Comparative Analysis of Drug-like EP300/CREBBP Acetyltransferase Inhibitors

The human acetyltransferase paralogues EP300 and CREBBP are master regulators of lysine acetylation whose activity has been implicated in various cancers. In the half-decade since the first drug-like inhibitors of these proteins were reported, three unique molecular scaffolds have taken precedent: an indane spiro-oxazolidinedione (A-485), a spiro-hydantoin (iP300w), and an aminopyridine (CPI-1612). Despite increasing use of these molecules to study lysine acetylation, the dearth of data regarding their relative biochemical and biological potencies makes their application as chemical probes a challenge. To address this gap, here we present a comparative study of drug-like EP300/CREBBP acetyltransferase inhibitors. First, we determine the biochemical and biological potencies of A-485, iP300w, and CPI-1612, highlighting the increased potencies of the latter two compounds at physiological acetyl-CoA concentrations. Cellular evaluation shows that inhibition of histone acetylation and cell growth closely aligns with the biochemical potencies of these molecules, consistent with an on-target mechanism. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of comparative pharmacology by using it to investigate the hypothesis that increased CoA synthesis caused by knockout of PANK4 can competitively antagonize the binding of EP300/CREBBP inhibitors and demonstrate proof-of-concept photorelease of a potent inhibitor molecule. Overall, our study demonstrates how knowledge of the relative inhibitor potency can guide the study of EP300/CREBBP-dependent mechanisms and suggests new approaches to target delivery, thus broadening the therapeutic window of these preclinical epigenetic drug candidates.

Comparative analysis of drug-like EP300/CREBBP acetyltransferase inhibitors

The human acetyltransferase paralogs EP300 and CREBBP are master regulators of lysine acetylation whose activity has been implicated in various cancers. In the half-decade since the first drug-like inhibitors of these proteins were reported, three unique molecular scaffolds have taken precedent: an indane spiro-oxazolidinedione (A-485), a spiro-hydantoin (iP300w), and an aminopyridine (CPI-1612). Despite increasing use of these molecules to study lysine acetylation, the dearth of data regarding their relative biochemical and biological potencies makes their application as chemical probes a challenge. To address this gap, here we present a comparative study of drug-like EP300/CREBBP acetyltransferase inhibitors. First, we determine the biochemical and biological potencies of A-485, iP300w, and CPI-1612, highlighting the increased potency of the latter two compounds at physiological acetyl-CoA concentrations. Cellular evaluation shows that inhibition of histone acetylation and cell growth closely aligns with the biochemical potencies of these molecules, consistent with an on-target mechanism. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of comparative pharmacology by using it to investigate the hypothesis that increased CoA synthesis caused by knockout of PANK4 can competitively antagonize binding of EP300/CREBBP inhibitors and demonstrate proof-of-concept photorelease of a potent inhibitor molecule. Overall, our study demonstrates how knowledge of relative inhibitor potency can guide the study of EP300/CREBBP-dependent mechanisms and suggests new approaches to target delivery, thus broadening the therapeutic window of these preclinical epigenetic drug candidates.

Protonation-Dependent Sequencing of 5-Formylcytidine in RNA

Chemical modification of cytidine in noncoding RNAs plays a key role in regulating translation and disease. However, the distribution and dynamics of many of these modifications remain unknown due to a lack of sensitive site-specific sequencing technologies. Here, we report a protonation-dependent sequencing reaction for the detection of 5-formylcytidine (5fC) and 5-carboxycytidine (5caC) in RNA. First, we evaluate how protonation combined with electron-withdrawing substituents alters the molecular orbital energies and reduction of modified cytidine nucleosides, highlighting 5fC and 5caC as reactive species. Next, we apply this reaction to detect these modifications in synthetic oligonucleotides as well as endogenous human transfer RNA (tRNA). Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our method to characterize a patient-derived model of 5fC deficiency, where it enables facile monitoring of both pathogenic loss and exogenous rescue of NSUN3-dependent 5fC within the wobble base of human mitochondrial tRNAMet. These studies showcase the ability of protonation to enhance the reactivity and sensitive detection of 5fC in RNA and more broadly provide a molecular foundation for using optimized sequencing reactions to better understand the role of oxidized RNA cytidine residues in diseases.

Positioning critically ill patients in hospital

Although moving and handling is an important aspect of nurse training, the emphasis is often more on the health and safety of the nurse than on the importance of the correct therapeutic positioning of patients. This article outlines optimum patient positioning in different critical care settings and for different medical conditions.