1
|
Liu Y, Yuan J, Li Y, Bi Y, Prusky DB. The sensor protein AaSho1 regulates infection structures differentiation, osmotic stress tolerance and virulence via MAPK module AaSte11-AaPbs2-AaHog1 in Alternaria alternata. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1594-1607. [PMID: 38680872 PMCID: PMC11047198 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The high-osmolarity-sensitive protein Sho1 functions as a key membrane receptor in phytopathogenic fungi, which can sense and respond to external stimuli or stresses, and synergistically regulate diverse fungal biological processes through cellular signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of AaSho1 in Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of pear black spot. Targeted gene deletion revealed that AaSho1 is essential for infection structure differentiation, response to external stresses and synthesis of secondary metabolites. Compared to the wild-type (WT), the ∆AaSho1 mutant strain showed no significant difference in colony growth, morphology, conidial production and biomass accumulation. However, the mutant strain exhibited significantly reduced levels of melanin production, cellulase (CL) and ploygalacturonase (PG) activities, virulence, resistance to various exogenous stresses. Moreover, the appressorium and infection hyphae formation rates of the ∆AaSho1 mutant strain were significantly inhibited. RNA-Seq results showed that there were four branches including pheromone, cell wall stress, high osmolarity and starvation in the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade pathway. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that AaSho1 activates the MAPK pathway via AaSte11-AaPbs2-AaHog1. These results suggest that AaSho1 of A. alternata is essential for fungal development, pathogenesis and osmotic stress response by activating the MAPK cascade pathway via Sho1-Ste11-Pbs2-Hog1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization Volcani Center Information Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang Q, Li Y, Mao R, Bi Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Li R, Yang Y, Prusky DB. AaCaMKs Positively Regulate Development, Infection Structure Differentiation and Pathogenicity in Alternaria alternata, Causal Agent of Pear Black Spot. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021381. [PMID: 36674895 PMCID: PMC9865007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK), a key downstream target protein in the Ca2+ signaling pathway of eukaryotes, plays an important regulatory role in the growth, development and pathogenicity of plant fungi. Three AaCaMKs (AaCaMK1, AaCaMK2 and AaCaMK3) with conserved PKC_like superfamily domains, ATP binding sites and ACT sites have been cloned from Alternaria alternata, However, their regulatory mechanism in A. alternata remains unclear. In this study, the function of the AaCaMKs in the development, infection structure differentiation and pathogenicity of A. alternata was elucidated through targeted gene disruption. The single disruption of AaCaMKs had no impact on the vegetative growth and spore morphology but significantly influenced hyphae growth, sporulation, biomass accumulation and melanin biosynthesis. Further expression analysis revealed that the AaCaMKs were up-regulated during the infection structure differentiation of A. alternata on hydrophobic and pear wax substrates. In vitro and in vivo analysis further revealed that the deletion of a single AaCaMKs gene significantly reduced the A. alternata conidial germination, appressorium formation and infection hyphae formation. In addition, pharmacological analysis confirmed that the CaMK specific inhibitor, KN93, inhibited conidial germination and appressorium formation in A. alternata. Meanwhile, the AaCaMKs genes deficiency significantly reduced the A. alternata pathogenicity. These results demonstrate that AaCaMKs regulate the development, infection structure differentiation and pathogenicity of A. alternata and provide potential targets for new effective fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-763-1694
| | - Renyan Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Y, Xie P, Li Y, Bi Y, Prusky DB. Updating Insights into the Regulatory Mechanisms of Calcineurin-Activated Transcription Factor Crz1 in Pathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101082. [PMID: 36294647 PMCID: PMC9604740 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+, as a second messenger in cells, enables organisms to adapt to different environmental stresses by rapidly sensing and responding to external stimuli. In recent years, the Ca2+ mediated calcium signaling pathway has been studied systematically in various mammals and fungi, indicating that the pathway is conserved among organisms. The pathway consists mainly of complex Ca2+ channel proteins, calcium pumps, Ca2+ transporters and many related proteins. Crz1, a transcription factor downstream of the calcium signaling pathway, participates in regulating cell survival, ion homeostasis, infection structure development, cell wall integrity and virulence. This review briefly summarizes the Ca2+ mediated calcium signaling pathway and regulatory roles in plant pathogenic fungi. Based on discussing the structure and localization of transcription factor Crz1, we focus on the regulatory role of Crz1 on growth and development, stress response, pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi and its regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, we explore the cross-talk between Crz1 and other signaling pathways. Combined with the important role and pathogenic mechanism of Crz1 in fungi, the new strategies in which Crz1 may be used as a target to explore disease control in practice are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Pengdong Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li R, Li Y, Xu W, Zhang M, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Li L, Bi Y, Prusky DB. Transcription factor AacmrA mediated melanin synthesis regulates the growth, appressorium formation, stress response and pathogenicity of pear fungal Alternaria alternata. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:687-695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
5
|
Chand Arya G, Aditya Srivastava D, Manasherova E, Prusky DB, Elad Y, Frenkel O, Harel A. BcHnm1, a predicted choline transporter, modulates conidial germination and virulence in Botrytis cinerea. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 158:103653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
6
|
Prusky DB, Sionov E. Special Issue "Interplay between Fungal Pathogens and Harvested Crops and Fruits". Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030553. [PMID: 33800331 PMCID: PMC7998692 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between fungal pathogens and harvest crops is important in determining the extent of food losses following the storage and transport of crops to consumers. The specific factors modulating the activation of colonization are of key importance to determining the initiation of fungal colonization and host losses. It is clear nowadays from the wide number of transcription studies in colonized fruits that pathogenicity in postharvest produce is not only the result of activation of fungal pathogenicity factors but is significantly contributed to fruit maturity and ripening. In this editorial summary of the Special Issue "Interplay between Fungal Pathogens and Harvested Crops and Fruits", we present a short summary of future research directions on the importance of the interplay between fruit and pathogens and nine published papers (one review and eight original research papers), covering a wide range of subjects within the mechanism of pathogenicity by postharvest pathogens, including transcriptome analysis of pathogenesis, pathogenicity factors, new antifungal compounds and food toxin occurrence by pathogens. This summary may lead the reader to understand the key factors modulating pathogenicity in fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dov B. Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization—The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization—The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maor U, Barda O, Sadhasivam S, Bi Y, Levin E, Zakin V, Prusky DB, Sionov E. Functional roles of LaeA, polyketide synthase, and glucose oxidase in the regulation of ochratoxin A biosynthesis and virulence in Aspergillus carbonarius. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:117-129. [PMID: 33169928 PMCID: PMC7749749 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is the major producer of ochratoxin A (OTA) among Aspergillus species, but the contribution of this secondary metabolite to fungal virulence has not been assessed. We characterized the functions and addressed the roles of three factors in the regulation of OTA synthesis and pathogenicity in A. carbonarius: LaeA, a transcriptional factor regulating the production of secondary metabolites; polyketide synthase, required for OTA biosynthesis; and glucose oxidase (GOX), regulating gluconic acid (GLA) accumulation and acidification of the host tissue during fungal growth. Deletion of laeA in A. carbonarius resulted in significantly reduced OTA production in colonized nectarines and grapes. The ∆laeA mutant was unable to efficiently acidify the colonized tissue, as a direct result of diminished GLA production, leading to attenuated virulence in infected fruit compared to the wild type (WT). The designed Acpks-knockout mutant resulted in complete inhibition of OTA production in vitro and in colonized fruit. Interestingly, physiological analysis revealed that the colonization pattern of the ∆Acpks mutant was similar to that of the WT strain, with high production of GLA in the colonized tissue, suggesting that OTA accumulation does not contribute to A. carbonarius pathogenicity. Disruption of the Acgox gene inactivated GLA production in A. carbonarius, and this mutant showed attenuated virulence in infected fruit compared to the WT strain. These data identify the global regulator LaeA and GOX as critical factors modulating A. carbonarius pathogenicity by controlling transcription of genes important for fungal secondary metabolism and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Maor
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and NutritionThe Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Omer Barda
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Sudharsan Sadhasivam
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and EngineeringGansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Elena Levin
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Varda Zakin
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- College of Food Science and EngineeringGansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Edward Sionov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang M, Li Y, Wang T, Bi Y, Li R, Huang Y, Mao R, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Prusky DB. AaPKAc Regulates Differentiation of Infection Structures Induced by Physicochemical Signals From Pear Fruit Cuticular Wax, Secondary Metabolism, and Pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:642601. [PMID: 33968101 PMCID: PMC8096925 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.642601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata, the casual agent of black rot of pear fruit, can sense and respond to the physicochemical cues from the host surface and form infection structures during infection. To evaluate the role of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PKA) signaling in surface sensing of A. alternata, we isolated and functionally characterized the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A catalytic subunit gene (AaPKAc). Gene expression results showed that AaPKAc was strongly expressed during the early stages of appressorium formation on hydrophobic surfaces. Knockout mutants ΔAaPKAc were generated by replacing the target genes via homologous recombination events. We found that intracellular cAMP content increased but PKA content decreased in ΔAaPKAc mutant strain. Appressorium formation and infection hyphae were reduced in the ΔAaPKAc mutant strain, and the ability of the ΔAaPKAc mutant strain to recognize and respond to high hydrophobicity surfaces and different surface waxes was lower than in the wild type (WT) strain. In comparison with the WT strain, the appressorium formation rate of the ΔAaPKAc mutant strain on high hydrophobicity and fruit wax extract surface was reduced by 31.6 and 49.3% 4 h after incubation, respectively. In addition, AaPKAc is required for the hypha growth, biomass, pathogenicity, and toxin production of A. alternata. However, AaPKAc negatively regulated conidia formation, melanin production, and osmotic stress resistance. Collectively, AaPKAc is required for pre-penetration, developmental, physiological, and pathological processes in A. alternata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongcai Li,
| | - Tiaolan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Renyan Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maor U, Barda O, Sadhasivam S, Bi Y, Zakin V, Prusky DB, Sionov E. Host Factors Modulating Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis during Fruit Colonization by Aspergillus carbonarius. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 33379151 PMCID: PMC7823970 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is a strong and consistent ochratoxin A (OTA) producer and considered to be the main source of this toxic metabolite in grapes and grape products such as wine, grape juice and dried vine fruit. OTA is produced under certain growth conditions and its accumulation is affected by several environmental factors, such as growth phase, substrate, temperature, water activity and pH. In this study, we examined the impact of fruit host factors on regulation and accumulation of OTA in colonized grape berries, and assessed in vitro the impact of those factors on the transcriptional levels of the key genes and global regulators contributing to fungal colonization and mycotoxin synthesis. We found that limited sugar content, low pH levels and high malic acid concentrations activated OTA biosynthesis by A. carbonarius, both in synthetic media and during fruit colonization, through modulation of global regulator of secondary metabolism, laeA and OTA gene cluster expression. These findings indicate that fruit host factors may have a significant impact on the capability of A. carbonarius to produce and accumulate OTA in grapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Maor
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (U.M.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.Z.); (D.B.P.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Omer Barda
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (U.M.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.Z.); (D.B.P.)
| | - Sudharsan Sadhasivam
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (U.M.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.Z.); (D.B.P.)
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Varda Zakin
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (U.M.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.Z.); (D.B.P.)
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (U.M.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.Z.); (D.B.P.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Edward Sionov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (U.M.); (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.Z.); (D.B.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Srivastava DA, Arya GC, Pandaranayaka EP, Manasherova E, Prusky DB, Elad Y, Frenkel O, Harel A. Transcriptome Profiling Data of Botrytis cinerea Infection on Whole Plant Solanum lycopersicum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2020; 33:1103-1107. [PMID: 32552519 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0109-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a foliar necrotrophic fungal-pathogen capable of infecting >580 genera of plants, is often used as model organism for studying fungal-host interactions. We used RNAseq to study transcriptome of B. cinerea infection on a major (worldwide) vegetable crop, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Most previous works explored only few infection stages, using RNA extracted from entire leaf-organ diluting the expression of studied infected region. Many studied B. cinerea infection, on detached organs assuming that similar defense/physiological reactions occurs in the intact plant. We analyzed transcriptome of the pathogen and host in 5 infection stages of whole-plant leaves at the infection site. We supply high quality, pathogen-enriched gene count that facilitates future research of the molecular processes regulating the infection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Aditya Srivastava
- Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Eswari Pj Pandaranayaka
- Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Dov B Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Arye Harel
- Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang Y, Li Y, Li D, Bi Y, Prusky DB, Dong Y, Wang T, Zhang M, Zhang X, Liu Y. Phospholipase C From Alternaria alternata Is Induced by Physiochemical Cues on the Pear Fruit Surface That Dictate Infection Structure Differentiation and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1279. [PMID: 32695073 PMCID: PMC7339947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms of phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated calcium (Ca2+) signaling in Alternaria alternata, the regulatory roles of PLC were elucidated using neomycin, a specific inhibitor of PLC activity. Three isotypes of PLC designated AaPLC1, AaPLC2, and AaPLC3 were identified in A. alternata through genome sequencing. qRT-PCR analysis showed that fruit wax extracts significantly upregulated the expression of all three PLC genes in vitro. Pharmacological experiments showed that neomycin treatment led to a dose-dependent reduction in spore germination and appressorium formation in A. alternata. Appressorium formation was stimulated on hydrophobic and pear wax-coated surfaces but was significantly inhibited by neomycin treatment. The appressorium formation rates of neomycin treated A. alternata on hydrophobic and wax-coated surfaces decreased by 86.6 and 47.4%, respectively. After 4 h of treatment, exogenous CaCl2 could partially reverse the effects of neomycin treatment. Neomycin also affected mycotoxin production in alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN), with exogenous Ca2+ partially reversing these effects. These results suggest that PLC is required for the growth, infection structure differentiation, and secondary metabolism of A. alternata in response to physiochemical signals on the pear fruit surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongcai Li
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dongmei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dov B Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yupeng Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tiaolan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ziv C, Kumar D, Sela N, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Schaffer AA, Prusky DB. Sugar-regulated susceptibility of tomato fruit to Colletotrichum and Penicillium requires differential mechanisms of pathogenicity and fruit responses. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2870-2891. [PMID: 32323444 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium expansum cause postharvest diseases in tropical and deciduous fruit. During colonization, C. gloeosporioides and P. expansum secrete ammonia in hosts with low sugar content (LowSC) and gluconic acid in hosts with high sugar content (HighSC), respectively, as a mechanism to modulate enhanced pathogenicity. We studied the pathogens interactions with tomato lines of similar genetic background but differing in their sugar content. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed enhanced colonization of the LowSC line with differential expression response of 15% of its genes including enhanced relative expression of glycosyl hydrolases, glucanase and MFS-transporter genes. Enhanced colonization of P. expansum occurred in the HighSC line, accompanied by an increase in carbohydrate metabolic processes mainly phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and only 4% of differentially expressed genes. Gene response of the two host lines strongly differed depending on the sugar level. Limited colonization of HighSC line by C. gloeosporioides was accompanied by a marked alteration of gene expression compared the LowSC response to the same pathogen; while colonization by P. expansum resulted in a similar response of the two different hosts. We suggest that this differential pattern of fungal/host responses may be the basis for the differential of host range of both pathogens in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Arthur A Schaffer
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Dov B Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tannous J, Barda O, Luciano-Rosario D, Prusky DB, Sionov E, Keller NP. New Insight Into Pathogenicity and Secondary Metabolism of the Plant Pathogen Penicillium expansum Through Deletion of the Epigenetic Reader SntB. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:610. [PMID: 32328048 PMCID: PMC7160234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is one of the most harmful post-harvest pathogens of pomaceous fruits and the causal agent of blue rot disease. During infection, P. expansum produces the toxic secondary metabolites patulin and citrinin that can impact virulence and, further, render the fruit inedible. Several studies have shown that epigenetic machinery controls synthesis of secondary metabolites in fungi. In this regard, the epigenetic reader, SntB, has been reported to govern the production of multiple toxins in Aspergillus species, and impact virulence of plant pathogenic fungi. Here we show that deletion of sntB in P. expansum results in several phenotypic changes in the fungus including stunted vegetative growth, reduced conidiation, but enhanced germination rates as well as decreased virulence on Golden Delicious apples. In addition, a decrease in both patulin and citrinin biosynthesis in vitro and patulin in apples, was observed. SntB positively regulates expression of three global regulators of virulence and secondary metabolism (LaeA, CreA, and PacC) which may explain in part some of the phenotypic and virulence defects of the PeΔsntB strain. Lastly, results from this study revealed that the controlled environmental factors (low temperatures and high CO2 levels) to which P. expansum is commonly exposed during fruit storage, resulted in a significant reduction of sntB expression and consequent patulin and citrinin reduction. These data identify the epigenetic reader SntB as critical factor regulated in post-harvest pathogens under storage conditions and a potential target to control fungal colonization and decaying of stored fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Tannous
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Omer Barda
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Dov B Prusky
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Edward Sionov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Díaz Ricci JC, González-Candelas L, Prusky DB, Moser C, Baraldi E. Editorial: Interplay Between Fungal Pathogens and Fruit Ripening. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:275. [PMID: 32269579 PMCID: PMC7109395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Díaz Ricci
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, UNT-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Paterna, Spain
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization - the Volcani Center, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Claudio Moser
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, DISTAL- Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lyu L, Bi Y, Li S, Xue H, Zhang Z, Prusky DB. Early Defense Responses Involved in Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation in Harvested Muskmelons Infected by Trichothecium roseum. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:4337-4345. [PMID: 30865450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential part in fighting against pathogen infection in the defense responses of fruits. In this study, we investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, energy metabolism, and changes of mitochondrial proteins in harvested muskmelon fruits ( Cucumis melo cv. Yujinxiang) inoculated with Trichothecium roseum. The results indicated that the fungal infection obviously induced the H2O2 accumulation in mitochondria. Enzyme activities were inhibited in the first 6 h postinoculation (hpi), including succinic dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, H+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase. However, the activities of Ca2+-ATPase and H+-ATPase and the contents of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were improved to a higher level at 12 hpi. A total of 42 differentially expressed proteins were identified through tandem mass tags-based proteomic analyses, which are mainly involved in energy metabolism, stress responses and redox homeostasis, glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle, and transporter and mitochondria dysfunction. Taken together, our results suggest that mitochondria play crucial roles in the early defense responses of muskmelons against T. roseum infection through regulation of ROS production and energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dov B Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce , Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center , Beit Dagan 50250 , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lyu L, Bi Y, Li S, Xue H, Li Y, Prusky DB. Sodium silicate prime defense responses in harvested muskmelon by regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species production. Food Chem 2019; 289:369-376. [PMID: 30955625 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of postharvest treatment with sodium silicate (Si) (100 mM) on mitochondrial ROS production and energy metabolism of the muskmelon fruits (cv. Yujinxiang) on development of defense responses to Trichothecium roseum were studied. Si treatment decreased decay severity of inoculated muskmelons, enhanced the activities of energy metabolism of key enzymes and kept the intracellular ATP at a higher level; meanwhile, Si also induced the mtROS accumulation such as H2O2 and superoxide anion. TMT-based quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that a total of 24 proteins with significant differences in abundance involved in energy metabolism, defense and stress responses, glycolytic and TCA cycle, and oxidation-reduction process. It is suggested by our study that melon fruit mitochondria, when induced by Si treatments, play a key role in priming of host resistance against T. roseum infection through the regulation of energy metabolism and ROS production in the pathogen infected muskmelon fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lyu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Shenge Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Dov B Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prusky DB, Bi F, Moral J, Barad S. How Does Host Carbon Concentration Modulate the Lifestyle of Postharvest Pathogens during Colonization? Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1306. [PMID: 27635125 PMCID: PMC5007722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest pathogens can penetrate fruit by breaching the cuticle or directly through wounds, and they show disease symptoms only long after infection. During ripening and senescence, the fruit undergo physiological processes accompanied by a decline in antifungal compounds, which allows the pathogen to activate a mechanism of secretion of small effector molecules that modulate host environmental pH. These result in the activation of genes under their optimal pH conditions, enabling the fungus to use a specific group of pathogenicity factors at each particular pH. New research suggests that carbon availability in the environment is a key factor triggering the production and secretion of small pH-modulating molecules: ammonia and organic acids. Ammonia is secreted under limited carbon and gluconic acid under excess carbon. This mini review describes our most recent knowledge of the mechanism of activation of pH-secreted molecules and their contribution to colonization by postharvest pathogens to facilitate the transition from quiescence to necrotrophic lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dov B Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Fangcheng Bi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Shiri Barad
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center Beit Dagan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|