Abstract 3979: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of PLK4 results in antiproliferative response in human epidermoid carcinoma cells in vitro and in implanted xenografts

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) constitute the largest number of cancers diagnosed in the United States, with an estimated 1 in 5 people affected by the age of 70. The most notable NMSCs are squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), which are considered keratinocyte cancers due to their origin. Although the majority of NMSCs can be removed with surgery or curettage, these options are not always available if the tumor occurs in an inoperable location or becomes metastatic. While non-surgical treatment modalities are also currently available, they have not been fully effective in NMSC management. Therefore, novel mechanistic-based therapeutic strategies are needed. The polo-like kinases (PLKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that have been found to play multiple roles in regulating the cell cycle. PLK4 is a structurally unique member of this family, which has been shown to be essential for precise centriole duplication. However, PLK4 has been shown to be dysregulated in certain cancers. Though the role of PLK4 in NMSC is not fully understood, we previously showed that PLK4 was significantly overexpressed in NMSC cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels as compared to normal keratinocytes, and its small molecule inhibition resulted in anti-proliferative responses in NMSC cell lines (Cancer Res 2018; 78 [13 Suppl]: Abstract nr 547). Here, we further validated our previous observation by determining the effects of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of PLK4 in the A431 human SCC line, both in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrated significantly reduced cell growth of multiple A431 PLK4 KO clones compared to wild-type (WT) cells, as measured by RealTime-Glo MT cell viability and trypan blue exclusion assays. In addition, we found significant reduction in clonogenic survival of A431 PLK4 KO cells, as measured by colony formation assays. Using a Human Cancer Pathway Finder RT2 Profiler PCR array, we identified 18 of the 84 genes tested to be greater than 1.6-fold differentially regulated after PLK4 KO in these cells. Employing Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software, we identified that the regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by growth factors was one of the top canonical pathways modulated by PLK4 KO. To determine the in vivo relevance of our in vitro data, we compared the tumorigenicity of the A431 WT and PLK4 KO cells in nu/nu mice. The mice (n=7 per group) were injected subcutaneously with 5 x 105 A431 WT or PLK4 KO cells and tumors were allowed to grow for further analyses. We found a significant reduction in tumor volume in A431 PLK4 KO xenografts as compared to A431 PLK4 WT xenografts. Taken together, these findings support our previous results that suggest PLK4 has pro-proliferative roles in NMSC and should be further studied as a potential novel target for skin cancer management.

Citation Format: Mary A. Ndiaye, Debra R. Garvey, Gagan Chhabra, Chandra K. Singh, Nihal Ahmad. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of PLK4 results in antiproliferative response in human epidermoid carcinoma cells in vitro and in implanted xenografts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3979.

PLK4 is upregulated in prostate cancer and its inhibition reduces centrosome amplification and causes senescence

BACKGROUND

Identification of novel molecular target(s) is important for designing newer mechanistically driven approaches for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), which is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in men. In this study, we determined the role of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), which regulates centriole duplication and centrosome amplification (CA), in PCa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Employing human PCa tissue microarrays, we assessed the prevalence of CA, correlated with Gleason score, and estimated major causes of CA in PCa (cell doubling vs. centriole overduplication) by staining for mother/mature centrioles. We also assessed PLK4 expression and correlated it with CA in human PCa tissues and cell lines. Further, we determined the effects of PLK4 inhibition in human PCa cells.

RESULTS

Compared to benign prostate, human PCa demonstrated significantly higher CA, which was also positively correlated with the Gleason score. Further, most cases of CA were found to arise by centriole overduplication rather than cell doubling events (e.g., cytokinesis failure) in PCa. In addition, PLK4 was overexpressed in human PCa cell lines and tumors. Moreover, PLK4 inhibitors CFI-400945 and centrinone-B inhibited cell growth, viability, and colony formation of both androgen-responsive and androgen-independent PCa cell lines. PLK4 inhibition also induced cell cycle arrest and senescence in human PCa cells.

CONCLUSIONS

CA is prevalent in PCa and arises predominantly by centriole overduplication as opposed to cell doubling events. Loss of centrioles is cellular stress that can promote senescence and suggests that PLK4 inhibition may be a viable therapeutic strategy in PCa.

Role of Polo-Like Kinase 4 (PLK4) in Epithelial Cancers and Recent Progress in its Small Molecule Targeting for Cancer Management

The polo-like kinases (PLKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases traditionally linked to cell-cycle regulation. A structurally unique member of this family, PLK4, has been shown to regulate centriole duplication during the cell cycle via interactions with a variety of centrosomal proteins. Recent findings suggest that PLK4 is overexpressed in various human cancers and associated with poor cancer prognosis. Although several studies have shown that PLK4 inhibition may lead to cancer cell death, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the structure, localization, and function of PLK4, along with the functional significance of PLK4 in epithelial cancers and some preliminary work suggesting a role for PLK4 in the key cancer progression process epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We also discuss the potential of PLK4 as a druggable target for anticancer drug development based on critical analysis of the available data of PLK4 inhibitors in preclinical development and clinical trials. Overall, the emerging data suggest that PLK4 plays an essential role in epithelial cancers and should be further explored as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target. Continued detailed exploration of available and next-generation PLK4 inhibitors may provide a new dimension for novel cancer therapeutics following successful clinical trials.

Effects and Mechanism of Nicotinamide Against UVA- and/or UVB-mediated DNA Damages in Normal Melanocytes

Melanoma incidences are increasing rapidly, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is believed to be its major contributing factor. UV exposure causes DNA damage in skin which may initiate cutaneous skin cancers including melanoma. Melanoma arises from melanocytes, the melanin-producing skin cells, following genetic dysregulations resulting into hyperproliferative phenotype and neoplastic transformation. Both UVA and UVB exposures to the skin are believed to trigger melanocytic hyperplasia and melanomagenesis. Melanocytes by themselves are deficient in repair of oxidative DNA damage and UV-induced photoproducts. Nicotinamide, an active form of vitamin B3 and a critical component of the human body's defense system has been shown to prevent certain cancers including nonmelanoma skin cancers. However, the mechanism of nicotinamide's protective effects is not well understood. Here, we investigated potential protective effects and mechanism of nicotinamide against UVA- and/or UVB- induced damage in normal human epidermal melanocytes. Our data demonstrated an appreciable protective effect of nicotinamide against UVA- and/or UVB- induced DNA damage in melanocytes by decreasing both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels. We found that the photoprotective response of nicotinamide was associated with the activation of nucleotide excision repair genes and NRF2 signaling. Further studies are needed to validate our findings in in vivo models.

Abstract 547: The potential role of polo-like kinase 4 in non-melanoma skin cancers

Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are the most common malignancies in the United States, with over 5.4 million cases treated in more than 3.3 million people each year. The existing preventive and therapeutic strategies have not been fully effective in NMSC management. Therefore, an enhanced knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of NMSC may provide novel targets for prevention and treatment of these cancers. This study was undertaken to determine the potential role of the serine/threonine kinase, polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) in NMSC. PLK4 plays an important role in cell division by regulating centriole duplication during the cell cycle. Essentially, PLK4 is a low abundance suicidal kinase capable of auto-phosphorylating itself to cause its own destruction to limit centriole duplication once per cell cycle phase. Since centrosome aberrations are frequently seen in cancer, the central role of PLK4 in centriole duplication suggests its significance as a potential target for cancer management. In this study, employing in vitro and ex vivo approaches, we tested the hypothesis that PLK4 is differentially expressed in NMSC and may be used as a potential new target for the management of these neoplasms. Employing real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction as well as immunoblot analyses, we found that compared to normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), PLK4 was significantly overexpressed in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells and basal cell carcinoma UW-BCC1 cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels. Further, we determined the expression profile of PLK4 in NMSC using immunohistochemical analysis of multiple tissue microarrays containing cores of normal skin, BCC and SCC. Our data demonstrated a marked overexpression of PLK4 in cancerous tissues, compared to normal skin. To further assess the role of PLK4 overexpression in NMSC, we determined the effects of small molecule inhibitors of PLK4, centrinone-B and CFI-400945 in vitro. We found that treatment with centrinone-B or CFI-400945 resulted in dose- as well as time-dependent decreases in the growth and viability. Further, centrinone-B and CFI-400945 treatments also resulted in a marked reduction in the clonogenic survival of skin cancer cells. Taken together, our study suggests that PLK4 has a pro-proliferative function in NMSC. Additional detailed studies are ongoing in our laboratory to determine the functional significance of PLK4 in NMSC. Based on our data, we suggest that PLK4 should be further evaluated as a potential target and prognostic biomarker for the management of NMSC.

Citation Format: Debra R. Garvey, Mary A. Ndiaye, Chandra K. Singh, Ambria Noll, Nihal Ahmad. The potential role of polo-like kinase 4 in non-melanoma skin cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 547.