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Weder D, von Korff Schmising C, Günther CM, Schneider M, Engel D, Hessing P, Strüber C, Weigand M, Vodungbo B, Jal E, Liu X, Merhe A, Pedersoli E, Capotondi F, Lüning J, Pfau B, Eisebitt S. Transient magnetic gratings on the nanometer scale. Struct Dyn 2020; 7:054501. [PMID: 32923511 PMCID: PMC7481012 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laser-driven non-local electron dynamics in ultrathin magnetic samples on a sub-10 nm length scale is a key process in ultrafast magnetism. However, the experimental access has been challenging due to the nanoscopic and femtosecond nature of such transport processes. Here, we present a scattering-based experiment relying on a laser-induced electro- and magneto-optical grating in a Co/Pd ferromagnetic multilayer as a new technique to investigate non-local magnetization dynamics on nanometer length and femtosecond timescales. We induce a spatially modulated excitation pattern using tailored Al near-field masks with varying periodicities on a nanometer length scale and measure the first four diffraction orders in an x-ray scattering experiment with magnetic circular dichroism contrast at the free-electron laser facility FERMI, Trieste. The design of the periodic excitation mask leads to a strongly enhanced and characteristic transient scattering response allowing for sub-wavelength in-plane sensitivity for magnetic structures. In conjunction with scattering simulations, the experiment allows us to infer that a potential ultrafast lateral expansion of the initially excited regions of the magnetic film mediated by hot-electron transport and spin transport remains confined to below three nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Weder
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. von Korff Schmising
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. M. Günther
- Zentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Schneider
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Engel
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Hessing
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Strüber
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique–Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E. Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique–Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - X. Liu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique–Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A. Merhe
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique–Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E. Pedersoli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Capotondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Lüning
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Pfau
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Iacocca E, Liu TM, Reid AH, Fu Z, Ruta S, Granitzka PW, Jal E, Bonetti S, Gray AX, Graves CE, Kukreja R, Chen Z, Higley DJ, Chase T, Le Guyader L, Hirsch K, Ohldag H, Schlotter WF, Dakovski GL, Coslovich G, Hoffmann MC, Carron S, Tsukamoto A, Kirilyuk A, Kimel AV, Rasing T, Stöhr J, Evans RFL, Ostler T, Chantrell RW, Hoefer MA, Silva TJ, Dürr HA. Spin-current-mediated rapid magnon localisation and coalescence after ultrafast optical pumping of ferrimagnetic alloys. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1756. [PMID: 30988403 PMCID: PMC6465265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-picosecond magnetisation manipulation via femtosecond optical pumping has attracted wide attention ever since its original discovery in 1996. However, the spatial evolution of the magnetisation is not yet well understood, in part due to the difficulty in experimentally probing such rapid dynamics. Here, we find evidence of a universal rapid magnetic order recovery in ferrimagnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy via nonlinear magnon processes. We identify magnon localisation and coalescence processes, whereby localised magnetic textures nucleate and subsequently interact and grow in accordance with a power law formalism. A hydrodynamic representation of the numerical simulations indicates that the appearance of noncollinear magnetisation via optical pumping establishes exchange-mediated spin currents with an equivalent 100% spin polarised charge current density of 107 A cm-2. Such large spin currents precipitate rapid recovery of magnetic order after optical pumping. The magnon processes discussed here provide new insights for the stabilization of desired meta-stable states.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Iacocca
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, Division for Theoretical Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - T-M Liu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - A H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Z Fu
- School of Physics, Science, and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - S Ruta
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - P W Granitzka
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E Jal
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S Bonetti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venezia-Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - A X Gray
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Temple University, 1925 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - C E Graves
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R Kukreja
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Z Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - D J Higley
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - T Chase
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - L Le Guyader
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Spectroscopy & Coherent Scattering, European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K Hirsch
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - H Ohldag
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - W F Schlotter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - G Coslovich
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S Carron
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - A Tsukamoto
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nihon University, 7-24-1 Narashino-dai Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8501, Japan
| | - A Kirilyuk
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A V Kimel
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Th Rasing
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Stöhr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R F L Evans
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - T Ostler
- Physique des Matériaux et Nanostructures, Université de Liège, Liège, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Belgium
- Faculty of Arts, Computing, Engineering and Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - R W Chantrell
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M A Hoefer
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - T J Silva
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - H A Dürr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Chen Z, Higley DJ, Beye M, Hantschmann M, Mehta V, Hellwig O, Mitra A, Bonetti S, Bucher M, Carron S, Chase T, Jal E, Kukreja R, Liu T, Reid AH, Dakovski GL, Föhlisch A, Schlotter WF, Dürr HA, Stöhr J. Ultrafast Self-Induced X-Ray Transparency and Loss of Magnetic Diffraction. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:137403. [PMID: 30312105 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.137403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using ultrafast ≃2.5 fs and ≃25 fs self-amplified spontaneous emission pulses of increasing intensity and a novel experimental scheme, we report the concurrent increase of stimulated emission in the forward direction and loss of out-of-beam diffraction contrast for a Co/Pd multilayer sample. The experimental results are quantitatively accounted for by a statistical description of the pulses in conjunction with the optical Bloch equations. The dependence of the stimulated sample response on the incident intensity, coherence time, and energy jitter of the employed pulses reveals the importance of increased control of x-ray free electron laser radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D J Higley
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Beye
- Department of Photon Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Hantschmann
- Department of Materials and Energy Science, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - V Mehta
- San Jose Research Center, HGST a Western Digital company, San Jose, California 95135, USA
| | - O Hellwig
- Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Mitra
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - S Bonetti
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Bucher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Carron
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Chase
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E Jal
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Kukreja
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - T Liu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Föhlisch
- Department of Materials and Energy Science, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - W F Schlotter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H A Dürr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Stöhr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Department of Photon Science, Stanford, California 94035, USA
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4
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Reid AH, Shen X, Maldonado P, Chase T, Jal E, Granitzka PW, Carva K, Li RK, Li J, Wu L, Vecchione T, Liu T, Chen Z, Higley DJ, Hartmann N, Coffee R, Wu J, Dakovski GL, Schlotter WF, Ohldag H, Takahashi YK, Mehta V, Hellwig O, Fry A, Zhu Y, Cao J, Fullerton EE, Stöhr J, Oppeneer PM, Wang XJ, Dürr HA. Beyond a phenomenological description of magnetostriction. Nat Commun 2018; 9:388. [PMID: 29374151 PMCID: PMC5786062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetostriction, the strain induced by a change in magnetization, is a universal effect in magnetic materials. Owing to the difficulty in unraveling its microscopic origin, it has been largely treated phenomenologically. Here, we show how the source of magnetostriction-the underlying magnetoelastic stress-can be separated in the time domain, opening the door for an atomistic understanding. X-ray and electron diffraction are used to separate the sub-picosecond spin and lattice responses of FePt nanoparticles. Following excitation with a 50-fs laser pulse, time-resolved X-ray diffraction demonstrates that magnetic order is lost within the nanoparticles with a time constant of 146 fs. Ultrafast electron diffraction reveals that this demagnetization is followed by an anisotropic, three-dimensional lattice motion. Analysis of the size, speed, and symmetry of the lattice motion, together with ab initio calculations accounting for the stresses due to electrons and phonons, allow us to reveal the magnetoelastic stress generated by demagnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Reid
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. .,Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - X Shen
- Accelerator Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - P Maldonado
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 516, S-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Chase
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - E Jal
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - P W Granitzka
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1018XE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Carva
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-12116, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - R K Li
- Accelerator Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - J Li
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 1193, USA
| | - L Wu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 1193, USA
| | - T Vecchione
- Accelerator Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - T Liu
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - D J Higley
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - N Hartmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R Coffee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - J Wu
- Accelerator Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - G L Dakovski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - W F Schlotter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - H Ohldag
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Y K Takahashi
- Magnetic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan
| | - V Mehta
- San Jose Research Center, HGST a Western Digital Company, 3403 Yerba Buena Road, San Jose, CA, 95135, USA.,Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - O Hellwig
- San Jose Research Center, HGST a Western Digital Company, 3403 Yerba Buena Road, San Jose, CA, 95135, USA.,Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, D-09107, Chemnitz, Germany.,Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Fry
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Y Zhu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 1193, USA
| | - J Cao
- Department of Physics and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - E E Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0401, USA
| | - J Stöhr
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - P M Oppeneer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 516, S-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - X J Wang
- Accelerator Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - H A Dürr
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 516, S-75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Grenier S, Tonnerre JM, Jal E, Elzo M, Jaouen N. Interfacial magnetism by resonant X-ray reflectivity. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311098564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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