Paraovarian tumor of borderline malignancy: A case report

Paraovarian tumors of borderline malignancy (PTBM) are exceedingly rare, with only slightly over 60 cases reported worldwide. This report presents the case of a 22-year-old nulliparous patient who incidentally discovered a left paraovarian mass during a routine abdominal ultrasound. Subsequent MRI revealed a 2.5×2.1 cm cystic lesion located in close proximity to, but outside of, the left ovary, with no other pathological findings. A laparoscopic cystectomy was performed with meticulous care to prevent tumor spillage, and the patient experienced an uneventful recovery. Histopathological examination unveiled irregularly shaped tissue measuring 2.2×1.2×1 cm, characterized by fibrous tissue/wall with spindle cell stroma and an epithelium displaying features consistent with a serous borderline tumor. Our multidisciplinary team recommended diligent follow-up. This case contributes to the existing literature on PTBM and highlights the imperative for additional cases to enhance our comprehension of the optimal management of these exceedingly rare tumors.

Endometrial Cancer in a Patient With Didelphys Uterus and a History of Renal Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review

Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) concurrent with endometrial cancer are exceptionally rare, with only a few documented cases. Here, we present a case of endometrial cancer in both horns of a didelphys uterus in a 54-year-old woman with a history of renal cancer, who underwent left radical nephrectomy and left salpingo-oophorectomy. The patient sought medical evaluation due to postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. Hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage revealed the presence of two cervixes and two endometrial cavities, with pathology results indicating endometrioid adenocarcinoma (G1). Preoperative MRI staging confirmed the diagnosis of a double cervix and uterus. Subsequently, an open abdominal hysterectomy and a right salpingo-oophorectomy were performed, revealing a didelphys uterus (International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2018, stage IA). This manuscript aims to explore the potential correlation between renal and endometrial malignancies in the presence of MDAs.

Muscimol suppression of the dorsal cochlear nucleus impairs frequency discrimination in rats

The cochlear nucleus is composed of three sub-nuclei: the dorsal (DCN), anteroventral (AVCN) and posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). In addition to connections between these sub-nuclei, each nucleus receives frequency specific tonotopically organised input from the cochlea. Evidence suggests that connections from the DCN to the AVCN are inhibitory and organised tonotopically but the functional significance of this pathway has yet to be elucidated. The possible role of this pathway in frequency discrimination using a T-maze behavioural paradigm and DCN suppression was examined. Five rats were trained on a two choice frequency discrimination task. Once frequency difference limens for 10-30% performance above chance were determined, rats had cannulae implanted bilaterally over the DCN. After recovery rats were tested on the behavioural task with nothing, saline and the GABA agonist muscimol injected into the DCN via the cannulae. Muscimol alone significantly reduced the rats ability to perform the task. This performance decrease was attributed to an inability to discriminate high frequency and not low frequency tones suggesting that place and not temporal coding of sound was compromised by DCN suppression. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibitory drive from the DCN to AVCN may be crucial for the fine tuning of frequency information.

Muscimol suppression of the dorsal cochlear nucleus modifies frequency tuning in rats

The cochlear nucleus is composed of three sub-nuclei: the dorsal (DCN), anteroventral (AVCN) and posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Intrinsic connections from the DCN to the AVCN are inhibitory and organised tonotopically. In this investigation, this pathway and its possible role in frequency tuning was examined using in vivo extracellular recordings. Extracellular recordings were made from 191 units in the AVCN, 69 of which were recorded after suppression of DCN by application of the GABA agonist Muscimol (15 ng, 0.26 mM). Tuning curves were plotted and characteristic frequency (CF) and response threshold (measured in dB SPL) were determined for each unit. Units recorded post-Muscimol showed significantly broader tuning characteristics and lower thresholds. Primary-like and transient chopper neurons contributed to this decrease in threshold suggesting that they receive 'on' CF inhibitory drive from the DCN. Sustained chopper units did not show a significant decrease in response threshold after Muscimol; however, there was a tendency for broader tuning and a significant increase in CF tone evoked maximum discharge rate and chopping frequency suggesting that the DCN may play a role in regulating the temporal firing of these units in addition to providing lateral inhibition. These results suggest that the DCN to AVCN pathway may aid in fine tuning frequency information.