencing, and BRCA1 PM were carried out on DNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Positive HRD status was defined as either a deleterious tumor BRCA1/2 (tBRCA) mutation or a pre-defined HRD score ≥42. Markers were tested for prognostic value on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) using Cox regression models adjusted for treatment assignment and nodal status.

Results

HRD status was determined in 89% (379/425) of cases. Of these, 67% were HRD positive (27% with tBRCA mutation, 40% tBRCA-negative but HRD score ≥42). HRD-positive status was associated with a better DFS [hazard ratio (HR) 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-1.00; P = 0.049] and non-significant trend toward better OS (HR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.48-1.03; P = 0.073). High HRD score (≥42) in tBRCA-negative patients (n = 274) was also associated with better DFS (HR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.43-0.94; P = 0.023) and OS (HR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.42-1.00; P = 0.049). BRCA1 PM was evaluated successfully in 82% (348/425) and detected in 32% of cases. The DFS HR for BRCA1 PM was similar to that for HRD but did not reach statistical significance (HR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.54-1.17; P = 0.25).

Conclusions

HRD positivity was observed in two-thirds of TNBC patients receiving adjuvant AC and was associated with better DFS. HRD status may identify TNBC patients who receive greater benefit from AC-based chemotherapy and should be evaluated further in prospective studies.

Clinical Trials Number

Int0137 (The trial pre-dates Clinicaltrial.Gov website establishment).

Bioprospection of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals suggests rutaecarpine and quinine as promising 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors

15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX) belongs to the family of nonheme iron containing enzymes that catalyzes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to generate eicosanoids that play an important role in signaling pathways. The role of 15-LOX has been demonstrated in atherosclerosis as well as other inflammatory diseases. In the present study, drug-like compounds were first screened from a set of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals based on Lipinski's rule of five (ROF) and in silico toxicity filters. Two lead compounds-quinine (QUIN) and rutaecarpine (RUT) were shortlisted by analyzing molecular interactions and binding energies of the filtered compounds with the target using molecular docking. Molecular dynamics simulation studies indicate stable trajectories of apo_15-LOX and docked complexes (15-LOX_QUIN and 15-LOX_RUT). In vitro 15-LOX inhibition studies shows that both QUIN and RUT have lower inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀ ) value than the control (quercetin). Both QUIN and RUT exhibit moderate antioxidant activities. The cell viability study of these compounds suggests no significant toxicity in HEK-293 cell lines. Further, QUIN and RUT both did not show any inhibition against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. Thus, based on our present findings, rutaecarpine and quinine may be suggested as promising 15-LOX inhibitor for the prevention of the atherosclerosis development.

Prevalence and Correlates of Substance Use in rural Bhubaneswar – A Community based Cross sectional Study

Background: Substance use is an ever-increasing public health problem in the Indian society. Besides being a personal health risk, it is also a social and economic issue. The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence and pattern of substance use in rural Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Material & Methods: A cross sectional community-based study was undertaken in rural Bhubaneswar in two phases, a pre survey qualitative assessment followed by the quantitative assessment. The prevalence, pattern and habit of use of different psychoactive substances were accessed using a predesigned pretested questionnaire among 574 study participants of greater than ten years of age. Results: The prevalence of use of at least one substance was 44.1%. Tobacco (smokeless) was the most commonly used substance followed by alcohol and smoked tobacco. Male gender, age greater than 40 years, joint family and being illiterate were the important predictors of substance use. Conclusions: A predominance of smokeless tobacco consumption was found in our study. Family members’ being the source of introduction in majority of users is a matter of serious concern. Community based intervention strategies can be helpful in targeting the rural population for deaddiction and delivering a social message for curbing the use of harmful substances.

Progression-free survival (PFS) and toxicities of palbociclib in a geriatric population

PURPOSE

Over 40% of newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer patients are ≥ 70 years old; however, this population is less likely to be represented in clinical trials. The objective of this study was to analyze PFS, dose reductions, dose delays, and toxicity in a geriatric population receiving palbociclib in a non-trial setting.

METHODS

Patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving palbociclib in any line of therapy were identified from a cohort of 845 patients at a large academic institution. Dose delays, dose reductions, and toxicities were retrospectively extracted from the medical record. Data were analyzed using Fischer's exact test for categorized variables and T test/Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. PFS and OS were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

605 patients who met eligibility criteria were included. 160 patients were ≥ 65 years old and 92 patients were ≥ 70 years old. Patients ≥ 70 had a significantly increased number of dose reductions (p = 0.03) and dose delays (p = 0.02) compared to the younger patients. There was no significant increase in toxicities, including neutropenic fever, infections, or hospitalizations, in the ≥ 70 cohort (p = 0.3). The ≥ 70 cohort had a significantly improved PFS as compared to the younger cohort (p = 0.02); however, age was no longer a significant variable in the multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Palbociclib was well tolerated in the geriatric population and there was no difference in PFS between older and younger patients. These results are reassuring as palbociclib becomes the frontline standard of care therapy for patients.

Secondary metabolite profiling, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory potential and in vitro inhibitory activities of Nardostachys jatamansi on key enzymes linked to hyperglycemia, hypertension and cognitive disorders

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC., 'Spikenard' or 'Jatamansi', a highly valued, aromatic herb from alpine Himalayas has a long history of use as ethnomedicine and dietary supplements in Ayurveda, Unani and Chinese system of medicine since Vedic ages (1000-800 BC). In Ayurveda and traditional system of medicine, the species is used as stimulant, sedative, brain tonic or mind rejuvenator, antidiabetic, cardio tonic, and in the treatment of various neurological disorders such as insomnia, epilepsy, hysteria, anxiety and depression. It is considered as Sattvic herb in Ayurveda and is now commercially marketed either as single or poly-herbal formulations by many companies in national and international markets.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The species has become threatened in its natural habitats due to over exploitation and illegal trade of its rhizomes for drug preparation in herbal and pharmaceutical industries. Considering the increasing demand and tremendous medicinal importance of this threatened plant species, a detailed study was undertaken to evaluate its antioxidant potential, secondary metabolite profiling, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory potential and in vitro enzyme inhibitory activities on key enzymes linked to hyperglycemia, hypertension and cognitive disorders in different plant parts of wild and in vitro-raised plants with respect to different solvent systems for its sustainable utilization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anti-cholinesterase activity of leaves and rhizome of wild and cultured plant extracts was investigated against both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. In vitro anti-hyperglycemic (α-amylase and PTP1B), anti-hypertensive (angiotensin-converting enzyme), anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory potential (5-lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase) of different plant parts of wild and in vitro-raised plants with respect to different solvent systems were also evaluated. In vitro cytotoxic effect of rootstock extracts of wild and in vitro-derived plants were against cancer (HCT-116, MCF-7 and OE33) and two normal (HEK and MEF) cell lines. Secondary metabolite profiling of rhizome segments of wild and in vitro-derived plants was carried out by quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

RESULTS

In vitro-raised plantlets showed comparative higher yield of various secondary metabolites with a significantly high antioxidant activity as compared to the wild plants. Methanolic rootstock extracts of both wild and in vitro-derived plants of N. jatamansi exhibited significant AChE (IC₅₀ 36.46 ± 2.1 and 31.18 ± 2.6 µg/ml, respectively) and BuChE (IC₅₀ 64.6 ± 3.5 and 60.12 ± 3.6 µg/ml, respectively) inhibitory potential as compared to standard inhibitor galanthamine (IC₅₀ 0.94 ± 0.03 and 4.45 ± 0.5 µg/ml). Methanolic rootstock extract of in vitro-derived plants showed significant α-amylase (IC₅₀ 90.69 ± 2.1 µg/ml), PTP1B (IC₅₀ 24.56 ± 0.8 µg/ml), angiotensin-converting enzyme (IC₅₀ 42.5 ± 3.6 µg/ml) and tyrosinase (IC₅₀ 168.12 ± 3.6 µg/ml) inhibitory potential as compared to standard acarbose (IC₅₀ 52.36 ± 3.1 µg/ml), ursolic acid (IC₅₀ 5.24 ± 0.8 µg/ml), captopril (IC₅₀ 32.36 ± 2.5 µg/ml) and kojic acid (IC₅₀ = 54.44 ± 2.3 µg/ml). Both the methanolic rootstock and leaf extracts of tissue culture-derived plants exhibited promising anti-5-LOX and anti-hyaluronidase activities against the known inhibitor of 5-LOX and hyaluronidase. Furthermore, methanolic rootstock extracts of both wild and in vitro-derived plants exhibited promising cytotoxic effects to HCT-116, MCF-7 and OE33 cell lines as compared to the normal HEK and MEF after 12 h of treatment. Secondary metabolite profiling of wild and in vitro-derived plants by quantitative GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of different classes of terpenoids and phenolic acids might be responsible for its effective biological activities.

CONCLUSION

In vitro-derived plants revealed a substantial anti-cholinesterases, anti-hyperglycemic anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive and anti-tyrosinase potential with higher yield of various bioactive metabolites and significantly higher antioxidant activity which substantially explain medicinal importance of N. jatamansi in traditional medicine, used for centuries in different Ayurvedic formulations. The present findings suggest that cultured plants could be a promising alternative for the production of bioactive metabolites with comparative biological activities to the wild plants.

Abstract P6-18-04: Ribociclib with a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor and goserelin in premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: MONALEESA-7 age subgroup analysis

Background: Younger patients (pts) with breast cancer may experience more aggressive disease and are more likely to die from their cancer vs older pts. In the Phase III MONALEESA-7 study (NCT02278120), the addition of ribociclib (RIB; cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor) to a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor (NSAI) or tamoxifen (TAM) + goserelin significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2–) advanced breast cancer (ABC; hazard ratio 0.553; p&lt;0.0001). RIB treatment benefit was observed irrespective of endocrine partner (NSAI or TAM). Here we report results from a MONALEESA-7 subgroup analysis in pts aged &lt;40 yrs and ≥40 yrs who received RIB or placebo (PBO) in combination with an NSAI + goserelin.

Methods: Pre- or perimenopausal women with HR+, HER2– ABC who had received no prior endocrine therapy and ≤1 line of chemotherapy for ABC were enrolled. Of the 672 pts randomized, 495 (74%) received RIB (600 mg/day, 3-weeks-on/1-week-off) or PBO + an NSAI (letrozole [2.5 mg/day] or anastrozole [1 mg/day]) and goserelin (3.6 mg every 28 days). The primary endpoint was locally assessed PFS; secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), and safety. A prespecified subgroup analysis was performed in pts aged &lt;40 yrs and ≥40 yrs.

Results: A total of 144 pts were aged &lt;40 yrs (RIB vs PBO arm: 78 vs 66) and 351 were aged ≥40 yrs (170 vs 181). As of August 20, 2017, in the RIB vs PBO arms, treatment was ongoing in 50% vs 23% of pts aged &lt;40 yrs and 54% vs 43% of pts aged ≥40 yrs; disease progression was the most common reason for treatment discontinuation (&lt;40 yrs: 37% vs 68%; ≥40 yrs: 35% vs 44%). Median PFS was prolonged in the RIB vs PBO arms both in pts aged &lt;40 yrs (not reached vs 10.8 months; hazard ratio 0.435; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.276–0.686) and in pts aged ≥40 yrs (27.5 vs 19.1 months; hazard ratio 0.625; 95% CI 0.449–0.870). In pts with measurable disease, the ORR (RIB vs PBO arm) was 49% vs 32% in pts aged &lt;40 yrs and 51% vs 38% in pts aged ≥40 yrs; CBR was 81% vs 61% and 82% vs 65%, respectively. The most common Grade 3 adverse events (AEs; ≥5% of pts in either arm; RIB vs PBO arm) were neutropenia (&lt;40 yrs: 47% vs 5%; ≥40 yrs: 58% vs 3%), leukopenia (&lt;40 yrs: 18% vs 2%; ≥40 yrs: 14% vs 1%), diarrhea (&lt;40 yrs: 5% vs 0; ≥40 yrs: 1% vs 0), and increased alanine aminotransferase (&lt;40 yrs: 4% vs 2%; ≥40 yrs: 5% vs 1%); neutropenia was the only Grade 4 AE occurring in ≥5% of pts in either arm (&lt;40 yrs: 15% vs 0; ≥40 yrs: 8% vs 1%). New post-baseline QTcF &gt;480 ms (RIB vs PBO arm) occurred in 3% vs 2% of pts aged &lt;40 yrs and 7% vs 1% of pts aged ≥40 yrs.

Conclusions: Consistent treatment benefit was observed with RIB + NSAI vs PBO + NSAI in premenopausal women with HR+, HER2– ABC irrespective of age. RIB + NSAI had a manageable safety profile in pts aged &lt;40 yrs and in those aged ≥40 yrs, with a safety profile similar to that observed in the full study population.

Citation Format: Tripathy D, Campos-Gomez S, Lu Y-S, Franke F, Bardia A, Wheatley-Price P, Cruz FM, Hegg R, Cardoso F, Gaur A, Kong O, Diaz-Padilla I, Miller M, Hurvitz S. Ribociclib with a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor and goserelin in premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: MONALEESA-7 age subgroup analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-18-04.

Abstract P2-14-01: The impact of local therapy on locoregional recurrence in women with high risk breast cancer in the neoadjuvant I-SPY2 TRIAL

Background: In women with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, residual cancer burden (RCB) predicts distant recurrence and survival. In those with high risk tumors, locoregional recurrence (LRR) remains a concern, and has been associated with type of local therapy received. We evaluated the impact of local therapy on LRR in the ISPY-2 TRIAL.

Methods: Data were analyzed in Stata 14.2, using Chi2 test, log rank test, and a Cox proportional hazards model. RCB was considered a categorical variable (0/1 versus 2/3), as described in prior publications. Breast surgery categories were lumpectomy +/- radiotherapy, or mastectomy +/- radiotherapy. Axillary surgery was defined as sentinel lymph node (SLN) surgery (≤6 nodes removed) or axillary dissection (&gt;6 nodes).

Results: Follow up data from the I-SPY2 TRIAL were available for 630 patients (median follow up 2.76 yrs, range 0.4-7.2). Type of local therapy was significantly associated with clinical stage at presentation, with stage III patients most frequently undergoing mastectomy + radiation (p&lt;0.001). Women with higher RCB were more likely to undergo mastectomy than those with lower RCB (61.3% vs 48.8% mastectomy rate, p=0.002), and more likely to receive adjuvant radiotherapy (62.0% vs 53.9%, p=0.048). There was no association between clinical stage, type of surgery, or radiotherapy and LRR (Table). Higher RCB was significantly associated with LRR, with 3 year locoregional recurrence free rate of 95.1% in RCB 0/1 versus 89.9% in RCB 2/3 (p=0.003).

In a Cox model adjusting for clinical stage, tumor subtype, surgical therapy, RCB status, nodal radiation, and age, significant predictors for LRR were tumor subtype and RCB status. Hazard ratio (HR) for LRR in those with RCB 0/1 was 0.39 compared to those with RCB 2/3 (95% CI 0.17-0.87, p=0.021). There was no difference in LRR between breast conservation and mastectomy; within the breast conservation group, those who had lumpectomy alone had higher hazard of LRR compared to those having lumpectomy + radiation (HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1-9.2, p=0.043).

Conclusions: Extent of surgical therapy was not associated with local tumor control, regardless of advanced tumor stage at presentation. Rather, tumor biology and response to therapy were the best predictors of LRR. These data highlight the opportunity to minimize the morbidity of extensive surgical therapy for patients with excellent response to systemic therapy.

LRR rates by clinical features and treatment status FrequencyLRR RateP valueClinical Stage  0.5I240 (47.5%)5.8% II185 (36.6%)8.7% III80 (15.8%)6.3% Tumor Subtype  0.014ER+PR+Her2-161 (26.4%)3.1% ER+PR-Her2-56 (9.2%)3.6% Her2+176 (28.9%)6.3% Triple negative216 (35.5%)11.1% Local therapy  0.169Lumpectomy85 (13.5%)11.8% Lumpectomy with radiation198 (31.4%)5.6% Mastectomy173 (27.5%)5.2% Mastectomy with radiation174 (27.6%)8.6% Axillary surgery  0.23None5 (0.8%)20% SLN329 (52.2%)5.8% ALND296 (47%)8.5% Axillary radiation  0.535Yes42 (6.7%)9.5% No588 (93.3%)7.0% Axillary management  0.2No surgery or radiation5 (0.8%)20.0% SLN312 (50%)5.3% SLN+Axillary radiation17 (2.7%)8.3% ALND271 (43%)10.3% ALND+Axillary radiation25 (4%)5.4% RCB  0.0020/1293 (50.1%)3.8% 2/3292 (49.9%)10.3% 

Citation Format: Silverstein J, Suleiman L, Yau C, Price ER, Singhrao R, Yee D, DeMichele A, Isaacs C, Albain KS, Chien AJ, Forero-Torres A, Wallace AM, Pusztai L, Ellis ED, Elias AD, Lang JE, Lu J, Han HS, Clark AS, Korde L, Nanda R, Northfelt DW, Khan QJ, Viscusi RK, Euhus DM, Edmiston KK, Chui SY, Kemmer K, Wood WC, Park JW, Liu MC, Olopade O, Leyland-Jones B, Tripathy D, Moulder SL, Rugo HS, Schwab R, Lo S, Helsten T, Beckwith H, I-SPY 2 TRIAL Consortium, Berry DA, Asare SM, Esserman LJ, Boughey JC, Mukhtar RA. The impact of local therapy on locoregional recurrence in women with high risk breast cancer in the neoadjuvant I-SPY2 TRIAL [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-14-01.

Abstract P6-18-05: First-line ribociclib + endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: A pooled efficacy analysis

Background: In three separate Phase III randomized, placebo-controlled trials, ribociclib (RIB; cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor) + various endocrine therapy (ET) partners prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) vs placebo (PBO) + ET in patients (pts) with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2–) advanced breast cancer (ABC). Here we further evaluate the efficacy of RIB-based regimens of interest (i.e. with a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor [NSAI] or fulvestrant [FUL]) in pts who were ET-naïve in the ABC setting, using pooled data from three Phase III trials: MONALEESA (ML)-2 (NCT01958021; all pts), ML-3 (NCT02422615; no prior ET for ABC subgroup only), and ML-7 (NCT02278120; RIB + NSAI subgroup only).

Methods: Postmenopausal pts with no prior ET for ABC received RIB (600 mg/day; 3-weeks-on/1-week-off) or PBO + either letrozole (2.5 mg/day) in ML-2 or FUL (500 mg every 28 days, with an additional dose on Day 15 of Cycle 1) in ML-3. In ML-7, premenopausal pts with no prior ET and ≤1 line of chemotherapy for ABC received RIB or PBO + goserelin (3.6 mg every 28 days) + NSAI (anastrozole [1 mg/day]/letrozole [2.5 mg/day]). The primary endpoint of all three trials was locally assessed PFS. Secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), and duration of response (DoR; ML-3 and -7). DoR was an exploratory endpoint in ML-2.

Results: Data were pooled for 820 pts treated with RIB + ET (ML-2: n=334; ML-3: n=238; ML-7: n=248) and 710 pts treated with PBO + ET (ML-2: n=334; ML-3: n=129; ML-7: n=247). As of the data cutoffs (ML-2: January 2, 2017; ML-3: November 3, 2017; ML-7: August 20, 2017), in the RIB + ET vs PBO + ET arms, 385 (47%) vs 234 (33%) pts remained on-treatment; the most common reason for discontinuation was disease progression (n=292 [36%] vs n=391 [55%]). In this pooled analysis, median PFS was prolonged for RIB + ET vs PBO + ET, with a hazard ratio of 0.570 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.491–0.662); median PFS was 25.3 months (95% CI 23.9–29.6) vs 15.6 months (95% CI 14.4–16.9), respectively. Consistent PFS benefit for RIB + ET vs PBO + ET was observed across pt subgroups, including ECOG performance status, age, race, or presence/absence of liver and/or lung metastases or bone-only disease. Among all pts in the pooled analysis, the ORR was 41% for RIB + ET vs 28% for PBO + ET and the CBR was 79% vs 70%, respectively. In pts with measurable disease at baseline (RIB + ET: n=639; PBO + ET: n=542), the ORR was 51% for RIB + ET vs 37% for PBO + ET and the CBR was 79% vs 68%, respectively. In the RIB + ET vs PBO + ET arms, the median DoR was 26.7 months vs 20.0 months. A decrease in best percentage change from baseline in the sum of longest diameters per RECIST was observed in 86% of pts receiving RIB + ET vs 73% of pts receiving PBO + ET.

Conclusions: RIB in combination with various ET partners demonstrates improved clinical outcomes vs PBO + ET across a broad population of pts with HR+, HER2– ABC. These data provide further support for the use of RIB-based combinations in pre- and postmenopausal pts with HR+, HER2– ABC who have received no prior ET for advanced disease.

Citation Format: Tripathy D, Hortobagyi G, Chan A, Im S-A, Chia S, Yardley D, Esteva FJ, Hurvitz S, Kong O, Bao W, Rodriguez Lorenc K, Diaz-Padilla I, Slamon DJ. First-line ribociclib + endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: A pooled efficacy analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-18-05.

Abstract OT1-03-04: INTERACT- INTegrated Evaluation of Resistance and Actionability using Circulating Tumor DNA in hormone receptor (HR) positive metastatic breast cancers (MBC)

Background

Mutations in the ligand-binding domain of ESR1 have been demonstrated to mediate resistance to aromatase inhibitors (AI) and are associated with poor survival. Analyses of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) offer a minimally invasive and real-time approach to characterize genomic landscape, clonal evolution, and treatment response. Early detection and intervention with alternate therapy to overcome resistance at minimal disease burden progression could have a larger impact than treating higher burden disease at clinical progression. However, whether treatment decisions made based on the emergence of secondary resistance mutations or mutant allele fraction (MAF) changes in ctDNA can improve clinical outcomes is unknown. Currently, the most effective therapy for patients harboring ESR1 mutations is unclear; although, pre-clinical and retrospective clinical trial analyses have suggested that some of these mutations may exhibit greater sensitivity to fulvestrant, a selective estrogen receptor down-regulator, compared to AI. This study hypothesizes that real-time monitoring of ctDNA for secondary ESR1 alterations can identify subclinical progression and early intervention with a targeted-agent that has greater efficacy against ESR1 mutations can improve disease-free survival.

Trial Design

This is a randomized, open-label, Phase-2 study for HR-positive MBC patients who are on AI and CDK 4/6 inhibitor as first line therapy. Patients on treatment for at least 12 months without evidence of clinical progression would be screened for ESR1 mutations using Guardant360 ctDNA assay. Patients with positive ESR1 mutations would be randomized to change of endocrine therapy to fulvestrant vs. continuing AI.

Eligibility criteria

-Histologically confirmed HR-positive (ER and/or PR &gt;10%) and HER2-negative MBC

-On AI with CDK4/6 inhibitor as first line therapy for 12 months without evidence of clinical progression

-Activating ESR1 mutation identified on ctDNA

-ECOG performance status ≤1

-Normal organ and marrow function

Specific aims

- To assess progression-free survival (PFS) with transition to fulvestrant compared with continuing AI therapy in patients with emergence of ESR1 mutations in plasma

-To assess ctDNA ESR1 mutant allele fraction and kinetics with transition to fulvestrant compared with AI

-To assess the prevalence of ESR1 mutations in patients with exposure to endocrine therapy

-To assess overall survival with fulvestrant transition compared with continuing AI therapy in patients with emergence of ESR1 mutations

Statistical methods

To detect a change in median PFS from 5 months (for AI arm) to 9 months (with fulvestrant arm) would require about 124 patients (5% two-sided alpha, 80% power, log rank testing). Interim analysis will be performed when 42 PFS events are observed. Using O'Brien-Fleming stopping boundaries, we will stop for futility if the log rank test p-value &gt; 0.72 and stop for success if it is &lt; 0.004.

Citation Format: Damodaran S, Meric-Bernstam F, Hess KR, Litton JK, Raymond V, Lanman R, Ueno NT, Hamilton S, Wistuba II, Valero V, Moulder SL, Tripathy D. INTERACT- INTegrated Evaluation of Resistance and Actionability using Circulating Tumor DNA in hormone receptor (HR) positive metastatic breast cancers (MBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT1-03-04.

Abstract P5-17-06: Immune modulation with humanized anti-EGFR antibody panitumumab in an immunocompetent mouse model for inflammatory breast cancer

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal and aggressive form of breast cancer and there are no approved targeted therapies specifically for IBC. Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is a promising therapeutic target for patients with triple-negative IBC (TN-IBC) with a reported pathological complete response rate of 42% (JAMA Oncology, 2018). The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical contributor to the aggressiveness of IBC. Delineating cross-talk between EGFR-targeted therapies and TME components, which define IBC, could inform more efficient combination regimens and novel clinical trial designs for IBC. However, such studies have not been conducted due to the lack of a syngeneic IBC mouse model. Here we report the establishment of an IBC immunocompetent mouse model and the effects of panitumumab (PmAb) on IBC tumor growth and the TME.

Methods: TN-IBC cell lines, SUM149 or FC-IBC-02, were mixed with 50% Matrigel and inoculated into mammary fat pads of hu-NSG-SGM3 mice engrafted with hematopoietic stem cells (The Jackson Laboratory). SUM149 tumor growth in hu-NSG-SGM3 mice treated with either IgG2 (isotype control, 4 mg/kg) or PmAb (1 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg) was measured. The percentages of TME components, including human CD4+ T, CD8+ T, regulatory T (Tregs), and natural killer (NK) cells, and M1 or M2 macrophages, in the peripheral blood and tumor tissues treated with IgG2 and PmAb for 7 weeks were measured by flow cytometry.

Results: Hu-NSG-SGM3 mice supported the growth of TN-IBC SUM149 and FC-IBC-02 xenografts. These humanized mouse models were named SUM149-huSGM3 and FC-IBC-02-huSGM3, respectively. Analysis of the blood cells showed that SUM149-huSGM3 mice display human CD4+ T, CD8+ T, Tregs, M1 and M2 macrophages. T cell infiltration and M1 and M2 macrophages were also detected in SUM149-huSGM3 tumors. NK cells were not detected in both peripheral blood and tumors. PmAb treated SUM149-huSGM3 mice had significantly reduced SUM149 tumor growth, compared with mice that received the IgG2 control. PmAb treatment increased the percentage of CD8+ T cells and reduced the percentage of Tregs in peripheral blood. A similar analysis of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from each group showed an increase in percent CD8+ T cells in mice treated with PmAb. There were no significant changes of M1 or M2 macrophages following PmAb treatment. These results suggest that the increase in percentage of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and IBC tumors, and the decrease in percentage of Tregs in peripheral blood may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of PmAb.

Conclusion: We established the first immunocompetent mouse model to study the TME and immune response in IBC, which provides the premise for conducting a diversity of novel preclinical therapeutic studies. The mechanism of how immune responses of TN-IBC xenografts mediates the therapeutic efficacy of PmAb in IBC tumors needs to be further investigated. Our study also suggests that combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors may potentiate the efficacy of anti-EGFR therapy in IBC. The therapeutic efficacy of PmAb and anti-PD-L1 combination in SUM149 humanized mice is in progress.

Citation Format: Wang X, Shao S, Pearson T, Cheng Y, Reuben JM, Tripathy D, Ueno NT. Immune modulation with humanized anti-EGFR antibody panitumumab in an immunocompetent mouse model for inflammatory breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-17-06.

Abstract P5-03-04: Targeting the tumor microenvironment by CXCR4 inhibition to abrogate trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer

Background: Despite the fact that trastuzumab alongwithotherHER2-targetingdrugshavesignificantlyimprovedthe survival of patients with HER2 overexpression breast cancers (HER2+BC), resistance to trastuzumab is a clinical challenge in HER2+BC. Discerning actionable mechanisms of resistance to trastuzumab remains an important unmet need. WepreviouslyreporteddysregulationofCXCR4involvedintrastuzumab-resistance,butitscausal roleandthe associated mechanismsremainunknown.

Methods We established trastuzumab-resistant (TR) human breast cancer HER2+ cell lines by continuously exposing cells to trastuzumab (20 μg/ml) for at least 6 months. CXCR4 expressionwasassessed in TR cells or parental cells with Westernblot.QuantitativedensitometricanalysisofthedensitywasperformedwithAlphaViewSAsoftware.Relevant cell phenotypes were measured, including mammosphere formation, in vitro antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, and cell invasion induced by 10% fetal bovine serum with or without 100ng/ml stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α, CXCL12), the ligand of CXCR4. ANOVAwasusedtotest differencesbetweenmorethantwogroups,whilethedifferencesbetweentwogroupswereassessedbasedon pairedt-test.

Results: To better capture the heterogeneity of HER2+BC, we chose two trastuzumab-sensitive cell lines, BT474 (HER2+/HR+) and SKBR3 (HER2+/HR-) and an intrinsically trastuzumab-resistant cell line, HCC1419 (HER2+/HR-). We found much higher CXCR4 expression levels in cells with intrinsically trastuzumab-resistant cells compared to trastuzumab-sensitive cells. Upregulation of CXCR4 expression was found in each of the acquired TR cell lines compared to their parental cells. Dysregulation of CXCR4 significantly enhanced mammosphere formation and cell invasion (P &lt; 0.001, respectively). SDF-1α induced cell invasion and clumping. Down-regulation of CXCR4 with shRNA significantly increased trastuzumab induced–antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (2.17 folds of control cells, P &lt; 0.01). Targeting CXCR4 with its approved inhibitor AMD3100 significantly decreased mammosphere formation and invasion of HER2+BC with TR (P &lt; 0.01; P &lt; 0.0001 respectively).

Conclusion: Our results suggest that the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis plays a critical role in resistance to trastuzumab. Targeting CXCR4 signaling may lead to novel combinational therapies to overcome intrinsic or acquired resistance to trastuzumab in advanced HER2+BC, including postulated effects of trastuzumab on signal transduction, differentiation and immune activation.

Citation Format: Liu S, Xie SM, Yang-Kolodji G, Tripathy D. Targeting the tumor microenvironment by CXCR4 inhibition to abrogate trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-03-04.

Abstract P2-13-03: The impact of neratinib with or without anti-diarrheal prophylaxis on health-related quality of life in HER2+ early-stage breast cancer: Analyses from the ExteNET and CONTROL trials

Background: Neratinib is an irreversible pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor. ExteNET, a randomized placebo-controlled phase III study, showed that neratinib given for 12 months after trastuzumab-based adjuvant therapy significantly improved 2-year (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.50–0.91; p=0.0091) and 5-year (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57-0.92; p=0.008) iDFS in pts with early-stage HER2+ breast cancer. Anti-diarrheal prophylaxis was not mandated by protocol; grade 3/4 diarrhea occurred in 40% of pts with a median cumulative duration of 5 days. The phase II CONTROL study was initiated to investigate the effectiveness of various prophylactic regimens in the prevention of neratinib-associated diarrhea. Loperamide (L) alone or in combination with add-on agents targeting underlying inflammation [i.e. budesonide (BUD)] or bile acid malabsorption [i.e. colestipol (COL)] were tested. We report longitudinal HRQoL findings from both ExteNET and CONTROL.

Methods: Pts with early-stage HER2+ breast cancer who had received trastuzumab-based adjuvant therapy were eligible for both studies. In ExteNET, pts received neratinib or placebo for 12 months. In CONTROL, pts received neratinib for 13 x 28-day cycles combined with L, L + BUD or L + COL for 1 or 2 cycles (see table for schedules). HRQoL was assessed using Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Breast (FACT-B), v4.0, at baseline, months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 (ExteNET) or baseline, cycles 2, 4, 7, 10, 13 (CONTROL). Changes in scores from baseline were considered to be clinically meaningful if greater than the lowest estimate for an 'important difference' (ID) reported in the literature. Evaluable pts were required to have HRQoL assessments at baseline and at least 1 post-baseline. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00878709 (ExteNET); NCT02400476 (CONTROL).

Results: HRQoL findings are summarized in the table. Hospitalization rates due to diarrhea: 1.5% (neratinib + L), 0% (other cohorts) in CONTROL; and 1.4% (neratinib), 0.1% (placebo) in ExteNET.

  Mean change from baselineStudyCohort/GroupM1M3M6M9M12 FACT-B TOTAL (ID range: 7–8 points)CONTROLN + La,b (N=40)–3.8–4.5–1.5–2.5–3.3 N + L + BUDa,b,c (N=62)–6.0–4.9–1.6–3.6–4.5 N + L + COLa,b,d (N=125)–3.8–2.0–4.0–4.6–3.6 N + L prn + COLa,d (N=85)–1.8–1.54.0e––ExteNETN + L prna (N=1124)–4.6–3.4–3.5–3.3–3.7 P (N=1188)–1.7–3.5–2.9–2.9–2.8 FACT-B PWB (ID range: 2–3 points)CONTROLN + La,b (N=40)–4.0–2.3–1.9–2.4–2.3 N + L + BUDa,b,c (N=62)–3.2–2.1–1.4–1.7–1.7 N + L + COLa,b,d (N=125)–2.8–2.0–2.4–2.5–2.4 N + L prn + COLa,d (N=85)–2.8–1.80.0e––ExteNETN + L prna (N=1124)–2.9–1.9–1.7–1.6–1.5 P (N=1188)–0.6–0.8–0.7–0.6–0.4C, cycle; L, loperamide; M, month; N, neratinib; prn, as needed; PWB, physical well-being. CONTROL cut-off: 1 May 2018. aN 240 mg qd for 13 x 28d cycles or 12 months; bL 4 mg, then 4 mg tid d1-14, then 4 mg bid d15-28 or d15-56, then prn; cBUD 9 mg qd d1-28; dCOL 2 g qd d1-28; en=1.

Conclusions: Adjuvant neratinib with or without anti-diarrheal prophylaxis was associated with small decreases in HRQoL. With the exception of the FACT-B PWB subscale, HRQoL changes did not reach clinically meaningful thresholds. Follow-up in CONTROL is ongoing.

Citation Format: Delaloge S, Hurvitz S, Chan N, Bose R, Jankowitz RC, Thirlwell M, Láng I, ten Tije A, Trudeau M, Osborne CR, Shen Z-Z, Lalla D, Xu F, Hunt D, Olek E, Tripathy D, Rugo HS, Chien J, Chan A, Barcenas CH. The impact of neratinib with or without anti-diarrheal prophylaxis on health-related quality of life in HER2+ early-stage breast cancer: Analyses from the ExteNET and CONTROL trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-13-03.

Abstract P2-07-03: Refining neoadjuvant predictors of three year distant metastasis free survival: Integrating volume change as measured by MRI with residual cancer burden

Background: Patients achieving a pathologic complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant therapy have significantly improved event-free survival relative to those who do not; and pCR is an FDA-accepted endpoint to support accelerated approval of novel agents/combinations in the neoadjuvant treatment of high risk early stage breast cancer. Previous studies have shown that recurrence risk increased with increasing burden of residual disease (as assessed by the RCB index). As well, these studies suggest that patients with minimum residual disease (RCB-I class) also have favorable outcomes (comparable to those achieving a pCR) within high risk tumor subtypes. In this study, we assess whether integrating RCB with MRI functional tumor volume (FTV), which in itself is prognostic, can improve prediction of distant recurrence free survival (DRFS); and identify a subset of patients with minimal residual disease with comparable DRFS as those who achieved a pCR. Imaging tools can then be used to identify the subset that will do well early and guide the timing of surgical therapy.

Method: We performed a pooled analysis of 596 patients from the I-SPY2 TRIAL with RCB, pre-surgical MRI FTV data and known follow-up (median 2.5 years). We first assessed whether FTV predicts residual disease (pCR or pCR/RCB-I) using ROC analysis. We applied a power transformation to normalize the pre-surgical FTV distribution; and assessed its association with DRFS using a bi-variate Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for HR/HER2 subtype. We also fitted a bivariate Cox model of RCB index adjusting for subtype; and assessed whether adding pre-surgical FTV to this model further improves association with DRFS using a likelihood ratio (LR) test. For the Cox modeling, penalized splines approximation of the transformed FTV and RCB index with 2 degrees of freedom was used to allow for non-linear effects of FTV and RCB on DRFS.

Result: Pre-surgical MRI FTV is significantly associated with DRFS (Wald p&lt;0.00001), and more effective at predicting pCR/RCB-I than predicting pCR alone (AUC: 0.72 vs. 0.65). Larger pre-surgical FTV remains associated with worse DRFS adjusting for subtype (Wald p &lt;0.00001). The RCB index is also significantly associated with DRFS adjusting for subtype (Wald p&lt;0.00001). Adding FTV to a model containing RCB and subtype further improves association with DRFS (LR p=0.0007). RCB-I patients have excellent DRFS (94% at 3 years compared to 95% in the pCR group). Efforts are underway to identify an optimal threshold for dichotomizing pre-surgical FTV and FTV change measures for use in combination with pCR/RCB-I class to generate integrated RCB (iRCB) groups as a composite predictor of DRFS.

Conclusion: Pre-surgical MRI FTV is effective at predicting minimal residual disease (RCB0/I) in the I-SPY 2 TRIAL. Despite the association between FTV and RCB, FTV appears to provide independent added prognostic value (to RCB and subtype), suggesting that integrating MRI volume measures and RCB into a composite predictor may improve DRFS prediction.

Citation Format: Hylton NM, Symmans WF, Yau C, Li W, Hatzis C, Isaacs C, Albain KS, Chen Y-Y, Krings G, Wei S, Harada S, Datnow B, Fadare O, Klein M, Pambuccian S, Chen B, Adamson K, Sams S, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Magliocco A, Feldman M, Rendi M, Sattar H, Zeck J, Ocal I, Tawfik O, Grasso LeBeau L, Sahoo S, Vinh T, Yang S, Adams A, Chien AJ, Ferero-Torres A, Stringer-Reasor E, Wallace A, Boughey JC, Ellis ED, Elias AD, Lang JE, Lu J, Han HS, Clark AS, Korde L, Nanda R, Northfelt DW, Khan QJ, Viscusi RK, Euhus DM, Edmiston KK, Chui SY, Kemmer K, Wood WC, Park JW, Liu MC, Olopade O, Tripathy D, Moulder SL, Rugo HS, Schwab R, Lo S, Helsten T, Beckwith H, Haugen PK, van't Veer LJ, Perlmutter J, Melisko ME, Wilson A, Peterson G, Asare AL, Buxton MB, Paoloni M, Clennell JL, Hirst GL, Singhrao R, Steeg K, Matthews JB, Sanil A, Berry SM, Abe H, Wolverton D, Crane EP, Ward KA, Nelson M, Niell BL, Oh K, Brandt KR, Bang DH, Ojeda-Fournier H, Eghtedari M, Sheth PA, Bernreuter WK, Umphrey H, Rosen MA, Dogan B, Yang W, Joe B, I-SPY 2 TRIAL Consortium, Yee D, Pusztai L, DeMichele A, Asare SM, Berry DA, Esserman LJ. Refining neoadjuvant predictors of three year distant metastasis free survival: Integrating volume change as measured by MRI with residual cancer burden [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-07-03.

Abstract P2-01-03: Lipocalin 2 promotes inflammatory breast cancer tumorigenesis and skin invasion

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal form of primary breast cancer and accounts for a significant 10 % of breast cancer deaths in the USA owing to its aggressive proliferation and metastasis, and a lack of effective therapeutic options. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms of growth and metastasis of this aggressive disease could lead to effective therapeutic strategies for an improved outcome in IBC patients. We recently generated in vitro and in vivo IBC models for brain metastasis studies [Debeb et al. JNCI, 2016] and observed an upregulation of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a small, secreted iron-trafficking protein which plays a significant role in immune and inflammatory responses and the promotion of malignant progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of LCN2 in IBC tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Methods: Stable knockdown (KD) of LCN2 in IBC cell lines was achieved with lentiviral vectors. Proteomic and gene expression profiling were performed using RPPA and Affymetrix Clariom D microarray. For in vivo studies, control and LCN2 KD IBC cells were transplanted into the cleared mammary fat pad of SCID/Beige mice. Tumor-skin involvement was assessed visually during primary tumor growth and tumor excision. LCN2 gene expression levels in clinical samples were analyzed from the IBC Consortium as well as public data sets. LCN2 serum levels in IBC patients were measured using ELISA and were correlated with clinicopathological variables and outcome data.

Results: LCN2 gene expression is higher in IBC versus non-IBC patients (p=0.00036), independently of the molecular subtypes, and higher in more aggressive (TNBC and HER2+) than hormone receptor-positive subtypes (p&lt;0.00001). LCN2 expression in patient tissues is correlated with reduced overall survival (p&lt;0.00001) and metastasis-free survival (p=0.04) in non-IBC; however, LCN2 was not associated with overall survival in IBC patient serum samples. LCN2 expression was also significantly higher in IBC cell lines, in their culture media, and in brain metastasis sublines compared to non-IBC cell lines (p=0.004). In IBC cell lines, LCN2 KD reduced proliferation, colony formation, migration, and cancer stem cell properties. In vivo silencing of LCN2 in SUM149 cells inhibited primary tumor growth (p=0.001)and resulted in a well-differentiated tumor histology. Additionally, SUM149 LCN2 KD significantly reduced skin invasion/recurrence (LCN2 control vs LCN2 KD: 88 % vs 25 %, p=0.01) suggesting LCN2 is a mediator of tumorigenesis. Analysis of proteomics data showed changes in major signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt signaling and EGF/EGFR signaling pathways. Mechanistically, LCN2 depletion in SUM149 abrogated EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation and ERK activation.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that LCN2 may drive IBC tumor progression and skin invasion/recurrence potentially via the EGFR signaling pathway.Future studies will determine the role of LCN2 in metastasis and pinpoint the detailed mechanisms of LCN2-mediated IBC tumorigenesis and recurrence.

Citation Format: Villodre ES, Larson R, Hu X, Stecklein SR, Gomez K, Finetti P, Krishnamurthy S, Ivan C, Su X, Ueno NT, Van Laere S, Bertucci F, Tripathy D, Vivas-Mejía P, A Woodward W, Debeb BG. Lipocalin 2 promotes inflammatory breast cancer tumorigenesis and skin invasion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-03.

Abstract P3-08-02: Withdrawn

This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.

Citation Format: Harano K, Wang Y, Masuda H, Lim B, Parinyanitikul N, Lee H-J, Seitz RS, Morris SW, Bailey DB, Hout DR, Rao A, Lucci A, Tripathy D, Krishnamurthy S, Ueno NT. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-02.

Abstract P6-18-15: Ribociclib + endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: A pooled safety analysis

Background: In Phase III trials, ribociclib (RIB; cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor) + various endocrine therapy (ET) partners has demonstrated significantly prolonged progression-free survival vs placebo (PBO) + ET in patients (pts) with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2–) advanced breast cancer (ABC). Here we further evaluate the safety of RIB-based regimens of interest for the proposed indication (i.e. with a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor [NSAI] or fulvestrant [FUL]) using pooled data from three Phase III trials (MONALEESA [ML]-2 [NCT01958021], -3 [NCT02422615], and -7 [NCT02278120]).

Methods: Postmenopausal pts with HR+, HER2– ABC received RIB (600 mg/day; 3-weeks-on/1-week-off) or PBO + letrozole (LET; 2.5 mg/day; ML-2 [no prior ET for ABC]) or FUL (500 mg, Days 1 and 15 of Cycle 1, then Day 1 of every cycle thereafter; ML-3; no or ≤1 prior line of ET for ABC]). Premenopausal pts (ML-7; no prior ET and ≤1 chemotherapy for ABC]) received RIB or PBO + anastrozole (1 mg/day)/LET (2.5 mg/day) + goserelin (3.6 mg every 28 days). Adverse events (AEs) were characterized per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.03; safety analyses included time to first event, duration of event, and rate of associated RIB/PBO discontinuations.

Results: Data for 1883 pts were pooled; 1065 pts received RIB + ET and 818 pts received PBO + ET (median exposure to study treatment: 17 and 13 months, respectively). Exposure-adjusted incidence rates for AEs of special interest were 561 and 131 per 100 pt-years in the RIB and PBO arms, respectively. The most common all-causality Grade 3/4 AEs (≥10% in any arm; RIB vs PBO) were neutropenia (59% vs 2%), leukopenia (18% vs 1%), and hypertension (13% vs 13%). A new Fridericia's corrected QT interval (QTcF) &gt;480 ms occurred in (n/N) 52/1054 (5%) vs 11/814 (1%) pts in the RIB vs PBO arms; a new QTcF &gt;500 ms occurred in 14/1054 (1%) vs 1/814 (&lt;1%) pts. Median time to first event for Grade ≥2 neutropenia, elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and QTc prolongation in the RIB arm was 2, 12, and 2 weeks, respectively; median duration of first Grade ≥2 event was 4, 4, and 2 weeks. In the RIB arm vs PBO arms, 7% vs 3% of pts discontinued study treatment due to AEs; common all-grade AEs leading to RIB/PBO discontinuation (≥2% in any arm) were elevated ALT (4% vs &lt;1%) and elevated AST (2% vs 1%). Discontinuation due to QT prolongation occurred in 4 pts in the RIB arm and 2 in the PBO arm (both &lt;1%). All-grade serious AEs occurred in 25% of pts in the RIB arm vs 15% of pts in the PBO arm.

Conclusions: RIB in combination with various ET partners continues to demonstrate a predictable and manageable tolerability profile across a broad population of pts with HR+, HER2– ABC.

Citation Format: Burris HA, Chan A, Im S-A, Chia S, Tripathy D, Esteva FJ, Campone M, Bardia A, Kong O, Bao W, Diaz-Padilla I, Rodriguez Lorenc K, Yardley DA. Ribociclib + endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: A pooled safety analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-18-15.

Abstract P5-03-06: Overcoming MEK inhibitor resistance in triple-negative breast cancer by targeting myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL1), an anti-apoptotic protein

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which affects over 170 000 women worldwide every year, is considered the most arduous to treat subtype of breast cancer. With no targeted therapy, high rates of drug resistance and rapid metastasis, TNBC carries a poor prognosis. The MEK-ERK-MAPK signaling cascade is known to play a role in numerous cancers. Despite the lack of activating Ras/MAPK mutations in breast cancer, transcriptional signatures of this pathway are prevalent in TNBC. Our previous work showed that TNBC patients with tumors overexpressing ERK2 had a lower overall survival rate than did patients with low-ERK2-expressing tumors. MEK inhibitors selumetinib (AZD6244) and pimasertib (AS703026) are active in preclinical models, but not as single agents in the clinic. Using a synthetic lethal siRNA screen, we identified myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL1) as a potential contributor to selumetinib resistance. Mcl-1 is an anti-apoptotic protein that is highly amplified in numerous human cancers. It is associated with cell immortalization, transformation, and chemoresistance. Patients with TNBC tumors expressing high levels of Mcl-1 have lower overall survival and distant-metastasis-free survival rates. We hypothesized that Mcl-1 promotes MEK inhibitor resistance in TNBC.

Methods/Results: To model MEK inhibitor resistance, we established selumetinib- and pimasertib-resistant clones of SUM-149 and MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells by continuous exposure to increasing concentrations of inhibitors over a six month period. We confirmed the onset of MEK resistance by demonstrating that resistant cells, in comparison to the parental cells, exhibited no change in cell proliferation upon treatment with the MEK inhibitors. Resistant cells also displayed more effective cell migration and mammosphere formation than parental cells, suggesting a higher fraction of tumor-initiating cells.

We found Mcl-1 to be highly expressed in 83% (15 of 18) of TNBC cell lines but only 30% (3 of 10) of other breast cancer cell lines. Resistant cells had higher levels of Mcl-1 than did parental cells. To determine whether Mcl-1 is required for MEK sensitivity, we treated parental and resistant cells with either selumetinib or pimasertib together with S63845, a highly specific Mcl-1 inhibitor. The Mcl-1 inhibitor restored MEK sensitivity in both resistant cell lines. After treatment with the Mcl-1 inhibitor, the resistant SUM-149 and MDA-MB-231 cells had similar cell proliferation rates to those of their parental counterparts. Similar studies were done using an siRNA against Mcl-1.

Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that Mcl-1 may promote TNBC resistance to MEK inhibitors and that Mcl-1 is a promising target for combination therapy. We will continue to explore the mechanisms of MEK inhibitor resistance by screening for additional genes/pathways involved. Our long-term goal is to design rational combination approaches to counteract the emergence of resistance by using novel molecularly targeted therapeutics.

Citation Format: Gagliardi M, Chauhan G, Pitner MK, Iles L, Qi Y, Pusztai L, Tripathy D, Bartholomeusz G, Bartholomeusz C. Overcoming MEK inhibitor resistance in triple-negative breast cancer by targeting myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL1), an anti-apoptotic protein [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-03-06.

Abstract P3-10-23: Changes in the expression of HER2 and other genes in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer induced by treatment with ado-trastuzumab emtansine and/or pertuzumab/trastuzumab

Background: Although tremendous progress has been achieved with targeted therapy for HER2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer, most advanced tumors eventually develop resistance. Improving our understanding of mechanisms of resistance to anti-HER2 therapy is needed to develop new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms of resistance to treatment with ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and/or taxane/pertuzumab/trastuzumab (TPH).

Methods: In our preclinical analysis, HER2+ cell lines resistant to treatment with T-DM1 (n=5), and pertuzumab/trastuzumab (n=3) were generated. HER2 expression in the original and resistant cell lines was compared using Western blot, and HER2 gene amplification was compared in them using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and a Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction HER2 copy-number-validation assay. In our clinical analysis, nine patients with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer who had progressed on T-DM1 and/or TPH were enrolled. Patients underwent biopsies following treatment with T-DM1 and/or TPH. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed using the FoundationOne® assay (Foundation Medicine, Inc.) to identify gene alterations. Also, the HER2 expression before and after the therapy was compared using immunohistochemistry and/or FISH.

Results: In preclinical analysis, HER2 expression/amplification by Western blot and gene copy-number analysis was significantly decreased in T-DM1–resistant cell lines (four of five cell lines; P &lt; 0.01) but not in pertuzumab/trastuzumab-resistant cell lines (none of three cell lines). In clinical analysis, the patients' median age was 54 years (range, 45-77 years), and five patients (56%) were ER+. Five patients (56%) received first-line anti-HER2 therapy, and four patients (44%) received two lines of anti-HER2 therapy prior to enrollment. We observed loss of HER2 expression in four of nine patients (44%) after undergoing anti-HER2 therapy. After receiving TPH, one of eight patients (13%) lost HER2 positivity according to FISH. In contrast, after T-DM1, three of four tested patients (75%) lost HER2 amplification by FISH. As for next-generation sequencing, we analyzed seven samples: three after treatment with TPH and four after treatment with T-DM1. In four of these samples (57%), we observed loss of HER2 amplification: one after treatment with TPH and three after treatment with T-DM1. TP53 mutations were seen in all patients. Additionally, we observed TOP2A and MCL1 amplification in two patients with ERBB2 amplificationand AKT1 amplification in one patient with ERBB2 amplification loss.

Conclusions: We show for the first time that T-DM1–resistant breast cancer cells lose HER2 expression and amplification. Additionally, we observed loss of HER2 expression in patient samples following treatment with HER2 targeted therapy. Further study of resistant tumor samples is required to understand the impact of HER2 loss on outcomes. For the time being, repeating biopsy analysis of a metastatic site after treatment with T-DM1 to determine the HER2 expression status is reasonable, and it may increase the efficacy of future anti-HER2 therapy.

Citation Format: Kida K, Lee J, Liu H, Lim B, Murthy RK, Sahin AA, Tripathy D, Ueno NT. Changes in the expression of HER2 and other genes in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer induced by treatment with ado-trastuzumab emtansine and/or pertuzumab/trastuzumab [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-10-23.

Abstract P6-17-04: 3-year relapse-free survival of stage II-III HER2-neu positive breast cancer treated with pertuzumab and trastuzumab-containing neoadjuvant therapy compared to trastuzumab-containing therapy

Background: Pertuzumab (P) in combination with trastuzumab (H) based chemotherapy is FDA-approved as a standard neoadjuvant treatment for patients with clinical stage II-III HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC). The goal of this study was to evaluate the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate for neoadjuvant HP-containing regimens compared to H-containing regimens and report the 3-year relapse-free survival (RFS) for patients who had a pCR compared to those with residual disease (RD).

Methods: All patients with stage II-III non-inflammatory HER2+ BC who received neoadjuvant H-containing or HP-containing therapy and underwent definitive breast and axillary surgery were identified from 2005 to 2016 through an institutional database. Medical records were examined for patient demographics, breast cancer stage, pathology results, surgical outcomes, and treatment details. pCR was defined as ypT0/is, ypN0. RFS was defined as the interval from surgery to date of last followup or death from any cause. Descriptive statistics, Cox proportional hazards, and Kaplan-Meier estimates were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Patient characteristics and results by pCR or RD status are shown in the table below. The median age was 51 (22-84) years for the HP group and 50 (21-87) years for the H group. The median follow-up time was 1.9 (0-4.2) years for the HP group and 5.3 (0.1-12) years for the H group. For the HP group, the 3-year RFS was 98% (95% CI: 95, 100) for the pCR group and 90% (95% CI: 83, 97) for the RD group; HR 0.17 (0.04, 0.82), p=0.012. For the H group, the 3-year RFS was 91% (95% CI: 88,94) for the pCR group and 75% (95% CI: 71-79) for the RD group; HR 0.31 (0.22, 0.44), p&lt;0.0001. Among the 520 patients who achieved pCR and the 502 patients who had RD, the effect of HP vs. H was statistically significant (pCR: HR 0.24 (0.06, 1.00); p=0.015) (no pCR: HR 0.46 (0.22, 0.94); p=0.017).

Conclusion: Patients who achieve pCR have an improved 3-year RFS compared to patients who have RD. Treatment with HP-containing neoadjuvant regimens is associated with a high 3-year RFS.

VariableHP (n=215)H (n=807)  pCR n=121RD n=94pCR n=399RD n= 408Age at Diagnosis&lt;5043%46%46%51% ≥5057%54%54%49%Menopausal StatusPremenopausal46%50%53%57% Postmenopausal54%50%47%43%Clinical Stage at DiagnosisIIA40%29%34%29% IIB29%31%23%28% IIIA14%15%17%16% IIIB0%5%5%9% IIIC17%20%21%18%Clinical Nodal StatusNode (+)63%76%69%73% Node (-)37%24%31%27%Nuclear Grade1II25%32%22%28% III75%65%78%72%HR statusHR(+)52%74%52%67% HR(-)48%26%48%33%Adjuvant therapyTrastuzumab88%80%100%100% Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab3%5%0%0% Unknown9%15%20%0%11 patient in the HP pCR group had nuclear grade 1; 2 patients in the HP RD group had nuclear grade 1 tumors 2 2 patients received adjuvant TDM-1 on the NSABP B50 protocol

Citation Format: Murthy RK, Raghavendra AS, Hess KR, Barcenas CH, Lim B, Moulder SL, Giordano SH, Mittendorf EA, Thompson A, Ueno NT, Valero V, Litton JK, Tripathy D, Chavez-Macgregor M. 3-year relapse-free survival of stage II-III HER2-neu positive breast cancer treated with pertuzumab and trastuzumab-containing neoadjuvant therapy compared to trastuzumab-containing therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-17-04.

Abstract P3-06-01: Clonal evolution and heterogeneity in breast tumors treated with neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapy

Background: Understanding to what extent a breast tumor's genetic composition may change over the course of a few months of neoadjuvant therapy has implications for optimal therapeutic approach. However, genomic changes observed across treatment may result from either treatment-induced clonal evolution or geographically disparate sampling of a heterogeneous tumor. We sought to characterize the geographic heterogeneity in primary breast tumors, and to incorporate this information into analysis of clonal evolution with neoadjuvant therapy.

Methods: We assembled the largest cohort to date of multi-region (n=2-3) whole-exome sequenced (WES) or whole-genome sequenced untreated primary breast tumors with matched normal and adequate tumor purity for analysis: four tumors with data generated for this study and five tumors compiled from three previous studies. We also generated the first cohort of multi-region (n=2-6) WES breast tumors post-neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapy and chemotherapy, sequencing one region from a pre-treatment diagnostic specimen, multiple regions from the post-treatment surgical specimen, and matched normal for five HER2+ breast tumors that did not achieve a pathologic complete response. We used an agent-based model of spatial tumor growth to investigate whether the mutational patterns we observed with treatment were consistent with pre-existing heterogeneity or treatment-induced selection.

Results: In untreated primary breast tumors, on average 30% (range 1-70%) of apparently clonal mutations from a single region were absent or rare in a second, spatially disparate region (high-frequency regional, or HFR). Intra-tumor heterogeneity was similar post-treatment (HFR 28%, range 10-54%), and was higher in breast tumors than in previously analyzed colon, brain, lung, and esophageal tumors. Simulation studies confirmed that with high heterogeneity as observed in breast tumors, analysis of one pre-treatment and one post-treatment region could not distinguish treatment-induced clonal evolution from pre-existing heterogeneity; however, obtaining at least two post-treatment regions allowed for detection of clonal shifts with treatment. Analysis of multi-region data revealed that clonal replacement occurred with neoadjuvant therapy in two of the five tumors. Candidate causes of therapeutic resistance included amplifications in CCND1, ERBB4, and MYC in one subclone, and functional protein-altering mutations in ERCC2, SMO, and WT1 in another. Mathematical modeling suggested that these putative resistant subclones comprised 0.02-12.5% of the overall pre-treatment cell population, substantially larger than previous estimates of resistant tumor clone size.

Conclusions: WES data from multiple regions of untreated and treated primary breast tumors revealed considerable heterogeneity that remained present throughout treatment with chemotherapy and HER2-targeted therapy, even while major clonal sweeps took place in a minority of tumors. Obtaining at least two samples for analysis from breast tumors post-neoadjuvant therapy may reveal the tumor's evolutionary path and, especially as increasing numbers of molecular and immune therapeutic targets are identified, inform new clinical strategies.

Citation Format: Caswell-Jin JL, McNamara K, Reiter JG, Sun R, Hu Z, Ma Z, Suarez CJ, Tilk S, Raghavendra A, Forte V, Chin S-F, Bardwell H, Provenzano E, Caldas C, Lang J, West R, Tripathy D, Press MF, Curtis C. Clonal evolution and heterogeneity in breast tumors treated with neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-06-01.

Abstract P4-02-05: Apocrine morphology and LAR molecular subtype predict prognosis of TNBC patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Background: TNBC molecular subtype classification updated by Lehmann et al. includes 4 subtypes: basal-like 1 and 2 (BL1), (BL2), mesenchymal (M), and luminal androgen receptor (LAR), and as a modifier of these subtypes, an Immunomodulatory (IM) gene expression signature. However, molecular subtypes have not been linked to morphological features of TNBC. Apocrine carcinoma has been proposed as a TNBC category that expresses androgen receptor. LAR-subtype TNBC has a poor response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST). We hypothesized that defining the apocrine-featured TNBC by morphology and molecular subtype predict the prognosis of patients with residual disease after NST. Methods: We created the Pan-Pacific TNBC Consortium dataset, which contains paired samples of matched pre and post-NST TNBC tumors from 4 institutions. All patients received NST and didn't have a pathological complete response (pCR). Three pathologists examined hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of 86 pre-NST samples and determined (1) the presence of apocrine differentiation, (2) the level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), (3) the histological grade (HG), and (4) the rate of necrosis. These morphological features were compared among the subtypes. For a sample to be considered apocrine positive, apocrine differentiation had to be identified by 2 or more pathologists. Fisher's exact test was used to test the association of subtypes and morphological features. The log-rank test was used to compare disease-free survival (DFS). Results: Twelve of 24 (50%) apocrine-positive tumor samples were LAR subtype, and12 of 17 (70%) LAR-subtype tumor samples exhibited apocrine differentiation. The other subtypes showed following: BL1, 11/44 (25%); BL2, 0/7 (0%); M, 1/10 (10%); unclassified, 0/8 (0%). The median follow-up time was 22 months. In all populations, 2-year DFS rates were higher in patients with apocrine-positive tumors than in those whose tumors did not exhibit apocrine differentiation (P = .027; 2-year DFS, 85% vs 54%). The LAR subtype was also associated with lower HG, although LAR tumors had a similar prognosis to the other subtypes. In the combined analysis of subtypes and apocrine differentiation, patients with apocrine-positive LAR tumors had a higher 2-year DFS rate than did those with apocrine-negative LAR tumors (P = .044; 2-year DFS, 88% vs. 30%). However, patients with apocrine-positive BL1 tumors had no better DFS than did those with apocrine-negative BL1 tumors (P = .133). TIL levels and the presence of the IM signature were positively associated (P = .01), and apocrine differentiation positivity tended to be negatively associated with TIL level (P = .06). Neither TIL level nor IM signature was associated with survival. Conclusion: Apocrine differentiation was associated with the LAR subtype of TNBC and better prognosis in patients who did not have a pCR. The LAR subtype alone did not predict DFS; however, LAR tumors with apocrine differentiation had a better prognosis than did LAR tumors without apocrine differentiation. Using a combination of morphologic and genomic testing may be helpful in determining the prognosis of patients with apocrine-positive TNBC tumors who have residual disease after NST.

Citation Format: Masuda H, Miura S, Harano K, Wang Y, Hirota Y, Matsunaga Y, Lim B, Lucci A, Parinyanitikul N, Lee HJ, Gong G, Rao A, Seitz RS, Morris SW, Hout DR, Nakamura S, Tripathy D, Harada O, Krishnamurthy S, Ueno NT. Apocrine morphology and LAR molecular subtype predict prognosis of TNBC patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-05.

Abstract P1-18-04: CTCs and SUV to predict the efficacy of the bone-specific radiopharmaceutical agent radium-223 dichloride combined with hormonal therapy for hormone receptor-positive bone-dominant breast cancer metastasis

Background: Radium-223 dichloride (Ra-223) is a targeted alpha particle-based radiotherapeutic that has a localized cytotoxic effect on bone metastases. We sought to determine whether the circulating tumor cell (CTC) count and the presence of CTCs in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT-CTCs) along with the standardized uptake value (SUV) on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) scans predict the efficacy of combined Ra-223 and hormonal therapy in patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive bone-dominant metastatic breast cancer.

Patients and Methods: In this single-center phase 2 study (NCT02366130), 36 patients received Ra-223 (55 kBq/kg intravenously) on day 1 and then every 4 weeks for six cycles. Patients also received a standard care endocrine monotherapy. One non-bone metastatic site was allowed. The number of prior endocrine therapies was not limited and one prior chemotherapy was allowed for metastasis. Response was evaluated using the PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST) with PET/CT at baseline, 6 and 9 months (mo) later. The CTC count (CellSearch) and the presence of EMT-CTCs (AdnaTest) was determined at baseline, 6 and 9 mo later. Progression-free survival (PFS) time was calculated to evaluate efficacy.

Results: Seven patients (20%) had a non-bone metastatic site. The median number of prior therapies for metastasis was 1 (range, 0-4). Six patients (17%) received chemotherapy. The median CTC count at baseline was 4 (range, 0-306). Only four patients (11%) were positive for EMT-CTCs at baseline. The median follow-up time was 14.7 mo (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.2 mo-not reached [NR]). The disease control rate at 9 mo was 46% in 33 patients who reached 9 mo or progressed up to 9 mo. The tumor response rate at 6 mo was 52% (complete/partialresponse rate; 22/30 %) in 27 patients whose disease was evaluable using PERCIST. The SUV on PET/CT decreased significantly at 6 and 9 mo after baseline (average decreases of 1.5 (p=0.0004) and 2.5 (p=0.0054), respectively). The median PFS duration was 7.4 mo (95% CI, 4.8 mo-NR). The median bone PFS was 16 mo (95% CI, 7.3 mo-NR). Patients with bone-only metastasis (N=28, 80%) had a significantly longer median PFS duration than did patients with non-bone metastases at baseline (N=7, 20%) (13.8 mo versus 4.5 mo; p=0.017). Patients without prior treatment (N=12, 34%) tended to have longer median PFS durations than did those who underwent prior treatment (N=23, 66%) (16.8 mo versus 4.8 mo; p=0.1865). Also, patients with &lt;5 CTCs at baseline (N=19, 54%) tended to have longer median PFS durations than did those with ≥5 CTCs (N=16, 46%) (13.8 mo versus 4.8 mo; p=0.1277). EMT-CTCs status did not predict efficacy.

Conclusions: Bone-only metastatic breast cancer and SUV suppression by Ra-223 are predictive of efficacy. Patients with baseline &lt;5 CTC count tended to have better outcomes than did those with ≥5 CTCs. Combined treatment with Ra-223 and a hormonal agent is especially effective at controlling bone metastasis in patients with HR-positive breast cancer. Bone-only metastatic disease and CTC count should be factored in future clinical trial designs.

Citation Format: Ueno NT, Tahara RK, Reuben JM, Gao H, Saigal B, Fujii T, Lucci A, Ibrahim NK, Damodaran S, Shen Y, Liu DD, Hortobagyi GN, Tripathy D, Lim B, Chasen BA. CTCs and SUV to predict the efficacy of the bone-specific radiopharmaceutical agent radium-223 dichloride combined with hormonal therapy for hormone receptor-positive bone-dominant breast cancer metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-18-04.

Abstract P1-15-02: Withdrawn

This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.

Citation Format: Schwab R, Clark A, Yau C, Wolf D, Chien AJ, Majure M, Ewing C, Wallace A, Roesch E, Helsten T, Forero A, Stringer-Reasor E, Vaklavas C, Nanda R, Jaskowiak N, Boughey J, Haddad T, Han H, Lee C, Albain K, Isaacs C, Elias A, Ellis E, Shah P, Lang J, Lu J, Tripathy D, Kemmer K, Yee D, Haley B, Korde L, Edmiston K, Northfelt D, Viscusi R, Khan Q, I-SPY 2 Consortium, Symmans WF, Perlmutter J, Hylton N, Rugo H, Melisko M, Wilson A, Singhrao R, Asare S, van't Veer L, DeMichele A, Berry D, Esserman L. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-15-02.

Abstract OT3-05-04: Phase II study of atezolizumab, cobimetinib, and eribulin in patients with recurrent or metastatic inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

Background: IBCs that do not completely respond to chemotherapy often have dysregulated immune pathways, and novel therapies are needed to improve outcomes in recurrent/metastatic disease. One-third of IBCs express the atezolizumab target PD-L1, and cobimetinib increases PD-L1 expression; thus, we hypothesize that atezolizumab and cobimetinib may act synergistically in IBC. The FDA-approved agent eribulin is active in IBC and has anti-stem cell activity and can reverse the IBC phenotype of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Hence the use of eribulin as a chemotherapy backbone in combination with other novel agents is well justified.

Trial Design: This single-arm, open-label trial is enrolling patients with recurrent IBC or de novo metastatic IBC that has progressed on at least 1 line of standard chemotherapy. During a 4-week pharmacodynamic window, patients have an upfront biopsy, receive atezolizumab and cobimetinib treatment for 4 weeks, and have a second biopsy. Triple-combination treatment then commences, with standard eribulin dosing. After 4 cycles of eribulin, patients receive maintenance targeted therapy until disease progression or intolerable toxicity.

Eligibility Criteria: Patients with metastatic IBC of any molecular subtype must have measurable disease (per RECIST 1.1) amenable to biopsy. Patients with HER2+ disease must have received both pertuzumab and T-DM1. Patients with treated stable brain metastases are allowed. Patients must have recovered from the acute effects of any prior therapies and have adequate hematologic, organ, and cardiac function. Patients with autoimmune diseases or a history of pneumonitis are ineligible.

Specific Aims: The primary objective is to determine the overall response rate (ORR) of the combination therapy. Secondary objectives include determining the safety and tolerability, clinical benefit rate, response duration, progression-free survival, 2-year overall survival rate and predictive biomarker analyses.

Statistical Methods: The trial will enroll up to 9 patients in its phase I/safety lead-in portion and up to 33 patients total. A Bayesian optimal interval design is used to efficiently determine the maximum tolerated cobimetinib dose in phase I. Patients start cobimetinib at the FDA-approved dose of 60 mg/day with a target toxicity rate is 0.3. Phase II will enroll 24 patients to determine the efficacy of the triple-combination therapy. The historical ORR in metastatic IBC is 10%; our sample size provides 80% power to detect an ORR improvement to 25%.

Accrual: The trial has enrolled 7 patients since its start in August 2017.

Citation Format: Alexander A, Marx AN, Reddy SM, Reuben JM, Le-Petross HC, Lane D, Huang ML, Krishnamurthy S, Gong Y, Gombos DS, Patel N, Tung CI, Allen RC, Kandl TJ, Wu J, Liu S, Patel AB, Futreal A, Wistuba I, Layman RM, Valero V, Tripathy D, Ueno NT, Lim B. Phase II study of atezolizumab, cobimetinib, and eribulin in patients with recurrent or metastatic inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-05-04.

Abstract P4-08-06: Impact of molecular subtypes on long-term outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients treated with adjuvant AC chemotherapy on SWOG S9313

Introduction: TNBC is heterogeneous disease with several molecularly defined subtypes (Lehman et al), each of which may be predictive of response to chemotherapy. TNBC molecular subtypes are associated with varied pathological responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, subtype specific long-term outcomes for TNBC patients treated with uniform adjuvant chemotherapy are not known.

Aims: To characterize long-term outcomes of TNBC molecular subtypes (TNBCtypes) in patients treated with adjuvant doxorubicin (A) and cyclophosphamide (C) on S9313

Methods: SWOG 9313 accrued 3,125 women with early stage breast cancer to two alternative dose schedules of AC with no difference in outcomes between the two arms (J Clin Oncol 2007). From this trial we identified 425 (14%) patients with centrally determined TNBC for whom tissue was available. Microarray profiling was performed on genomic RNA extracted from pre-treatment FFPE tissue. A 101-gene expression model which has shown to reproduce the classification provided by the original 2188-gene algorithm (Ring et al) was applied to the microarray profiling to generate the following TNBCtypes–Basal-Like 1 (BL1), Basal-Like 2 (BL2), Mesenchymal (M), mesenchymal stem–like (MSL), and luminal androgen receptor (LAR). Immunomodulatory +/- (IM) status was assigned independent of the subtypes. Sequencing of BRCA1/2 from tumor DNA was also performed. The subtypes were tested for prognostic effect on DFS and OS using Cox regression model with adjustment for nodal status.

Results: For 425 TNBC patients, the median age was 45 years, 33% were node-positive and 10-year DFS and OS = 66.3% and 74.1%, respectively. A total of 381/424 (89.7%) cases could be classified into TNBCtypes with distribution as follows: BL1=24%, BL2=8%, M=24%, MSL=11%, LAR=9%, unclassified (UNL) =24%. No association between TNBCtypes and race or nodal status was noted. Compared to other subtypes LAR subtype was associated with older age at diagnosis (median age 53 vs 45, p&lt;0.001). Overall 24% of samples were IM+ and 25% demonstrated deleterious tBRCA1/2 mutation. DFS, tBRCA1/2 mutation and IM+ status distribution across different subtypes are provided in the table. All subtypes except for LAR demonstrated a drop in hazard function for recurrence after 5 years.

 5 year DFS (%)10 year DFS (%)DFS HR (95% CI), p valueDeleterious tBRCA1/2 mutationIM+ statusBL184.5%77.5%141%60%BL281.3%70.5%1.59 (0.81-3.13) p = 0.1816%12%M69.2%61.2%2.06 (1.25-3.40) p = 0.00528%0%MSL54.8%50.0%2.38 (1.33-4.28) p = 0.00418%7%LAR74.3%53.8%2.24 (1.22-4.14) p = 0.0112%8%UNL76.4%71.8%1.36 (0.80-2.33) p = 0.2620%30%

Conclusions: In the presence of adjuvant AC, TNBC molecular subtypes have varied prognosis, with BL1 subtype demonstrating the best prognosis and MSL and LAR subtypes demonstrating the worst prognosis. LAR subtype is associated with older age at diagnosis and continued elevated hazard function for recurrence after year 5. tBRCA1/2 mutations are distributed across all subtypes with the highest prevalence in BL1 and M subtypes. IM+ status was infrequently noted in non-BL1 subtypes. These findings underscore TNBC heterogeneity and the need to account for this heterogeneity in prospective clinical trials.

Citation Format: Sharma P, Barlow WB, Hout DR, Seitz RS, Bailey DB, Godwin AK, Pathak H, Timms KM, Solimeno C, Linden HM, Porter P, Tripathy D, Hortobagyi GN, Thompson A, Pusztai L, Hayes DF. Impact of molecular subtypes on long-term outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients treated with adjuvant AC chemotherapy on SWOG S9313 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-06.

Abstract P2-06-22: PEA15-AA, an unphosphorylatable mutant of PEA15, as a novel therapeutic gene for triple-negative breast cancer

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by a high rate of metastatic recurrence and poor prognosis. Molecular mechanism underlying the metastatic behavior of TNBC has not been well elucidated, and newer approaches addressing drivers of metastasis are crucial to improving patient outcomes. PEA15 (Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes-15) regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. In breast cancer, PEA15 expression inhibits invasion by binding to ERK and preventing its nuclear translocation. The biological function of PEA15 is tightly regulated by its phosphorylation at Ser104 and Ser116. However, the effect of PEA15 phosphorylation status on TNBC remains unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that unphosphorylated PEA15 will prevent metastasis in TNBC through inhibition of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Method: We established stable cells overexpressing unphosphorylatable (PEA15-AA) and phospho-mimetic (PEA15-DD) PEA15 mutants in MDA-MB-468 cells. To dissect specific Cellular Mechanisms regulated by PEA15 phosphorylation, we performed RT-PCR immune and metastasis arrays. In vivo mouse models were used to see effects of PEA15 phosphorylation on tumor growth.

Results: The clonogenic growth of PEA15-AA–expressing cells was significantly reduced by 80% compared with empty vector-transfected cells (PEA15-V). Anchorage-independent growth, an indicator of in vivo tumorigenicity, was inhibited in cells expressing PEA15-AA by 60% compared with PEA15-V. PEA15-AA upregulated the expression of E-cadherin and decreased the expression of mesenchymal markers, suggesting that PEA15-AA reverses EMT. Compared with PEA15-V, migration and invasion of cells expressing PEA15-AA were reduced by 65% and 72%, respectively. In contrast, PEA15-DD promoted migration, invasion, and expression of mesenchymal markers. To determine the in vivo effect of PEA15-AA, we injected stable PEA15 transfectants of MDA-MB-468 cells into the mammary fat pad of NOD/SCID mice. The PEA15-DD–injected group showed greater tumor volumes than PEA15-V and PEA15-AA groups, suggesting that PEA15-AA has antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. From the immune and metastasis arrays, we found that expression level of IL-8, which is known to induce EMT, was greatly decreased by PEA15-AA, while IL-8 was highly expressed in PEA15-DD cells. Addition of recombinant IL-8 to the cells expressing PEA15-AA partially rescued mesenchymal characteristics, increasing migration and expression of mesenchymal markers. By contrast, IL-8 knockdown in PEA15-DD–expressing cells decreased the mesenchymal phenotype. These findings indicate that IL-8 may play an important role as a mediator of phosphorylation of PEA-15 in breast cancer cell migration and invasion and suggest that PEA15-AA inhibits the expression of IL-8, thereby reversing EMT.

Conclusion: Taken together, our results show that PEA15 phosphorylation serves as an important regulator, having a dual role as an oncogene or tumor suppressor. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the impact of PEA15 phosphorylation status on metastasis in vivo. These findings support the development of PEA15-AA as a potential therapeutic strategy for TNBC.

Citation Format: Park J, Chauhan G, Cohen EN, Ueno NT, Battula VL, Tripathy D, Reuben JM, Bartholomeusz C. PEA15-AA, an unphosphorylatable mutant of PEA15, as a novel therapeutic gene for triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-06-22.