1
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Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Harding M, O'Donnell D, Griffin S. Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35:409-32. [PMID: 8919704 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199604000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the scope of the available therapeutic armamentarium in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD The literature of medication trials in ADHD was systematically reviewed, with attention to issues of psychiatric comorbidity, age, gender, and ethnic background. RESULTS One hundred fifty-five controlled studies of 5,768 children, adolescents, and adults have documented the efficacy of stimulants in an estimated 70% of subjects. The literature clearly documents that stimulants not only improve abnormal behaviors of ADHD, but also self-esteem, cognition, and social and family function. However, response varied in different age groups and with certain comorbid conditions. In addition, there is an impressive body of literature documenting the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants on ADHD in more than 1,000 subjects. Studies of alternative antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, and other compounds were also reviewed. CONCLUSIONS The available literature indicates the important role of psychopharmacological agents in the reduction of the core symptoms of ADHD and associated impairments. More research is needed on alternative pharmacological treatments and to further evaluate established therapeutics beyond school-age Caucasian boys. In addition, more research is needed on the efficacy of treatment for comorbid ADHD, use of combined medications, and the combination of medication and psychosocial treatment.
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Review |
29 |
476 |
2
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Kellogg DL, Liu Y, Kosiba IF, O'Donnell D. Role of nitric oxide in the vascular effects of local warming of the skin in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999; 86:1185-90. [PMID: 10194201 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.4.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Local warming of skin induces vasodilation by unknown mechanisms. To test whether nitric oxide (NO) is involved, we examined effects of NO synthase (NOS) inhibition with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on vasodilation induced by local warming of skin in six subjects. Two adjacent sites on the forearm were instrumented with intradermal microdialysis probes for delivery of L-NAME and sodium nitroprusside. Skin blood flow was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) at microdialysis sites. Local temperature (Tloc) of the skin at both sites was controlled with special LDF probe holders. Mean arterial pressure (MAP; Finapres) was measured and cutaneous vascular conductance calculated (CVC = LDF/MAP = mV/mmHg). Data collection began with a control period (Tloc at both sites = 34 degrees C). One site was then warmed to 41 degrees C while the second was maintained at 34 degrees C. Local warming increased CVC from 1.44 +/- 0.41 to 4.28 +/- 0.60 mV/mmHg (P < 0.05). Subsequent L-NAME administration reduced CVC to 2.28 +/- 0.47 mV/mmHg (P < 0.05 vs. heating), despite the continued elevation of Tloc. At a Tloc of 34 degrees C, L-NAME reduced CVC from 1.17 +/- 0.23 to 0.75 +/- 0.11 mV/mmHg (P < 0.05). Administration of sodium nitroprusside increased CVC to levels no different from those induced by local warming. Thus NOS inhibition attenuated, and sodium nitroprusside restored, the cutaneous vasodilation induced by elevation of Tloc; therefore, the mechanism of cutaneous vasodilation by local warming requires NOS generation of NO.
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26 |
351 |
3
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Lembo PM, Grazzini E, Cao J, Hubatsch DA, Pelletier M, Hoffert C, St-Onge S, Pou C, Labrecque J, Groblewski T, O'Donnell D, Payza K, Ahmad S, Walker P. The receptor for the orexigenic peptide melanin-concentrating hormone is a G-protein-coupled receptor. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1:267-71. [PMID: 10559938 DOI: 10.1038/12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene-knockout studies of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and its effect on feeding and energy balance have firmly established MCH as an orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) peptide hormone. Here we identify MCH as the ligand for the orphan receptor SLC-1. The rat SLC-1 is activated by nanomolar concentrations of MCH and is coupled to the G protein G alpha i/o. The pattern of SLC-1 messenger RNA expression coincides with the distribution of MCH-containing nerve terminals and is consistent with the known central effects of MCH. Our identification of an MCH receptor could have implications for the development of new anti-obesity therapies.
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26 |
205 |
4
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Cahill CM, Morinville A, Hoffert C, O'Donnell D, Beaudet A. Up-regulation and trafficking of delta opioid receptor in a model of chronic inflammation: implications for pain control. Pain 2003; 101:199-208. [PMID: 12507715 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological and physiological evidence supports a role for delta (delta) opioid receptors in the nociceptive mechanisms of inflammation. However, few data exist regarding delta opioid receptor expression and localization in such conditions. In this study, we have assessed the distribution and function of delta opioid receptors in the rat spinal cord following induction of chronic inflammation by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Intrathecal administration of the selective delta opioid receptor agonist, D-[Ala(2), Glu(4)] deltorphin, dose-dependently reversed thermal hyperalgesia induced by CFA. In situ hybridization and Western blotting experiments revealed an increase in delta opioid receptor mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in the dorsal lumbar spinal cord ipsilateral to the CFA injection site compared to the contralateral side and sham-injected controls. By electron microscopy, immunopositive delta opioid receptors were evident in neuronal perikarya, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and axon terminals. Quantification of immunopositive signal in dendrites revealed a twofold increase in the number of immunogold particles in the ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord of CFA-injected rats compared to the contralateral side and to sham-injected rats. Moreover, the relative frequency of immunogold particles associated with or in close proximity to the plasma membrane was increased in the ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord, indicating a more efficient targeting of delta opioid receptors to neuronal plasma membranes. These data demonstrate that CFA induces an up-regulation and increased membrane targeting of delta opioid receptors in the dorsal spinal cord which may account for the enhanced antinociceptive effects of delta opioid receptor agonists in chronic inflammatory pain models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis/complications
- Behavior, Animal
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Freund's Adjuvant
- Gene Expression
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron
- Neurogenic Inflammation/chemically induced
- Neurogenic Inflammation/metabolism
- Neurogenic Inflammation/physiopathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Pain, Postoperative/chemically induced
- Pain, Postoperative/metabolism
- Pain, Postoperative/physiopathology
- Protein Transport/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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22 |
162 |
5
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Faraone SV, Biederman J, Wozniak J, Mundy E, Mennin D, O'Donnell D. Is comorbidity with ADHD a marker for juvenile-onset mania? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:1046-55. [PMID: 9256584 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199708000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the characteristics and correlates of mania in referred adolescents and to determine whether attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a marker of very early onset mania. METHOD From 637 consecutive admissions, 68 children (< or = 12 years) and 42 adolescents (> 13 years) who satisfied criteria for mania were recruited. These were compared with the 527 nonmanic referrals and 100 normal controls. RESULTS With the exception of comorbidity with ADHD, there were more similarities than differences between the children and adolescents with mania in course and correlates. There was an inverse relationship between the rates of comorbid ADHD and age of onset of mania: higher in manic children intermediate in adolescents with childhood-onset mania, and lower in adolescents with adolescent-onset mania. CONCLUSIONS ADHD is more common in childhood-onset compared with adolescent-onset cases of bipolar disorder, suggesting that in some cases, ADHD may signal a very early onset of bipolar disorder. Clinical similarities between the child- and adolescent-onset cases provide evidence for the clinical validity of childhood-onset mania.
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28 |
155 |
6
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Fitzpatrick MF, McLean H, Urton AM, Tan A, O'Donnell D, Driver HS. Effect of nasal or oral breathing route on upper airway resistance during sleep. Eur Respir J 2004; 22:827-32. [PMID: 14621092 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00047903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Healthy subjects with normal nasal resistance breathe almost exclusively through the nose during sleep. This study tested the hypothesis that a mechanical advantage might explain this preponderance of nasal over oral breathing during sleep. A randomised, single-blind, crossover design was used to compare upper airway resistance during sleep in the nasal and oral breathing conditions in 12 (seven male) healthy subjects with normal nasal resistance, aged 30+/-4 (mean+/-SEM) yrs, and with a body mass index of 23+/-1 kg x m2. During wakefulness, upper airway resistance was similar between the oral and nasal breathing routes. However, during sleep (supine, stage two) upper airway resistance was much higher while breathing orally (median 12.4 cmH2O x L(-1) x s(-1), range 4.5-40.2) than nasally (5.2 cmH2O x L(-1) x s(-1), 1.7-10.8). In addition, obstructive (but not central) apnoeas and hypopnoeas were profoundly more frequent when breathing orally (apnoea-hypopnoea index 43+/-6) than nasally (1.5+/-0.5). Upper airway resistance during sleep and the propensity to obstructive sleep apnoea are significantly lower while breathing nasally rather than orally. This mechanical advantage may explain the preponderance of nasal breathing during sleep in normal subjects.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
21 |
151 |
7
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Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Harding M, O'Donnell D, Faraone SV, Wilens TE. Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited: evidence for disorder-associated growth delays? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35:1460-9. [PMID: 8936912 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199611000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reevaluate the hypothesis that stimulants cause growth deficits in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD Growth deficits in height and weight were examined in 124 children and adolescents with ADHD and 109 controls, using appropriate correction by age and parental height measures and attending to issues of pubertal stage, treatment, and psychiatric comorbidity. RESULTS Small but significant differences in height were identified between ADHD children and controls. However, height deficits were evident in early but not late adolescent ADHD children and were unrelated to use of psychotropic medications. There was no evidence of weight deficits in ADHD children relative to controls, and no relationship between measures of malnutrition and short stature was identified. CONCLUSIONS ADHD may be associated with temporary deficits in growth in height through mid-adolescence that may normalize by late adolescence. This effect appears to be mediated by ADHD and not its treatment.
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29 |
136 |
8
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Abstract
Human error is believed to contribute to the majority of negative anesthesia outcomes. Because retrospective analysis of critical incidents has several shortcomings and prospective studies are limited by the low frequency of critical incidents, an anesthesia simulator was used to evaluate the management of simulated emergency situations by ten anesthesia residents, ten faculty anesthesiologists, and ten anesthesiologists in private practice in order to identify specific patterns of errors in diagnosis and treatment. The simulator is a computer program that presents the patient, monitors, and management choices in a graphical display on an IBM or compatible personal computer. Many errors were observed in the management of these emergency situations, and even anesthesiologists with years of experience made serious errors. Although all experienced anesthesiologists correctly diagnosed simulated esophageal intubation, two residents misinterpreted the lack of end-tidal carbon dioxide. Only 40% of subjects correctly diagnosed simulated anaphylactic reaction; 27% adequately treated simulated myocardial ischemia; and 30% managed a simulated cardiac arrest according to Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines. Problems with continuous infusions of vasoactive agents were common. Fixation errors or failure to revise a plan in the presence of inconsistent cues were made by 63% of subjects. The subjects that gathered more information during simulated anaphylaxis made the correct diagnosis more often and made fewer treatment errors. The time since the last ACLS training was found to be an important predictor of correct management of simulated cardiac arrest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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33 |
130 |
9
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Cahill CM, McClellan KA, Morinville A, Hoffert C, Hubatsch D, O'Donnell D, Beaudet A. Immunohistochemical distribution of delta opioid receptors in the rat central nervous system: evidence for somatodendritic labeling and antigen-specific cellular compartmentalization. J Comp Neurol 2001; 440:65-84. [PMID: 11745608 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have reported on the distribution of delta opioid receptors (delta OR) in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) by using a variety of techniques. However, no general consensus has emerged with regards to the localization of this receptor due to inconsistencies in the immunohistochemical literature. In the present study, we analyzed the cellular and subcellular distribution of immunoreactive delta OR in the rat CNS using two different antibodies (directed against a sequence in the C-terminus or N-terminus of the rat delta OR). By using Western blotting, these two antibodies recognized similar forms of the delta OR in COS-7 cells transfected with this receptor, but distinct forms in membranes from the rat spinal cord. By using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, both antibodies recognized identical populations of nerve cell bodies throughout the CNS; the distribution of these cell bodies conformed to that of delta OR mRNA-expressing cells detected by in situ hybridization. However, whereas the C-terminus-directed antibody recognized predominantly perikarya and proximal dendrites, the N-terminus-directed antibody also labeled extensively dendritic and terminal arbors. Furthermore, by using electron microscopy, the two antibodies were found not only to label differentially somatodendritic versus axonal compartments, but also plasma membrane versus cytoplasmic ones, suggesting that distinct immunological forms of the receptor are being targeted preferentially to different cellular and subcellular domains.
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24 |
111 |
10
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Merrick A, Errington F, Milward K, O'Donnell D, Harrington K, Bateman A, Pandha H, Vile R, Morrison E, Selby P, Melcher A. Immunosuppressive effects of radiation on human dendritic cells: reduced IL-12 production on activation and impairment of naive T-cell priming. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1450-8. [PMID: 15812550 PMCID: PMC2362011 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) of the immune system, uniquely able to prime naive T-cell responses. They are the focus of a range of novel strategies for the immunotherapy of cancer, a proportion of which include treating DC with ionising radiation to high dose. The effects of radiation on DC have not, however, been fully characterised. We therefore cultured human myeloid DC from CD14+ precursors, and studied the effects of ionising radiation on their phenotype and function. Dendritic cells were remarkably resistant against radiation-induced apoptosis, showed limited changes in surface phenotype, and mostly maintained their endocytic, phagocytic and migratory capacity. However, irradiated DC were less effective in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, and on maturation produced significantly less IL-12 than unirradiated controls, while IL-10 secretion was maintained. Furthermore, peptide-pulsed irradiated mature DC were less effective at naive T-cell priming, stimulating fewer effector cells with lower cytotoxicity against antigen-specific targets. Hence irradiation of DC in vitro, and potentially in vivo, has a significant impact on their function, and may shift the balance between T-cell activation and tolerization in DC-mediated immune responses.
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Journal Article |
20 |
106 |
11
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O'Donnell D, Larocque S, Seckl JR, Meaney MJ. Postnatal handling alters glucocorticoid, but not mineralocorticoid messenger RNA expression in the hippocampus of adult rats. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 26:242-8. [PMID: 7854053 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(94)90096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal handling alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to stress in the rat. Handling also increases hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor density, and this effect appears to form, in part at least, the basis for the effect of handling on HPA responsiveness to stress. In the present study we have used in situ hybridization techniques to examine the effect of postnatal handling on the expression of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNAs in various cell fields of the dorsal hippocampus in adult rats. Grain counting analysis over individual cells showed that postnatal handling significantly increased (40-50%) glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in all hippocampal cell fields. In contrast, handling had no effect on mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression. These findings are consistent with the results of receptor binding studies showing that handling increases hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor, but not mineralocorticoid receptor density. Thus, the increase in glucocorticoid receptor binding in handled animals is likely associated with altered rates of receptor biosynthesis. Moreover, the handling effect is quite specific, altering glucocorticoid receptor, but not mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression. The mechanism(s) whereby glucocorticoid receptor gene expression is permanently increased by postnatal handling remains to be determined.
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Comparative Study |
31 |
102 |
12
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O'Donnell D, Cox D, Bourke J, Mitchell L, Furniss S. Clinical and electrophysiological differences between patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:801-10. [PMID: 12727147 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-668x(02)00654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Radiofrequency catheter ablation is considered first line treatment for symptomatic patients with right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia (RVOT). The role of ablation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is more limited. As such, differentiating between the two conditions is essential. METHODS AND RESULTS This study compared non-invasive findings, magnetic resonance images (MRI), invasive electrophysiological characteristics, results of ablation and long-term outcome in 50 consecutive patients with RVOT (33) or ARVD (17). Structural abnormalities were uniform in the ARVD group; in addition 18 (54%) of the RVOT tachycardia group had MRI abnormalities. At electrophysiological study the tachycardia in the ARVD group displayed features of re-entry in over 80%, but behaved with a triggered automatic basis in 97% with RVOT. Ablation was complete or partial success in 12 (71%) patients with ARVD and ventricular tachycardia (VT) recurred in eight (48%). In the RVOT patients, ablation was a complete success in 97% with recurrent VT in 6%. Long-term success in the RVOT patients was 95% in both patients with and without MRI abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Electrophysiological characterization can differentiate ARVD from RVOT. The finding of abnormalities on MRI does not have any bearing on arrhythmia mechanism, acute or long-term success of RFA.
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22 |
101 |
13
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Rajput AH, Uitti RJ, Stern W, Laverty W, O'Donnell K, O'Donnell D, Yuen WK, Dua A. Geography, drinking water chemistry, pesticides and herbicides and the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14:414-8. [PMID: 3676917 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100037823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1984 we made the first observation of a correlation between early age exposure to rural environment (and drinking well water) and development of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). These findings were subsequently confirmed elsewhere (Barbeau, 1985;25 Tanner, 1985). Analysis of all early age onset IPD (EPD) cases born and raised in Saskatchewan revealed that 20 of 22 had exclusively rural exposure during the first 15 years of life. This distribution was significantly different from the general population (p = 0.0141). Further study of the EPD group included sampling and metal analysis of childhood sources of drinking water in 18 cases and 36 age and sex-matched controls. Water collected from the two groups was analyzed for 23 metals (including 7 elements implicated in the etiology of IPD). There was no difference in the metal composition of the water between the two groups. Finally, a review of herbicide and pesticide use in Saskatchewan agriculture was undertaken to determine if there was an increased incidence of EPD following utilization of any particular chemical. No increase was found in the incidence of EPD with the introduction of any pesticide or herbicide, including Paraquat, for agricultural use. We conclude that there is a strong correlation between early age rural environmental exposure and development of IPD. We believe well water is a likely vehicle for the causal agent, but neither water metal concentration nor any of the herbicides and pesticides used in Saskatchewan agriculture are related to the cause.
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38 |
95 |
14
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Cao J, O'Donnell D, Vu H, Payza K, Pou C, Godbout C, Jakob A, Pelletier M, Lembo P, Ahmad S, Walker P. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel subtype of rat thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32281-7. [PMID: 9822707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.48.32281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor expressed in the pituitary was previously cloned (De La Pena, P., Delgado, L. M., Del Camino, D., and Barros, F. (1992) Biochem. J. 284, 891-899; De La Pena, P., Delgado, L. M., Del Camino, D., and Barros, F. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25703-25708; Duthie, S. M., Taylor, P. L., Anderson, J., Cook, J., and Eidne, K. A. (1993) Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 95, R11-R15). We now describe the isolation of a rat cDNA encoding a novel subtype of TRH receptor (termed TRHR2) displaying an overall homology of 50% to the pituitary TRH receptor. Introduction of TRHR2 cDNA in HEK-293 cells resulted in expression of high affinity TRH binding with a different pharmacological profile than the pituitary TRH receptor. De novo expressed receptors were functional and resulted in stimulation of calcium transient as assessed by fluorometric imaging plate reader analysis. The message for TRHR2 was exclusive to central nervous system tissues as judged by Northern blot analysis. Studies of the expression of TRHR-2 message by in situ hybridization revealed a pattern of expression remarkably distinct (present in spinothalamic tract, spinal cord dorsal horn) from that of the pituitary TRH receptor (present in hypothalamus, and ventral horn of the spinal cord, anterior pituitary). Therefore, we have identified a novel, pharmacologically distinct receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone that appears to be more restricted to the central nervous system particularly to the sensory neurons of spinothalamic tract and spinal cord dorsal horn, which may account for the sensory antinociceptive actions of TRH.
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27 |
94 |
15
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Meaney MJ, Bhatnagar S, Diorio J, Larocque S, Francis D, O'Donnell D, Shanks N, Sharma S, Smythe J, Viau V. Molecular basis for the development of individual differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1993; 13:321-47. [PMID: 8252606 PMCID: PMC11566811 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/1993] [Accepted: 05/10/1993] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Several years ago, investigators described the effects of infantile handling on the development of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to stress in the rat. Rat pups exposed to brief periods of innocuous handling early in life showed reduced HPA responses to a wide variety of stressors, and the effect persists throughout the life of the animal. These effects are robust and provide an excellent model for understanding how early environmental stimuli, which are external to the organism, alter neural differentiation and, thus, neuroendocrine responsivity to stress. 2. This paper reviews the endocrine mechanisms affected by early handling and our current understanding of the neural transduction of environmental events and their effects at the level of the target neurons (in the hippocampus and frontal cortex). 3. In brief, handling serves to increase glucocorticoid receptor gene transcription, increasing sensitivity to glucocorticoid negative feedback regulation and, thus, altering the activity within hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor/vasopressin neurons. Together these changes serve to determine neuroendocrine responsivity to stress.
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Review |
32 |
89 |
16
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Aaron SD, Fergusson D, Marks GB, Suissa S, Vandemheen KL, Doucette S, Maltais F, Bourbeau JF, Goldstein RS, Balter M, O'Donnell D, Fitzgerald M. Counting, analysing and reporting exacerbations of COPD in randomised controlled trials. Thorax 2007; 63:122-8. [PMID: 17702790 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2007.082636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials measure exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) inconsistently. A study was undertaken to determine if different methods for ascertaining and analysing COPD exacerbations lead to biased estimates of treatment effects. METHODS Information on the methods used to count, analyse and report COPD exacerbation rates was abstracted from clinical trials of long-acting bronchodilators or long-acting bronchodilator/inhaled steroid combination products published between 2000 and 2006. Data from the Canadian Optimal Therapy of COPD Trial was used to illustrate how different analytical approaches can affect the estimate of exacerbation rates and their confidence intervals. RESULTS 22 trials (17,156 patients) met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. None of the trials adjudicated exacerbations or determined independence of events. 14/22 studies (64%) introduced selection bias by not analysing outcome data for subjects who prematurely stopped study medications. Only 31% of trials used time-weighted analyses to calculate the mean number of exacerbations/patient-year and only 15% accounted for between-subject variation. In the Canadian Optimal Therapy of COPD Trial the rate ratio for exacerbations/patient-year was 0.85 when all data were included in a time-weighted analysis, but was overestimated as 0.79 when data for those who prematurely stopped study medications were excluded and was further overestimated as 0.46 when a time-weighted analysis was not conducted; p values ranged from 0.03 to 0.24 depending on how exacerbations were determined and analysed. CONCLUSIONS Clinical trials have used widely different methods to define and analyse COPD exacerbations and this can lead to biased estimates of treatment effects. Future trials should strive to include blinded adjudication and assessment of the independence of exacerbation events, and trials should report time-weighted intention-to-treat analyses with adjustments for between-subject variation in COPD exacerbations.
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Review |
18 |
84 |
17
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Meaney MJ, O'Donnell D, Rowe W, Tannenbaum B, Steverman A, Walker M, Nair NP, Lupien S. Individual differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in later life and hippocampal aging. Exp Gerontol 1995; 30:229-51. [PMID: 7556505 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(94)00065-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Variation in magnitude of cognitive decline in later life is a central feature of human aging. The more severe forms of dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease, clearly define one end of the spectrum. However, among those showing no obvious signs of clinical dementia there are considerable individual differences. Thus, although evidence for learning, memory, and language loss appears in some individuals as early as 50-55 years of age, many people continue to function alertly well into their 90s. These individuals exemplify what Rowe and Kahn (1987) have termed "successful" aging. The wide variability in CNS aging, often a nuisance factor in studies, are becoming a major focus for brain aging research (e.g., Gage et al., 1984;Gallager and Pelleymounter, 1988; Aitken and Meaney, 1990; Issa et al., 1990). Our studies over the past few years have added support to the idea that individual differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity can account for part of the variation seen in neurological function among the elderly. In this article we discuss the evidence for the idea that adrenal glucocorticoids can compromise hippocampal function and, thus, produce cognitive impairments, as well as the potential mechanisms for these effects.
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Review |
30 |
75 |
18
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Hoff AL, Riordan H, O'Donnell D, Stritzke P, Neale C, Boccio A, Anand AK, DeLisi LE. Anomalous lateral sulcus asymmetry and cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1992; 18:257-72. [PMID: 1621072 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/18.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the cognitive functioning of first-episode schizophreniform patients within several weeks of hospitalization and at 2 years into the illness. Differences between patients and controls are also reported for measurements of the length of the lateral sulcus, which borders the planum temporal, an area of the brain integral to language function. Neuropsychological test results are also correlated to magnetic resonance imaging structural variables at the time of first hospitalization. Findings on neuropsychological summary scales reveal a diffuse pattern of cognitive impairment in schizophreniform patients compared to controls, which appears to improve over time. An atypical pattern of anatomic lateral symmetry is found in female schizophreniform patients, with female appearing to have a reduction in the normally occurring left greater than right length of the lateral sulcus. Such atypical asymmetry of the lateral sulcus is also associated with better cognitive function, particularly in schizophreniform patients. These findings suggest that atypical lateralization in an area critical to language function may be related to cognitive function in schizophreniform illness.
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75 |
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Jones RL, McCall J, Adam A, O'Donnell D, Ashley S, Al-Muderis O, Thway K, Fisher C, Judson IR. Radiofrequency ablation is a feasible therapeutic option in the multi modality management of sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010; 36:477-82. [PMID: 20060679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in metastatic sarcoma is not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RFA in a series of sarcoma patients. A retrospective search of a prospectively maintained database identified 13 gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) patients and 12 with other histological subtypes treated with RFA. All the GIST patients received RFA for metastatic disease in the liver: 12 of these responded to the first RFA procedure and one achieved stable disease. Two GIST patients received RFA on two occasions to separate lesions within the liver and both responded to the second RFA procedure. Of the other subtypes: 7 underwent RFA to liver lesions, 5 of these responded to RFA, one progressed and 1 was not assessable for response at the time of analysis. All 5 patients with lung metastases achieved a response following their first RFA procedure. RFA was effective and well tolerated in this series of sarcoma patients. RFA may have a role in patients with GIST who have progression in a single metastasis but stable disease elsewhere. Further larger studies are required to better define the role of this technique in this patient population.
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Meaney MJ, Viau V, Bhatnagar S, Betito K, Iny LJ, O'Donnell D, Mitchell JB. Cellular mechanisms underlying the development and expression of individual differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 39:265-74. [PMID: 1888687 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(91)90072-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Several years ago Levine, Denenberg, Ader, and others described the effects of postnatal "handling" on the development of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress. As adults, handled rats exhibited attenuated fearfulness in novel environments and a less pronounced increase in the secretion of the adrenal glucocorticoids in response to a variety of stressors. These findings clearly demonstrated that the development of rudimentary, adaptive responses to stress could be modified by environmental events. We have followed these earlier studies, convinced that this paradigm provides a marvellous opportunity to examine how subtle variations in the early environment alter the development of specific neurochemical systems, leading to stable individual differences in biological responses to stimuli that threaten homeostasis. In this work we have shown how early handling influences the development of certain brain regions that regulate glucocorticoid negative-feedback inhibition over hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity. Specifically, handling increases glucocorticoid (type II corticosteroid) receptor density in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, enhancing the sensitivity of these structures to the negative-feedback effects of elevated circulating glucocorticoids, and increasing the efficacy of neural inhibition over ACTH secretion. These effects are reflected in the differential secretory pattern of ACTH and corticosterone in handled and nonhandled animals under conditions of stress. In more recent years, using a hippocampal cell culture system, we have provided evidence for the importance of serotonin-induced changes in cAMP levels in mediating the effect of postnatal handling on hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor density. The results of these studies are consistent with the idea that environmental events in early life can permanently alter glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in the hippocampus, providing evidence for a neural mechanism for the development of individual differences in HPA function.
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34 |
71 |
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O'Donnell D, Nadurata V, Hamer A, Kertes P, Mohamed U, Mohammed W. Long-Term Variations in Optimal Programming of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2005; 28 Suppl 1:S24-6. [PMID: 15683505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The optimal follow-up and long-term programming of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices are uncertain. The aim of this study was to quantify the temporal variations in programming parameters to optimize the follow-up of these devices. Before, during, and at specified intervals over 9 months after implant, 40 recipients of CRT devices were studied. At each visit, the patients were tested with a fixed sequence of stimulation parameters during echocardiographic and electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings. The optimal AV delay and inter-ventricular delays (V-V) were determined according to echocardiographic criteria. The echocardiographic data were, in turn, compared with the ECG recordings. Among the 40 patients, the optimal stimulation parameters remained unchanged throughout the follow-up in only three patients. In 18 patients, adjustments were required at each follow-up sessions. There was a trend toward reduction in the left ventricular (LV) predominance of the optimal V-V delay and an increase in the AV delay during follow-up. The mean optimal V-V delay at implant was 22 ms (-12 to +32 ms) with the LV activated first, versus 12 ms (-16 to +32 ms) at 9 months. The mean AV delay at implant was 115 ms versus 137 ms at 9 months. Individual changes could not be accurately predicted. The optimal stimulation parameters for CRT vary over time. Detailed, regular reevaluations, and reprogramming of optimal parameters may be appropriate.
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Ortel B, Sharlin D, O'Donnell D, Sinha AK, Maytin EV, Hasan T. Differentiation enhances aminolevulinic acid-dependent photodynamic treatment of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1321-7. [PMID: 12439724 PMCID: PMC2408893 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2002] [Revised: 06/13/2002] [Accepted: 06/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) may be applied to the treatment of neoplasms in a variety of organs. In order to enhance existing regimens of photodynamic therapy, we investigated the effects of adding differentiation therapy to photodynamic therapy in human prostate cancer cells in vitro. The objective of differentiation therapy per se is to reverse the lack of differentiation in cancer cells using pharmacological agents. The motivation for this study was to exploit the differentiation-dependent expression of some heme enzymes to enhance tumour cell toxicity of ALA-photodynamic therapy. A short course of differentiation therapy was applied to increase PpIX formation during subsequent ALA exposure. Using the synthetic androgen R1881, isomers of retinoic acid, and analogues of vitamin D for 3 to 4 days, exogenous ALA-dependent PpIX formation in LNCaP cells was increased, along with markers for growth arrest and for differentiation. As a consequence of higher PpIX levels, cytotoxic effects of visible light exposure were also enhanced. Short-term differentiation therapy increased not only the overall PpIX production but also reduced that fraction of cells that contained low PpIX levels as demonstrated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. This study suggests that it will be feasible to develop protocols combining short-term differentiation therapy with photodynamic therapy for enhanced photosensitisation.
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Meaney MJ, Diorio J, Francis D, LaRocque S, O'Donnell D, Smythe JW, Sharma S, Tannenbaum B. Environmental regulation of the development of glucocorticoid receptor systems in the rat forebrain. The role of serotonin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 746:260-73; discussion 274, 289-93. [PMID: 7825882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Review |
31 |
58 |
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Stagni G, O'Donnell D, Liu YJ, Kellogg DL, Morgan T, Shepherd AM. Intradermal microdialysis: kinetics of iontophoretically delivered propranolol in forearm dermis. J Control Release 2000; 63:331-9. [PMID: 10601728 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal microdialysis permits us to measure the concentration in dermis of drugs applied to the skin. Microdialysis is especially efficient in sampling water-soluble molecules. Consequently, it appears particularly suitable to study current based delivery systems like iontophoresis that deliver ions or highly polar molecules. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the adequacy of a skin microdialysis technique to characterize and quantify the dermatopharmacokinetics of iontophoretically delivered propranolol in the dermis of healthy human volunteers. Linear microdialysis probes were inserted in the subject's forearm skin and an iontophoresis device was installed above them. Constant current was applied for two periods of 1 h each separated by a 1-h interval. Dialysate samples were collected every 6 min for 4.4 h and analyzed by HPLC. Probes were always placed in the dermis as measured by ultrasonography. Propranolol was detectable in the dialysate. It was possible to build detailed concentration vs. midtime profiles that mirrored the current applied. Elimination rate from the dermis had first-order kinetics and was similar in all subjects. Quantification of the absorption process, indexed by lag-time and area under the concentration curve showed a high inter- and intrasubject variability that did not correlate with probe depth.
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Hotaling JE, Fitzgerald M, O'Donnell D, Parsons LM, Salfinger M. Lessons from a proficiency testing event for acid-fast microscopy. Chest 2001; 120:250-7. [PMID: 11451846 PMCID: PMC2925666 DOI: 10.1378/chest.120.1.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the routine performance and the technical parameters of different acid-fast staining methods: Kinyoun, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), auramine, and auramine-rhodamine. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS The performance of 167 laboratories was analyzed using prestained and unstained slides. SETTING Laboratories holding New York State permits. RESULTS The results revealed that Kinyoun's cold carbol fuchsin method is inferior to both the ZN and fluorochrome (auramine and/or auramine-rhodamine) methods. Even though 91% of the participants used commercial staining kits, the study identified unexpected errors concerning the concentration of carbol fuchsin, time for staining and counterstaining, and the concentration of acid alcohol for decolorization, which may significantly influence the sensitivity. Besides these findings, the present study showed that the examination of < 300 view fields may also decrease the sensitivity of acid-fast microscopy. In addition, we found that the sensitivity and specificity of the ZN and fluorochrome methods are comparable if the procedural standards are followed. CONCLUSIONS The strict and ongoing quality control of the "simple to perform" acid-fast microscopy and the immediate review of commercially available staining kits are necessary. Because of the rapidity of the fluorochrome method, laboratories with large specimen numbers should use this technique. In all other cases, the ZN method should be used. Moreover, all clinicians should be aware of the method of acid-fast microscopy used and the proficiency of the laboratory in performing the assay.
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