Correlation between the serum lumican level and the severity of coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVE

Several studies have previously shown that some small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are associated with atherosclerotic plaque. We aim to investigate the relationship between circulating lumican levels and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study included 255 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris. All demographic and clinical data were collected prospectively. The severity of CAD was assessed based on the Gensini score and a value >40 was defined as advanced CAD.

RESULTS

Eighty-eight patients were in the advanced CAD group; these are older and the frequency of diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular accidents, reduced ejection fraction (EF), left atrium diameter was higher. Serum lumican levels were found as higher in advanced CAD group (0.4 ng/ml vs. 0.6 ng/ml, respectively, p<0.001). When the Gensini score increased, a statistically significant increase was observed in lumican levels with a good correlation (r=0.556 and p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, diabetes mellitus, EF and lumican were predictive for advanced CAD. Lumican level predicts CAD seriousness with a sensitivity rate of 64%, specificity rate of 65%.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we reveal a relationship between serum lumican levels and CAD severity. More research is warranted to determine the mechanism and prognostic values of lumican in the atherosclerosis.

The results of aneuploidy screening in 276 couples undergoing assisted reproductive techniques

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening (PGD-AS) using sequential in situ hybridization was applied for aneuploidy testing in 276 couples with 282 ART cycles. Patients with advanced maternal age (AMA, n = 147), recurrent implantation failure (RIF, n = 48), repeated early spontaneous abortion (RSA, n = 32) and abnormal gamete cell morphology (AGCM, n = 55) including macrocephal sperm forms or cytoplasmic granular oocytes were included. Embryo biopsy was performed on day 3 in a calcium-magnesium-free medium by using a noncontact diode laser system. After fixation and enzymatic treatment, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out on 1147 blastomeres with specific probes for chromosomes 13, 16, 18, 21 and 22 for AMA group, 13, 18, 21, X and Y for AGCM group and 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, X and Y for RIF and RSA groups respectively. The overall chromosomal abnormality rate in analyzed embryos was 40.9%, with no significant difference between AMA, RIF and RSA groups (p > 0.05). However, AGCM group presented a higher rate of chromosomal aneuploidies (57.4%) than the other three groups (p < 0.01). A total of 84% biopsied embryos presented cleavage in 24 h and embryo transfer was realized in 278 cycles. In four cycles, no chromosomally normal embryo was found for embryo transfer. A total of 88 pregnancies (31.6%) were achieved, 19.3% resulted in abortion and 63 healthy births were obtained, with a total of 93 babies born. Aneuploidy testing in couples with poor prognosis undergoing ART cycles is a useful tool to increase the chance of ART success. Furthermore, abnormal gamete cell morphology should be considered one of the major indications for PGD in ART programs as high aneuploidy rates were observed in this group.

Assessment of DNA fragmentation and aneuploidy on poor quality human embryos

In human assisted reproduction, low embryo quality due to retarded growth and abnormal cellular morphology results in fewer embryos suitable for transfer. This study aimed to assess the extent of DNA fragmentation and aneuploidy in spare slow growing or arrested human embryos. In 19 assisted reproduction cycles, a total of 57 embryos unsuitable for embryo transfer were used for simultaneous apoptosis and aneuploidy assessment. Among them, 31 (54.3%) showed DNA fragmentation by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUDP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) analysis. Among 26 embryos that were negative for TUNEL, interpretable fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) results were obtained for 25 embryos (96.2%). Sixteen embryos were detected to be chromosomally abnormal (64.0%); three were found to be chaotic, six had complex aneuploidy, six had complete monosomy and one was polyploid. The results show that a high level of DNA fragmentation and aneuploidy are common in embryos with slow growth and/or low quality. More detailed studies are needed to assess the effect of factors such as ovarian stimulation regimens and in-vitro culture conditions. Moreover, application of simultaneous TUNEL and FISH techniques can be informative regarding DNA integrity and aneuploidy.

Results of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome

With the application of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), a possible genetic contribution of spermatozoa obtained from 47,XXY non-mosaic Klinefelter patients on preimplantation embryos was analysed in eight couples. Interpretable fluorescence in-situ hybridization results were obtained for 28 out of 33 embryos biopsied (84.8%) and 23 blastomeres were analysed for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y. Nine out of 23 embryos were diagnosed as abnormal (39.1%). Five out of nine contained sex chromosome abnormalities (55.5%). Two were diagnosed as 47,XXY and three were found to have monosomy X. Besides sex chromosomal abnormalities, other abnormalities detected were haploidy, triploidy, monosomy 13, monosomy 18 and trisomy 13. Five blastomeres were analysed for sex chromosomes only and all of them were found to be normal. Overall, the rate of sex chromosome abnormality in biopsied embryos was found to be 17.8% (5/28). Moreover, among 33 embryos biopsied, five of the eight zygotes, which were classified as a poor prognosis group according to pronuclear morphology scoring, showed an impaired growth profile after biopsy and were found to be chromosomally abnormal. Elimination of abnormal embyos and transfer of normal ones resulted in four pregnancies in eight cycles (50%). Two pregnancies, one singleton and one twins resulted in healthy births. Two pregnancies, one singleton and one twins are continuing beyond the second trimester. These results show that there is in fact elevated chromosomal abnormality for both sex chromosomes and autosomes in embryos developed from Klinefelter males. Furthermore together with PGD, embryo scoring according to pronuclear morphology can give additional benefit for selecting chromosomally abnormal embryos. Therefore, PGD should be recommended in cases with Klinefelter's syndrome and this information should be discussed with the couple when genetic counselling is given.

Embryo development characteristics in Robertsonian and reciprocal translocations: a comparison of results with non-translocation cases

The effect of translocations on embryo development was evaluated and results were compared in terms of embryo development with those of embryos obtained from standard intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. In 23 translocation carriers with 34 cycles, fertilization, pronuclear morphology scoring (PMS), developmental arrest, cleavage and blastocyst formation were evaluated and compared with embryos obtained from non-translocation cases undergoing ICSI (n = 98 cycles). In 28 cycles, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was performed on prezygotes (first and second polar body biopsy for female carriers; n = 3) or on embryos having seven or more blastomeres (blastomere biopsy; n = 25). In six cycles for four couples, probes for translocated chromosomes were not available, so PGD could not be performed. Overall, in translocation cases, a lower fertilization rate, a higher rate of retarded embryo development, and a lower rate of blastocyst formation were observed compared with embryos of non-translocation cases. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed a 70.9% abnormality rate for reciprocal translocations and 55.0% for Robertsonian translocations respectively. In cases with Robertsonian and reciprocal translocation carriers, the probability of poor embryo development, which may be a result of high segregation abnormalities, may negatively affect the outcome of assisted reproductive techniques. This poor prognosis should also be considered when genetic counselling for translocation is given.