Effect of Organophosphorus and Organochlorine Pesticides (Monochrotophos, Chlorpyriphos, Dimethoate, and Endosulfan) on Human Lymphocytes In‐Vitro

The toxicological profile of the four pesticides described herein characterizes its effects on lymphocytes from peripheral blood from healthy donors. The exposure to all pesticides was by direct interaction/incubation with varying concentrations of the pesticide with blood sample in-vitro. The dose response relationship in each case was calculated by applying log tables as LC50 values. Cytotoxicity of these pesticides on lymphocytes was measured using the trypan blue dye exclusion technique. Based on LC50 value, all the four pesticides were found to be highly toxic to lymphocyte culture, among them, monocrotophos and endosulfan were the most toxic and dimethoate was the least toxic. The genotoxicity of the pesticides was also determined by comet assay. The results revealed that the pesticides caused increase in the tail length indicating DNA damage. This study suggests that these pesticides have the capacity to alter the genetic material particularly chromosomes in mammalian cultures. The comet assay used in this study was found to be a sensitive and rapid method to detect genotoxicity of pesticide compounds.

Case report: abdominal cocoon associated with tuberculous pelvic inflammatory disease

Abdominal cocoon is a rare acquired condition in which there is encapsulation of the small bowel by a fibrous membrane. The authors describe a case wherein an organism was identified for the first time. The clinical, pathological and radiological features of this unusual disease are reviewed. Peritoneal encapsulation, a related subject, is also discussed.

A microcomputer FORTRAN program for rapid determination of lethal concentrations of biocides in mosquito control

Probit analysis calculations are highly useful in biology and related sciences. Since the statistical calculations and tests required are quite involved, the use of an automatic computer program is desirable. The description of the computational procedures and use of the computer program with suitable examples from mosquito control programmes are discussed.

Rule-based system for the fast identification of species of Indian Anopheline mosquitoes

In a developing country like India, classification and identification of the species of Anopheline mosquitoes in control operations of mosquito-borne diseases is of paramount importance. The WHO monograph, which describes the taxonomic data in the form of a pictorial key is generally difficult to understand by a non-taxonomist. Utilizing the principles of ID3 algorithm, a novel rule-based system, for the fast identification of unknown species of Indian Anopheline mosquitoes, is developed. The rule-based system is user-friendly, menu-driven and even a novice can make use of it in the identification of the unknown species with little practice. The above software is available on floppy disk and can be obtained with a minimum cost. This program can be ported on 5 1/4" or 3 1/2" floppy disk.

Microcomputer BASIC programs for rapid determination of lethal dosages of biocides using logit transformations

The probit analysis model is generally used for the determination of lethal dosages in bioassay applications. However, the logit models, which use the logistic curve instead of the integrated normal curve, could also be effectively used for the determination of lethal dosages and regression coefficients. In this paper, two types of logit models, namely minimum logit chi square and maximum likelihood, have been described in detail for the estimation of the parameters. The results of these two models are also compared with those of the probit model.

Relative abundance of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) with reference to infection and infectivity rate from the rural and urban areas of East and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh, India

This paper describes the seasonal abundance of Culex quinquefasciatus in the rural and urban areas of the East and West Godavari districts (EGDT and WGDT) of Andhra Pradesh, India. The per man-hour density (PMHD) was collected from seven units in EGDT and two units in WGDT, which comprised rural and urban areas. The highest infection and infectivity rates were found in the rural areas of Rajahmundry (43.6%) and Amalapuram (13.2%) respectively. In urban areas, the highest infection and infectivity rates were found in Rajahmundry: 7.5% and 3.6% respectively. There was considerable difference in the infection rate and infectivity rates between the rural areas and urban areas in each unit.

ADVANCEMENTS IN MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF ROBOTIC SURGERY, ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES, AND NATURAL ORIFICE TRANSLUMENAL ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY

The term "Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery" (NOTES) defines a surgical approach that leverages the body's natural orifices to access the abdominal cavity, presenting a patient-centric perspective by highlighting its potential to eliminate abdominal wall aggression, mitigate postoperative discomfort, and offer benefits comparable to laparoscopic surgery. This comprehensive paper aims to not only review the existing landscape of NOTES techniques but also to propose advancements in flexible tools augmenting established endoscopic platforms, while also exploring the revolutionary concept of robotic structures grounded in micromechatronics and communication technologies. The thorough analysis encompasses the assessment of advantages and limitations associated with flexible devices and robotic platforms, coupled with an in-depth evaluation of the current array of devices used in NOTES, informed by pertinent literature. The authors' comprehensive approach entails scrutinizing technological breakthroughs and offering viable solutions, fostering a comprehensive understanding. Furthermore, the study encompasses an exhaustive evaluation and juxtaposition of state-of-the-art NOTES devices, supplemented by a nuanced discourse on the merits and demerits of flexible devices and robotic platforms, with a focused emphasis on their inherent strengths and weaknesses. Within this context, the discourse extends to strategic suggestions aimed at refining extant designs and cultivating robust, dependable autonomous robotic platforms purpose-built for NOTES. This narrative encapsulates the multifaceted exploration of benefits, challenges, and potential remedies directed towards enhancing prevailing designs and forging a dependable foundation for the future of NOTES.

Vapour toxicity of aerosol formulation, allethrin on Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae), Say & Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) N

Studies on the toxicity of aerosol vaporizer formulation, allethrin were carried out on both male and female species of C. quinquefasciatus and M. domestica at different times of exposure. ANOVA models revealed significant differences in the mean values of the percentage mortalities in relation to sex and time-of-exposure for both the species.

Impact of different housing structures on filarial transmission in rural areas of southern India

The aim of the present investigation was to assess the filarial transmission levels in houses of different structure in rural areas of Andhra Pradesh, India. During this study, ecologically-similar households were selected for entomological study. The per-man-hour density (PMHD), infection and infectivity rates, were recorded in different ranges ie, 16.1 to 77.6, 0-31.2% and 0-5.6%, respectively.

A Signet Cell Carcinoma of the Ileum: A Rare Differential Diagnosis of Intestinal Pathology with Fistula Mimicking Crohn’s Disease

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the USA. Primary signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the colon and rectum is extremely rare with a reported incidence of less than 1%. Here we present the case of a 41-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain, severe microcytic anaemia and a negative faecal occult blood test (FOBT). A CT scan of the abdomen revealed thickening of the terminal ileum and proximal right colon with extensive lymphadenopathy and a fistula tract extending from the terminal ileum to the right buttock. Endoscopic features like cobblestoning of the ileocolic junction along with elevated blood and stool inflammatory markers raised suspicion of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, histopathological study surprisingly revealed primary colorectal signet cell carcinoma (PCRSCC) with no evidence of CD. Cases of simultaneous PCRSCC and CD have been reported, but no clear association has been established. Our case is unique in that it presented with classic clinical features of CD, but PCRSCC without any histological evidence of underlying CD was found on histology.

THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN DYSREGULATION IN GENOMIC MEDICINE

Although mitochondrial DNA respiration circuit abnormalities are among the most common metabolic diseases to manifest in children, identification can be difficult due to their medical variability. Given the multisystem nature of the condition and its diverse and generalized manifestations, making a final diagnosis often takes a long time. Within this summary, they give an in-depth account of the physical signs of adolescent Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Disorders (MRCDs),analyze the available diagnostics and treatment possibilities, and emphasize current developments in this field of study. During the discovery of fresh biomarkers and the development of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, extensive research over the years has considerably enhanced the regularity that precise diagnoses are produced. Given the intricate nature of mitochondrial DNA biology and its double genomic investments, Sequencing has made significant progress in identifying the genetic basis of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Disorders (MRCDs). Research studies have been created employing a variety of various methods of therapy in an effort to shift the goal on therapy that is mainly curative to possibly having a positive impact on the natural course of the trouble. That's because there is gained a greater awareness of the underlying causes of this category of ailments.

A Signet Cell Carcinoma of the Ileum: A Rare Differential Diagnosis of Intestinal Pathology with Fistula Mimicking Crohn's Disease

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the USA. Primary signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the colon and rectum is extremely rare with a reported incidence of less than 1%. Here we present the case of a 41-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain, severe microcytic anaemia and a negative faecal occult blood test (FOBT). A CT scan of the abdomen revealed thickening of the terminal ileum and proximal right colon with extensive lymphadenopathy and a fistula tract extending from the terminal ileum to the right buttock. Endoscopic features like cobblestoning of the ileocolic junction along with elevated blood and stool inflammatory markers raised suspicion of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, histopathological study surprisingly revealed primary colorectal signet cell carcinoma (PCRSCC) with no evidence of CD. Cases of simultaneous PCRSCC and CD have been reported, but no clear association has been established. Our case is unique in that it presented with classic clinical features of CD, but PCRSCC without any histological evidence of underlying CD was found on histology.

Comparing emergency department versus high school-based recruitment for a hypertension research study with adult-youth dyads

Dyads can be challenging to recruit for research studies, but detailed reporting on strategies employed to recruit adult-adolescent dyads is rare. We describe experiences recruiting adult-youth dyads for a hypertension education intervention comparing recruitment in an emergency department (ED) setting with a school-based community setting. We found more success in recruiting dyads through a school-based model that started with adolescent youth (19 dyads in 7 weeks with < 1 hour recruitment) compared to an ED-based model that started with adults (2 dyads in 17 weeks with 350 hours of recruitment). These findings can benefit future adult-youth dyad recruitment for research studies.