Cyclic RGD peptides ameliorate ischemic acute renal failure in rats

Renal tubular obstruction is an important contributor to the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Based on the previous findings of the role played by arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) recognizing integrins in tubular obstruction, this study examined the effect of RGD peptides on the course of ischemic acute renal failure in rats. For in vivo studies, animals were subjected to 45 minutes of unilateral renal ischemia with contralateral nephrectomy, and cyclic RGD peptides or a linear biotinylated RGD peptide were injected systemically after the release of renal artery clamp. In vitro studies compared the potency of the peptides in inhibiting BS-C-1 cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. Two novel cyclic RGD peptides utilized in these studies showed different inhibitory potency in preventing cell-matrix adhesion: cyclic RGDDFV was a highly potent in vitro inhibitor of BS-C-1 cell-matrix adhesion, whereas cyclic RGDDFLG was less potent. In cell-cell adhesion assays, however, both peptides were equipotent. Despite the differences in inhibiting cell-matrix adhesion, a single systemic administration of either peptide improved creatinine clearance postoperatively and accelerated recovery of renal function with a rank order: cyclic RGDDFV > or = RGDDFLG >> RDADFV (inactive control). These findings represent the first in vivo demonstration of the effectiveness of cyclic RGD peptides in ameliorating ischemic acute renal failure, and suggest that in this setting RGD peptides predominantly inhibit cell-cell adhesion, whereas inhibition of cell-matrix adhesion is of lesser significance.

Uptake and metabolism of iodine is crucial for the development of thyroiditis in obese strain chickens

To assess the importance of the role of thyroidal iodine in the pathogenesis of thyroiditis in the obese strain (OS) chicken, a model of spontaneous and severe disease, we studied the effect of antithyroid drugs that reduce thyroidal iodine or prevent its metabolism. Reduction of thyroidal iodine was achieved with KClO4, an inhibitor of iodine transport and mononitrotyrosine (MNT), a drug that promotes loss of thyroidal iodine as iodotyrosines. A regimen consisting of KClO4 and MNT administration beginning in ovo and continuing after hatching reduced thyroidal infiltration to 2% of control values and decreased thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) production for as long as 9 wk. Untreated birds had severe disease by 5 wk of age. The suppression of disease was independent of TSH, not mediated by generalized immunosuppression and reversed by excess dietary iodine. Two drugs that inhibit the metabolism of iodine, propylthiouracil (PTU) and aminotriazole, reduced thyroidal infiltration and TgAb levels, although to a lesser extent. When splenocytes from OS chickens with thyroiditis were transferred to Cornell strain (CS) chickens, a related strain that develops late onset mild disease, only the recipients that were iodine supplemented developed thyroiditis. In conclusion, autoimmune thyroiditis in an animal model can be prevented by reducing thyroidal iodine or its metabolism and optimal effects require intervention at the embryonic stage.

Autism spectrum disorder and Klinefelter syndrome

BACKGROUND

Autism is a severe handicapping disorder of early childhood characterized by a distinct pattern of social and communication impairment with rigid ritualistic interests. In about 10-25% of cases, it is associated with known medical conditions. Population-based studies of autism have found that Klinefelter's syndrome (KS), a common chromosome abnormality, is sometimes associated with autism. However, few detailed case descriptions of patients with KS and autism have not been published.

CASE REPORT

In this paper, we describe the occurrence of autistic features in two cases of Klinefelter syndrome, one with the typical XXY karyotype and the other with the XXYY variant.

CONCLUSION

Autistic features may be more common in persons with Klinefelter syndrome than generally believed. We propose that all patients with KS should be screened for the presence of autism.

In Vitro Sugar Interference Testing With Amperometric Glucose Oxidase Sensors

BACKGROUND

Electrochemical enzymatic glucose sensors are intended to measure blood or interstitial fluid glucose concentrations. One class of these glucose sensors are continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), indicated for tracking and trending of glucose concentrations in interstitial fluid and as an adjunct to blood glucose testing. Currently approved CGMs employ a glucose oxidase (GOx) electrochemical detection scheme. Potential interfering agents can impact the accuracy of results obtained by glucose sensors, including CGMs.

METHODS

Seven sugars, seven sugar alcohols, and three artificial sweeteners were in vitro screened for interference with amperometric glucose oxidase (GOx) sensors at concentrations greater than physiologic concentrations. Galactose was investigated further at physiologically relevant concentrations using a custom amperometric system. Furthermore, glucose and galactose calibration experiments were conducted to facilitate multiple enzyme kinetic analysis approaches (Michaelis-Menten and Hill equation) to understand the potential source and mechanism of interference from galactose.

RESULTS

Under in vitro testing, except for galactose, xylose and mannose, all screened compounds exhibited interference bias, expressed in mean absolute relative difference (MARD), of ⩽ 20% even at concentrations significantly higher than normal physiologic concentrations. Galactose exhibited, CGM-dependent, MARD of 47-72% and was subjected to further testing. The highest recorded mean relative difference (MRD) was 6.9 ± 1.3% when testing physiologically relevant galactose concentrations (0.1-10 mg/dL). Enzyme kinetic analysis provided calculations of maximum reaction rates ( imax ), apparent Michaelis constants ( Kmapp ), and Hill equation h parameters for glucose and galactose substrates for the enzymes in the CGMs.

CONCLUSION

Under the conditions of in vitro screening, 14 of the 17 compounds did not exhibit measuarable interference. Galactose exhibited the highest interference during screening, but did not substantially interfere with CGMs under the conditions of in vitro testing at physiologically relevant concentrations. Enzyme kinetic analysis conducted with galactose supported the notion that (1) the reactivity of GOx enzyme toward nonglucose sugars and (2) the presence of enzymatic impurities (such as galactose oxidase) are two potential sources for sugar interference with GOx glucose sensors, and thus, should be considered during device development.

Intraosseous hemangioma of the talus: a case report

A 35-year-old female patient presented to us with a lesion in the talus that on AP-roentgenographic view simulated an osteoid osteoma. Final pathology revealed it to be an intraosseous hemangioma. An intraosseous hemangioma at this site is extremely uncommon and has not been previously reported.

Abstract P5-02-04: Not presented

This abstract was not presented at the conference.

Citation Format: Sheth D, Pineda F, Karczmar G, Abe H. Not presented [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-02-04.

Abstract P5-19-04: Psychosocial impact of a multi-modality surveillance program for women at high-risk for breast cancer

Purpose: To evaluate the psychosocial impact of semi-annual dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) screening in women at high-risk for breast cancer.

Background: For women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and/or a personal or family history of breast cancer, annual breast MRI has shown improved sensitivity and cancer detection compared to mammography. However, MRI's heightened sensitivity may lead to increased: false positives requiring additional follow-up biopsy/imaging; iatrogenic risk; and psychosocial distress, which all may negatively impact women's overall health-related quality of life.

Methods: Between 2004 and 2016, we assembled a prospective cohort of high-risk women undergoing semi-annual DCE-MRI and annual mammography. We reviewed a subset of this group. Participants completed psychosocial assessments at baseline and 6-month visits using the following measures: coping (MBSS); state/trait anxiety (STAI-S/T); depression (BDI-II); risk perception; and mental health (SF-36). Participants were classified according to Monitor or Blunter coping style. Mixed-effects logistic regressions models examined effects of demographics on psychosocial changes over time.

Results: 295 women were recruited to the study; 44% of the study participants had pathogenic mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. 232 of 295 enrolled participants (78.6%) completed psychosocial assessments. For the total population: median age 44y (range: 21-73), 71% ≥college/post-graduate education; 84% Caucasian; 8% African American; 2% Latino; 99% with health insurance; 72% annual income of >$60,000. One third of women had a personal cancer history. Participants were evenly split between baseline Monitoring and Blunting coping style (49% and 51%, respectively). No significant differences were found between demographics (age, race, income, mutation, cancer type, cancer history) or psychosocial factors (baseline trait anxiety (p =0.64), depression (p =0.65), SF36 global health (p=0.66). After adjusting for education, race, cancer history and coping, women with ≥$60,000 income had lower trait anxiety (p<0.000) and greater mental health (p<0.001) than those with <$60,000 income. Over time, change in trait anxiety varied by coping (p=0.0006): Blunters did not experience significant changes in trait anxiety (p=0.072) while Monitors had significant diminished trait anxiety over time (p<0.001). For depression, women with ≥$60,000 income and college educated had lower BDI-II depression (p<0.000). Yet, women with a cancer history had significantly greater BDH-II depression (p= 0.048). Mental health over time varied by race as non-whites had greater gains in mental health (p=0.001) over time than whites (p=0.03).

Conclusion: Semi-annual DCE-MRI did not cause a significantly elevated state anxiety or depression, nor was there a significant decline in mental health over time for groups regardless of cancer history and genetic mutation status. Coping style may have an impact on psychosocial outcomes for those undergoing heightened surveillance over time.

Citation Format: Amico AL, Fang R, Raoul A, Wroblewski K, Nielsen S, Weipert C, Abe H, Sheth D, Romero I, Kulkarni K, Schacht D, Patrick-Miller L, Verp M, Bradbury AR, Hlubocky F, Olopade OI. Psychosocial impact of a multi-modality surveillance program for women at high-risk for breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-19-04.

Circumdural decompression by posterior vertebrectomy for relief of cord compression due to metastatic disease of thoracic and lumbar spine

Circumdural cord decompression with total or almost total vertebrectomy in the thoracic or lumbar spine through a posterior approach can provide optimal decompression of neural tissue. This procedure combined with posterior instrumentation and immediate reconstruction of the anterior defect with polymethylmethacrylate can provide adequate stabilization. Immediate ambulation with minimal external support is possible. This single operative approach is preferred to anterior (transthoracic or retroperitoneal) decompression due to high morbidity associated with the latter. The authors' experience with this procedure in four cases is presented.

Abstract P4-02-01: Recall rates during breast cancer surveillance in high-risk women with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging every 6 months: Results from a single institution study

Purpose: To compare recall rates and biopsy rates in high-risk women undergoing semi-annual dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging compared to recommended annual DCE-MRI.

Background: In high-risk women with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations and/or a personal or family history of breast cancer, annual breast MRI has shown improved sensitivity and cancer detection compared to mammography and is recommended annually in addition to mammogram. The routine use of breast MRI screening in this patient population is not widespread due to concerns for higher recall rates and false positive biopsy results, which often contribute to higher healthcare costs and increased stress. Breast MRI screening acceptability is dependent on sensitivity and recall rates. The acceptable recall rate for breast MRI is generally considered to be between 6-12% based off the results from studies that used annual DCE-MRI screening.

Methods: Between 2004 and 2016, a prospective cohort of high-risk women underwent semi-annual DCE-MRI and annual mammography. For subjects with BI-RADS score of 4 or 5 on DCE-MRI, biopsy was recommended. For subjects with BI-RADS score of 0 on DCE-MRI and/or BI-RADS scores of 0,4, or 5 on MG, further investigation by imaging was recommended and biopsy was performed if clinically appropriate. Tests with BI-RADS scores of 3 were discussed case-by-case. Recall was defined as women being recommended for further imaging (i.e. US and/or MG) in order to provide additional information. Women that are recalled may go on to have a subsequent biopsy based on the findings.

Results: 295 women were recruited to the study; 44% of the study participants had mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. 2111 DCE-MRI screening tests and 1225 mammography were performed. The sensitivity and specificity was 93.7% and 96.6% respectively for DCE-MRI and 50% and 97.7% respectively for mammogram. The positive predictive value was 17% for MRI and 22% for mammography. Eighty-nine women had 106 recalls. 74 due to DCE-MRI imaging alone, 18 due to mammography alone, and 14 due to both image modalities. The recall rate was 4.2% for DCE-MRI and 2.6% for mammography. In total, 56 biopsies were performed. 3 DCIS and 13 invasive breast cancers were diagnosed. On average, 5.9 women would have to be recalled on DCE-MRI with 3.3 biopsies to diagnose one cancer case. 4 women would have to be recalled on mammography with 2.1 biopsies to diagnose one cancer.

Conclusion: Semi-annual DCE-MRI screening in high-risk women demonstrated high sensitivity without substantially increasing recall rates or biopsy rates to an unacceptable value. Our single institution DCE MRI protocol achieved recall rates lower than those considered acceptable for annual MRI or mammography. This study demonstrates that with radiology reader expertise, careful clinical decision making, and improved MRI technology, it is possible to achieve recall rates lower than those achieved with annual mammography or MRI even when DCE-MRI screening exams occur more frequently than those currently recommended by guidelines. Additional data including QOL and cost effectiveness analysis will be presented.

Citation Format: Whitaker KD, Abe H, Sheth D, Huo D, Yoshimatsu TF, Verp M, Zheng Y, Karczmar G, Guindalini R, Olopade OI. Recall rates during breast cancer surveillance in high-risk women with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging every 6 months: Results from a single institution study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-01.

The advanced breast biopsy instrumentation (ABBI) experience at a community hospital

The Advanced Breast Biopsy Instrumentation (ABBI; U.S. Surgical Corp., Norwalk, CT) system is the newest technology available for the evaluation and diagnosis of nonpalpable breast lesions. It requires the breast imaging specialist, often a radiologist, to localize the suspicious lesion to x, y, and z coordinates in a digital mammogram unit. The coordinates are then used by the surgeon to operate and direct the ABBI biopsy device around the lesion to obtain an excisional biopsy. Mammographic confirmation of the specimen is then immediately obtained. First introduced in the United States in April 1996, the ABBI system is aimed at rivaling the previously relied upon methods of needle-localized and core needle breast biopsies. In this study, we analyzed the first 15 months of use of the ABBI system in a community hospital to evaluate its applicability and efficacy in the diagnosis of nonpalpable breast lesions. Eighteen surgeons and three radiologists performed a total of 230 cases on 223 patients (seven patients had bilateral breast biopsies). The lesions biopsied included 114 clustered microcalcifications, 115 masses, and 1 retained guidewire from a previous needle-localized breast biopsy. The average time for the complete procedure was 65 minutes. Breast cancer was identified in 36 patients (36 of 230, 15.7%) and 1 additional patient had an incidental finding of lobular carcinoma in situ. The malignancies included 20 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, 12 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ, and four cases of invasive lobular carcinoma. Overall, 84 per cent of the patients had a definitive benign diagnosis and required no further surgical treatment of their mammographic finding. There have been no known missed lesions after use of the ABBI procedure. In conclusion, our experience has shown the ABBI system to be a valuable option in the management of selected patients with nonpalpable breast lesions.

BRACHIAL NEURITIS FROM THE MRNA SARS-COV-2 AND INFLUENZA VACCINES

Introduction

Rare neurologic side effects have been reported with the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza vaccines. We report a case of brachial neuritis after the second mRNA SARS-CoV-2 which recurred after a subsequent influenza vaccine.

Case Description

29 year-old male received his first mRNA SARS-CoV-2 n his left arm. He had isolated persistent mild pain at the injection site. This prompted him to receive his second vaccine in his right arm three weeks later. Within a few hours of the injection, he had fever, nausea, and severe pain near his left tricep and olecranon process. The severe pain improved somewhat after treatment with opiates. In the next two weeks, he developed left arm weakness, numbness in his left fourth and fifth digits, with eventual muscle wasting of his left trapezius. The weakness was profound and prevented him from performing activities of daily living. An EMG confirmed the diagnosis of left brachial neuritis. He was treated with oral steroids, physical therapy, and improved within several months with residual mild paresthesias. He received the influenza vaccine approximately six months later in his right arm. The exact symptoms returned in his left arm, though milder, and self-resolved after a week.

Discussion

This is a most unusual reaction to the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine which recurred after a different vaccine was given, albeit, with much less severe and persistent symptoms. It is important to be aware of rare neurologic complications of vaccination and the possibility of recurrence with subsequent unrelated vaccines.

Abstract P4-02-05: Diagnostic value of breast MRI in evaluating total extent of disease when non-calcified DCIS is present in stereotactic core biopsy samples

PURPOSE

To compare the extent of disease as seen on mammography, breast MRI and final surgical pathology in all patients with non-calcified DCIS identified on stereotactic core biopsy. Can MRI provide useful diagnostic information to the surgeon when mammographically occult DCIS is present.

METHOD AND MATERIALS

All patients with stereotactic core biopsies performed at the University of Chicago from 2010 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with pathology demonstrating DCIS in non-calcified cores on stereotactic biopsy were further selected based on whether they had a subsequent breast MRI and definitive surgical treatment. A total of 76 patients met these criteria. All patients undergoing stereotactic core biopsy had at least six 9-gauge cores removed, all of which were radiographed and separated based on whether calcifications were present or absent. Select patients with documented DCIS in the non-calcified cores had a MRI. All patients with MRI underwent a routine diagnostic protocol consisting of one pre- and five post-contrast bilateral, fat suppressed T1 sequences along with a non-fat suppressed T2 sequence. Final surgical treatment was subsequently determined and performed by the breast surgeon.

RESULTS

76 women met all criteria for this study. In 16/76 (21%) of the cases, MRI revealed greater extent of disease than was detected via mammography, and led to change in management in half of those cases (8/76 - 11%). In all 16 of these cases, final surgical pathology confirmed the MRI-detected extent of disease. In 52/76 (68%) of the cases, MRI confirmed the extent of disease detected on mammography and final surgical pathology. In 8/76 (11%) of the cases, MRI showed little to no abnormal enhancement at site of mammographically detected calcifications, even though final surgical pathology confirmed presence of residual disease.

CONCLUSION

The presence of non-calcified DCIS in stereotactic core biopsy samples raises the suspicion for the presence of mammographically occult disease. Breast MRI performed in this setting shows that in majority (82% -68/76) of the cases, MRI can either confirm or even advantageously reveal greater extent of disease than was initially detected on mammography. Furthermore, there can be a change in management due to the breast MRI findings.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE/APPLICATION

Breast MRI can be a useful diagnostic tool for the surgeon when non-calcified DCIS is present in stereotactic core biopsy samples.

Citation Format: Sheth D, Bao J, Abe H, Jaskowiak N. Diagnostic value of breast MRI in evaluating total extent of disease when non-calcified DCIS is present in stereotactic core biopsy samples [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-05.