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Michaels J, Chaumillon R, Mejia-Romero S, Bernardin D, Faubert J. Can Three-Dimensional Multiple Object Tracking Training Be Used to Improve Simulated Driving Performance? A Pilot Study in Young and Older Adults. J Cogn Enhanc 2023; 7:112-127. [PMID: 37351199 PMCID: PMC10123568 DOI: 10.1007/s41465-023-00260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Driving ability has been shown to be dependent on perceptual-cognitive abilities such as visual attention and speed of processing. There is mixed evidence suggesting that training these abilities may improve aspects of driving performance. This preliminary study investigated the feasibility of training three-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT)-a dynamic, speeded tracking task soliciting selective, sustained and divided attention as well as speed of processing-to improve measures of simulated driving performance in older and younger adults. A sample of 20 young adults (23-33 years old) and 14 older adults (65-76 years old) were randomly assigned to either a 3D-MOT training group or an active control group trained on a perceptual discrimination task as well as 2048. Participants were tested on a driving scenario with skill-testing events previously identified as optimal for cross-sectional comparisons of driving ability. Results replicated previously identified differences in driving behaviour between age groups. A possible trend was observed for the 3D-MOT trained group, especially younger adults, to increase the distance at which they applied their maximum amount of braking in response to dangerous events. This measure was associated with less extreme braking during events, implying that these drivers may have been making more controlled stops. Limitations of sample size and task realism notwithstanding, the present experiment offers preliminary evidence that 3D-MOT training might transfer to driving performance through quicker detection of or reaction to dangerous events and provides a rationale for replication with a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Michaels
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Romain Chaumillon
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Sergio Mejia-Romero
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Delphine Bernardin
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
- Essilor International, Research and Development Department, Paris, France
- Essilor Canada, Saint-Laurent, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
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Patoine A, Mikula L, Mejía-Romero S, Michaels J, Keruzoré O, Chaumillon R, Bernardin D, Faubert J. Increased visual and cognitive demands emphasize the importance of meeting visual needs at all distances while driving. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247254. [PMID: 33724991 PMCID: PMC7963041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Having an optimal quality of vision as well as adequate cognitive capacities is known to be essential for driving safety. However, the interaction between vision and cognitive mechanisms while driving remains unclear. We hypothesized that, in a context of high cognitive load, reduced visual acuity would have a negative impact on driving behavior, even when the acuity corresponds to the legal threshold for obtaining a driving license in Canada, and that the impact observed on driving performance would be greater with the increase in the threshold of degradation of visual acuity. In order to investigate this relationship, we examined driving behavior in a driving simulator under optimal and reduced vision conditions through two scenarios involving different levels of cognitive demand. These were: 1. a simple rural driving scenario with some pre-programmed events and 2. a highway driving scenario accompanied by a concurrent task involving the use of a navigation device. Two groups of visual quality degradation (lower/ higher) were evaluated according to their driving behavior. The results support the hypothesis: A dual task effect was indeed observed provoking less stable driving behavior, but in addition to this, by statistically controlling the impact of cognitive load, the effect of visual load emerged in this dual task context. These results support the idea that visual quality degradation impacts driving behavior when combined with a high mental workload driving environment while specifying that this impact is not present in the context of low cognitive load driving condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amigale Patoine
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laura Mikula
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sergio Mejía-Romero
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jesse Michaels
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Océane Keruzoré
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Romain Chaumillon
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Delphine Bernardin
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Essilor International Research and Development, Essilor Canada Ltd, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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3
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Mikula L, Mejía-Romero S, Chaumillon R, Patoine A, Lugo E, Bernardin D, Faubert J. Eye-head coordination and dynamic visual scanning as indicators of visuo-cognitive demands in driving simulator. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240201. [PMID: 33382720 PMCID: PMC7774948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Driving is an everyday task involving a complex interaction between visual and cognitive processes. As such, an increase in the cognitive and/or visual demands can lead to a mental overload which can be detrimental for driving safety. Compiling evidence suggest that eye and head movements are relevant indicators of visuo-cognitive demands and attention allocation. This study aims to investigate the effects of visual degradation on eye-head coordination as well as visual scanning behavior during a highly demanding task in a driving simulator. A total of 21 emmetropic participants (21 to 34 years old) performed dual-task driving in which they were asked to maintain a constant speed on a highway while completing a visual search and detection task on a navigation device. Participants did the experiment with optimal vision and with contact lenses that introduced a visual perturbation (myopic defocus). The results indicate modifications of eye-head coordination and the dynamics of visual scanning in response to the visual perturbation induced. More specifically, the head was more involved in horizontal gaze shifts when the visual needs were not met. Furthermore, the evaluation of visual scanning dynamics, based on time-based entropy which measures the complexity and randomness of scanpaths, revealed that eye and gaze movements became less explorative and more stereotyped when vision was not optimal. These results provide evidence for a reorganization of both eye and head movements in response to increasing visual-cognitive demands during a driving task. Altogether, these findings suggest that eye and head movements can provide relevant information about visuo-cognitive demands associated with complex tasks. Ultimately, eye-head coordination and visual scanning dynamics may be good candidates to estimate drivers' workload and better characterize risky driving behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mikula
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sergio Mejía-Romero
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Romain Chaumillon
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amigale Patoine
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eduardo Lugo
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Delphine Bernardin
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Essilor International, Research and Development Department, Paris, France & Essilor Canada, Saint-Laurent, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- Faubert Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Agathos CP, Ramanoël S, Bécu M, Bernardin D, Habas C, Arleo A. Postural Control While Walking Interferes With Spatial Learning in Older Adults Navigating in a Real Environment. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:588653. [PMID: 33281600 PMCID: PMC7689348 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.588653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive demands for postural control increase with aging and cognitive-motor interference (CMI) exists for a number of walking situations, especially with visuo-spatial cognitive tasks. Such interference also influences spatial learning abilities among older adults; however, this is rarely considered in research on aging in spatial navigation. We posited that visually and physically exploring an unknown environment may be subject to CMI for older adults. We investigated potential indicators of postural control interfering with spatial learning. Given known associations between age-related alterations in gait and brain structure, we also examined potential neuroanatomical correlates of this interference. Fourteen young and 14 older adults had to find an invisible goal in an unfamiliar, real, ecological environment. We measured walking speed, trajectory efficiency (direct route over taken route) and goal fixations (proportion of visual fixations toward the goal area). We calculated the change in walking speed between the first and last trials and adaptation indices for all three variables to quantify their modulation across learning trials. All participants were screened with a battery of visuo-cognitive tests. Eighteen of our participants (10 young, 8 older) also underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. Older adults reduced their walking speed considerably on the first, compared to the last trial. The adaptation index of walking speed correlated positively with those of trajectory efficiency and goal fixations, indicating a reduction in resource sharing between walking and encoding the environment. The change in walking speed correlated negatively with gray matter volume in superior parietal and occipital regions and the precuneus. We interpret older adults’ change in walking speed as indicative of CMI, similar to dual task costs. This is supported by the correlations between the adaptation indices and between the change in walking speed and gray matter volume in brain regions that are important for navigation, given that they are involved in visual attention, sensory integration and encoding of space. These findings under ecological conditions in a natural spatial learning task question what constitutes dual tasking in older adults and they can lead future research to reconsider the actual cognitive burden of postural control in aging navigation research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Ramanoël
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,University of Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
| | - Marcia Bécu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bernardin
- Vision Sciences Department, Essilor International R&D, Paris, France.,Essilor Canada Ltd., Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Angelo Arleo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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5
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Abstract
This paper deals with the Taylor-Couette flow of shear-thinning fluids. It focuses on the first principles understanding of the influence of the viscosity stratification and the nonlinear variation of the effective viscosity μ with the shear rate γ[over ̇] on the flow structure in the Taylor-vortex flow regime. A wide gap configuration (η=0.4) is mainly considered. A weakly nonlinear analysis, using the amplitude expansion method at high order, is adopted as a first approach to study nonlinear effects. For the numerical computation, the shear-thinning behavior is described by the Carreau model. The rheological parameters are varied in a wide range. The results indicate that the flow field undergoes a significant change as shear-thinning effects increase. First, vortices are squeezed against the inner wall and the center of the patterns is shifted axially toward the radial outflow boundaries (z=0,z/λ_{z}=1). This axial shift leads to increasing concentration of vorticity at these positions. The outflow becomes stronger than the inflow and the extent of the inflow zone where the vorticity is low increases acoordingly. Nevertheless, the strength of the vortices relative to the velocity of the inner cylinder is weaker. Second, the pseudo-Nusselt number, ratio of the torque to that obtained in the laminar flow, decreases. Third, higher harmonics become more relevant and grow faster with Reynolds number. Finally, the modification of the viscosity field is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Topayev
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France and CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - C Nouar
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France and CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - D Bernardin
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France and CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - A Neveu
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France and CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - S A Bahrani
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France and CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
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Roudaia E, Labrèche M, Bernardin D, Khan A, Faubert J. Attention to objects at different depths is affected by their layout in depth and the plane of fixation, but is unaffected by aging. J Vis 2018. [DOI: 10.1167/18.10.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Roudaia
- École d'optométrie, Université de MontréalPsychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University
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Michaels J, Chaumillon R, Nguyen-Tri D, Watanabe D, Hirsch P, Bellavance F, Giraudet G, Bernardin D, Faubert J. Driving simulator scenarios and measures to faithfully evaluate risky driving behavior: A comparative study of different driver age groups. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185909. [PMID: 29016693 PMCID: PMC5634611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the links between mental workload, age and risky driving, a cross-sectional study was conducted on a driving simulator using several established and some novel measures of driving ability and scenarios of varying complexity. A sample of 115 drivers was divided into three age and experience groups: young inexperienced (18–21 years old), adult experienced (25–55 years old) and older adult (70–86 years old). Participants were tested on three different scenarios varying in mental workload from low to high. Additionally, to gain a better understanding of individuals’ ability to capture and integrate relevant information in a highly complex visual environment, the participants’ perceptual-cognitive capacity was evaluated using 3-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT). Results indicate moderate scenario complexity as the best suited to highlight well-documented differences in driving ability between age groups and to elicit naturalistic driving behavior. Furthermore, several of the novel driving measures were shown to provide useful, non-redundant information about driving behavior, complementing more established measures. Finally, 3D-MOT was demonstrated to be an effective predictor of elevated crash risk as well as decreased naturally-adopted mean driving speed, particularly among older adults. In sum, the present experiment demonstrates that in cases of either extreme high or low task demands, drivers can become overloaded or under aroused and thus task measures may lose sensitivity. Moreover, insights from the present study should inform methodological considerations for future driving simulator research. Importantly, future research should continue to investigate the predictive utility of perceptual-cognitive tests in the domain of driving risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Michaels
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Romain Chaumillon
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Nguyen-Tri
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Donald Watanabe
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Francois Bellavance
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Enterprise Networks, Logistics and Transportation (CIRRELT) and Department of Management Sciences, HEC Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Guillaume Giraudet
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Essilor International, R&D, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bernardin
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Essilor Canada Ltd., Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Roudaia E, Gaudin D, Bernardin D, Faubert J, Khan A. Examining the distribution of multifocal attention in depth. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.10.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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9
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Baranton K, Bernardin D, Wexler M. Postural reactions to inclined visual ground-like surfaces. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.10.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Wexler
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes and Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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10
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Chaumillon R, Romeas T, Paillard C, Bernardin D, Giraudet G, Bouchard JF, Faubert J. Enhancing data visualisation to capture the simulator sickness phenomenon: On the usefulness of radar charts. Data Brief 2017. [PMID: 28649590 PMCID: PMC5470601 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled “The use of transdermal scopolamine to solve methodological issues raised by gender differences in susceptibility to simulator sickness” (Chaumillon et al., 2017) [1]. In an outstanding first demonstration, Kennedy et al. [2] showed that the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) is an appropriate tool to suit the purposes of characterizing motion sickness experienced in virtual environments. This questionnaire has since been used in many scientific studies. Recently, Balk et al. [3] suggested that the proposed segregation of SSQ scores into three subclasses of symptoms might limit the accuracy of simulator sickness assessment. These authors performed a factor analysis based on SSQ scores obtained from nine studies on driving simulators. Although their factor analysis resulted in the same three orthogonal classes of symptoms as Kennedy et al. [2], unlike this pioneering study, no items were attributed to more than one factor and five items were not attributed to any class of symptoms. As a result, they claimed that an exploration of each item score should give additional cues on individual profiles. To gain a better characterization of such item-by-item exploration, data utilised in this research are shown using a radar chart visualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Chaumillon
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, 3744 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1P1
| | - Thomas Romeas
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, 3744 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1P1
| | - Charles Paillard
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, 3744 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1P1
| | - Delphine Bernardin
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, 3744 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1P1.,Essilor Canada Ltd., Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Giraudet
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, 3744 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1P1.,Essilor Canada Ltd., Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bouchard
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, 3744 Jean-Brillant, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1P1
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- Visual Psychophysics and Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, 3744 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1P1
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Agathos CP, Bernardin D, Baranton K, Assaiante C, Isableu B. Drifting while stepping in place in old adults: Association of self-motion perception with reference frame reliance and ground optic flow sensitivity. Neuroscience 2017; 347:134-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Poulain I, Gaignard C, Marin G, Mantel B, Bernardin D. Individual differences in perception and control of walking direction. J Vis 2015. [DOI: 10.1167/15.12.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Agathos CP, Bernardin D, Huchet D, Scherlen AC, Assaiante C, Isableu B. Sensorimotor and cognitive factors associated with the age-related increase of visual field dependence: a cross-sectional study. Age (Dordr) 2015; 37:9805. [PMID: 26122710 PMCID: PMC4485658 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reliance on the visual frame of reference for spatial orientation (or visual field dependence) has been reported to increase with age. This has implications on old adults' daily living tasks as it affects stability, attention, and adaptation capacities. However, the nature and underlying mechanisms of this increase are not well defined. We investigated sensorimotor and cognitive factors possibly associated with increased visual field dependence in old age, by considering functions that are both known to degrade with age and important for spatial orientation and sensorimotor control: reliance on the (somatosensory-based) egocentric frame of reference, visual fixation stability, and attentional processing of complex visual scenes (useful field of view, UFOV). Twenty young, 18 middle-aged, and 20 old adults completed a visual examination, three tests of visual field dependence (RFT, RDT, and GEFT), a test of egocentric dependence (subjective vertical estimation with the body erect and tilted at 70°), a visual fixation task, and a test of visual attentional processing (UFOV®). Increased visual field dependence with age was associated with reduced egocentric dependence, visual fixation stability, and visual attentional processing. In addition, visual fixation instability and reduced UFOV were correlated. Results of middle-aged adults fell between those of the young and old, revealing the progressive nature of the age effects we evaluated. We discuss results in terms of reference frame selection with respect to ageing as well as visual and non-visual information processing. Inter-individual differences amongst old adults are highlighted and discussed with respect to the functionality of increased visual field dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine P Agathos
- R&D Optics Department, Vision Sciences Department, Essilor International, 75012, Paris, France,
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14
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Bernardin D, Kadone H, Bennequin D, Sugar T, Zaoui M, Berthoz A. Gaze anticipation during human locomotion. Exp Brain Res 2012; 223:65-78. [PMID: 22968738 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During locomotion, a top-down organization has been previously demonstrated with the head as a stabilized platform and gaze anticipating the horizontal direction of the trajectory. However, the quantitative assessment of the anticipatory sequence from gaze to trajectory and body segments has not been documented. The present paper provides a detailed investigation into the spatial and temporal anticipatory relationships among the direction of gaze and body segments during locomotion. Participants had to walk along several mentally simulated complex trajectories, without any visual cues indicating the trajectory to follow. The trajectory shapes were presented to the participants on a sheet of paper. Our study includes an analysis of the relationships between horizontal gaze anticipatory behavior direction and the upcoming changes in the trajectory. Our findings confirm the following: 1) The hierarchical ordered organization of gaze and body segment orientations during complex trajectories and free locomotion. Gaze direction anticipates the head orientation, and head orientation anticipates reorientation of the other body segments. 2) The influence of the curvature of the trajectory and constraints of the tasks on the temporal and spatial relationships between gaze and the body segments: Increased curvature resulted in increased time and spatial anticipation. 3) A different sequence of gaze movements at inflection points where gaze plans a much later segment of the trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bernardin
- LPPA, UMR7152, CNRS-Collège de France, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005, Paris, France.
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15
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Fourre B, Isableu B, Bernardin D, Gueguen M, Giraudet G, Vuillerme N, Pagano C, Amorim MA. The role of body centre of mass on haptic subjective vertical. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465:230-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Bernardin D, Isableu B, Fourcade P, Bardy BG. Differential exploitation of the inertia tensor in multi-joint arm reaching. Exp Brain Res 2005; 167:487-95. [PMID: 16292573 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-0161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the kinaesthetic information used for directing 3D multi-joint arm movements toward a target remains an open question. Several psychophysical studies have suggested that the ability to perceive and control the spatial orientation of our limbs depends on the exploitation of the eigenvectors (e (3)) of the inertia tensor (I ( ij )), which correspond to the arm rotational inertial axes. The present experiment aimed at investigating whether e (3) was used as a collective variable to direct the masses toward the target and hence to control the spatial accuracy of the final hand position. Natural, unconstrained, three-dimensional multi-joint reaching movements were submitted to alterations of forearm mass distribution. Given the existence of several "sensorimotor strategies" for the control of arm movements, the participants were a priori contrasted and ranged in groups according to their reliance on either visual or kinaesthetic information. The results indicated (1) the dependency of the arm's directional control on I ( ij ) parameters, (2) a non-linear relationship between the performance predicted by the inertia tensor and the observed performance, depending on the deviation amplitude and (3) the presence of a large inter-individual variability suggesting the existence of different strategies, including proprioceptive compensation mechanisms. This study validates in unconstrained multi-joint arm movements the exploitation of the inertia tensor by the central nervous system, thus simplifying the coordination of the segments' masses during reaching. The results also provide evidence for the existence of motor alternatives in exploiting proprioceptive information that may depend on spatial referencing modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bernardin
- University of Montpellier-1Research Center in Sport Sciences, University of Paris Sud -11, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France.
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Brancher JP, Lucius M, Bernardin D, Raihani R, Stoltz JF. Conception and realization of a new viscometer using a magnetic fluid for measuring biological fluids. Biorheology Suppl 1984; 1:83-8. [PMID: 6592002 DOI: 10.3233/bir-1984-23s113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The viscometer described in this paper comprises a vertical cylinder containing the fluid to be tested and an inner, hollow cylinder floating in the fluid and filled with magnetic liquid. The magnetic liquid and inner cylinder are set in motion by applying a rotating magnetic field. Torque is balanced by the stresses in the fluid and the inertia of the rotating cylinder. The main characteristics of this new apparatus are: - possibility of applying various torques to the rotor. Measurements of angular velocity are made on the inner cylinder (in general, conventional viscometers are built on the opposite principle), - study in transient flow. Various measurements on Newtonian fluids (water, plasma, oils, etc.) and on blood suspensions have made it possible to improve the accuracy of the method.
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