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North EJ, Schwartz CP, Zgurskaya HI, Jackson M. Recent advances in mycobacterial membrane protein Large 3 inhibitor drug design for mycobacterial infections. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023. [PMID: 37226498 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2218082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections are notoriously difficult to treat, requiring long-courses of intensive multi-drug therapies associated with adverse side effects. To identify better therapeutics, whole cell screens have identified novel pharmacophores, a surprisingly high number of which target an essential lipid transporter known as MmpL3. AREAS COVERED This paper summarizes what is known about MmpL3, its mechanism of lipid transport and therapeutic potential, and provides an overview of the different classes of MmpL3 inhibitors currently under development. It further describes the assays available to study MmpL3 inhibition by these compounds. EXPERT OPINION MmpL3 has emerged as a target of high therapeutic value. Accordingly, several classes of MmpL3 inhibitors are currently under development with one drug candidate (SQ109) having undergone a Phase 2b clinical study. The hydrophobic character of most MmpL3 series identified to date seem to drive antimycobacterial potency resulting in poor bioavailability, which is a significant impediment to their development. There is also a need for more high-throughput and informative assays to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of MmpL3 inhibitors and drive the rational optimization of analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jeffrey North
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Chris P Schwartz
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Helen I Zgurskaya
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Bhattarai P, Hegde P, Li W, Prathipati PK, Stevens CM, Yang L, Zhou H, Pandya A, Cunningham K, Grissom J, Roman Sotelo M, Sowards M, Calisto L, Destache CJ, Rocha-Sanchez S, Gumbart JC, Zgurskaya HI, Jackson M, North EJ. Structural Determinants of Indole-2-carboxamides: Identification of Lead Acetamides with Pan Antimycobacterial Activity. J Med Chem 2023; 66:170-187. [PMID: 36563291 PMCID: PMC10010622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is one of the leading causes of death in developing countries. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are rising and prey upon patients with structural lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis. All mycobacterial infections require lengthy treatment regimens with undesirable side effects. Therefore, new antimycobacterial compounds with novel mechanisms of action are urgently needed. Published indole-2-carboxamides (IC) with suggested inhibition of the essential transporter MmpL3 showed good potency against whole-cell M.tb, yet had poor aqueous solubility. This project focused on retaining the required MmpL3 inhibitory pharmacophore and increasing the molecular heteroatom percentage by reducing lipophilic atoms. We evaluated pyrrole, mandelic acid, imidazole, and acetamide functional groups coupled to lipophilic head groups, where lead acetamide-based compounds maintained high potency against mycobacterial pathogens, had improved in vitro ADME profiles over their indole-2-carboxamide analogs, were non-cytotoxic, and were determined to be MmpL3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Pavan Kumar Prathipati
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Casey M Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma73019, United States
| | - Lixinhao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Hinman Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Amit Pandya
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Katie Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Jenny Grissom
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Mariaelena Roman Sotelo
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Melanie Sowards
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Lilian Calisto
- Department of Oral Biology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Christopher J Destache
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - Sonia Rocha-Sanchez
- Department of Oral Biology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
| | - James C Gumbart
- School of Physics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Helen I Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma73019, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - E Jeffrey North
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska68178, United States
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Li W, Stevens CM, Pandya AN, Darzynkiewicz Z, Bhattarai P, Tong W, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, North EJ, Zgurskaya HI, Jackson M. Direct Inhibition of MmpL3 by Novel Antitubercular Compounds. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1001-1012. [PMID: 30882198 PMCID: PMC6580365 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
MmpL3, an essential transporter involved in the export of mycolic acids, is the proposed target of a number of antimycobacterial inhibitors under development. Whether MmpL3 serves as the direct target of these compounds, however, has been called into question after the discovery that some of them dissipated the proton motive force from which MmpL transporters derive their energy. Using a combination of in vitro and whole-cell-based approaches, we here provide evidence that five structurally distinct MmpL3 inhibitor series, three of which impact proton motive force in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, directly interact with MmpL3. Medium- to high-throughput assays based on these approaches were developed to facilitate the future screening and optimization of MmpL3 inhibitors. The promiscuity of MmpL3 as a drug target and the mechanisms through which missense mutations located in a transmembrane region of this transporter may confer cross-resistance to a variety of chemical scaffolds are discussed in light of the exquisite vulnerability of MmpL3, its apparent mechanisms of interaction with inhibitors, and evidence of conformational changes induced both by the inhibitors and one of the most commonly identified resistance mutations in MmpL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Casey M. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Amitkumar N. Pandya
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Pankaj Bhattarai
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Weiwei Tong
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - E. Jeffrey North
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Gumireddy A, Christman R, Kumari D, Tiwari A, North EJ, Chauhan H. Preparation, Characterization, and In vitro Evaluation of Curcumin- and Resveratrol-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:145. [PMID: 30887133 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin and resveratrol are natural compounds with significant anticancer activity; however, their bioavailability is limited due to poor solubility. This study aimed to overcome the solubility problem by means of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). 2-Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was selected from a range of polymers based on miscibility and molecular interactions. SLNs were obtained by probe sonication and freeze-drying curcumin-resveratrol with/without HPβCD incorporated in gelucire 50/13. SLNs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and physical stability. The in vitro release of drugs from the SLNs was performed by the direct dispersion method and analyzed using a validated UV-visible method. In vitro efficacy was tested using a colorectal cancer cell line. Curcumin-resveratrol-gelucire 50/13-HPβCD (CRG-CD) and curcumin-resveratrol-gelucire 50/13(CRG) SLNs showed a particle size from 100 to 150 nm and were not in the crystalline state per PXRD results. MDSC results complimented PXRD results by the absence of melting endotherm of curcumin; TGA showed no weight loss, confirming the absence of organic solvent residual, and the shape of the SLNs was confirmed as spherical by SEM. CRG SLNs were stable for 21 days with respect to particle size and zeta potential. MTT assay indicated better IC50 value for CRG as compared to CRG-CD. Hence, novel SLNs of curcumin and resveratrol incorporated in gelucire 50/13 and HPβCD were prepared and characterized to improve their bioavailability and anticancer activity.
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Li W, Yazidi A, Pandya AN, Hegde P, Tong W, Calado Nogueira de Moura V, North EJ, Sygusch J, Jackson M. MmpL3 as a Target for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1547. [PMID: 30042757 PMCID: PMC6048240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary infections are emerging as a global health problem and pose a threat to susceptible individuals with structural or functional lung conditions such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) species account for 70–95% of the pulmonary NTM infections worldwide. Treatment options for these pathogens are limited, involve lengthy multidrug regimens of 12–18 months with parenteral and oral drugs, and their outcome is often suboptimal. Development of new drugs and improved regimens to treat NTM infections are thus greatly needed. In the last 2 years, the screening of compound libraries against M. abscessus in culture has led to the discovery of a number of different chemotypes that target MmpL3, an essential inner membrane transporter involved in the export of the building blocks of the outer membrane of all mycobacteria known as the mycolic acids. This perspective reflects on the therapeutic potential of MmpL3 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM and the possible reasons underlying the outstanding promiscuity of this target. It further analyzes the physiological and structural factors that may account for the apparent looser structure-activity relationship of some of these compound series against M. tuberculosis compared to NTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Amira Yazidi
- Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe d'Étude des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amitkumar N Pandya
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Weiwei Tong
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Vinicius Calado Nogueira de Moura
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - E Jeffrey North
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jurgen Sygusch
- Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe d'Étude des Protéines Membranaires, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Franz ND, Belardinelli JM, Kaminski MA, Dunn LC, Calado Nogueira de Moura V, Blaha MA, Truong DD, Li W, Jackson M, North EJ. Design, synthesis and evaluation of indole-2-carboxamides with pan anti-mycobacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3746-3755. [PMID: 28545813 PMCID: PMC5539987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment regimens for non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and tuberculosis (TB) generally require long duration of therapy with multiple drugs, some of which are broad spectrum antibiotics. Despite some advances in antimicrobial compounds, there remains a need in therapy for antibiotics with specific mycobacterial targets. It has been shown that MmpL3 is an essential transporter required for the translocation of mycolic acids to the mycobacterial cell envelope. Here, we synthesized a series of indole-2-carboxamides that inhibit MmpL3 and have potent pan-activity against mycobacterial species. The compounds were tested against several fast and slow-growing Mycobacterium species, including M. abscessus, M. massiliense, M. bolletii, M. chelonae, M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. xenopi and M. smegmatis. The target of these indole-based compounds makes them selective for mycobacteria, while showing no clinically relevant bactericidal activity against S. aureus or P. aeruginosa. These compounds were tested against THP-1, a human-cell line, and showed minimal in vitro cytotoxicity and good selectivity indices. The data shown and discussed suggest that lead indole-2-carboxamides are strong contenders for further preclinical testing as NTM therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Franz
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Belardinelli
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael A Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Louis C Dunn
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Vinicius Calado Nogueira de Moura
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael A Blaha
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Dan D Truong
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - E Jeffrey North
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Pandya AN, Villa EM, North EJ. A Simple and Efficient Approach for the Synthesis of 2-Aminated Quinazoline Derivatives via Metal Free Oxidative Annulation. Tetrahedron Lett 2017; 58:1276-1279. [PMID: 28983131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient approach for the synthesis of 2-aminoquinazoline derivatives in moderate to good yields. This reaction employs mild reaction conditions, is metal-free and utilizes readily available starting materials making it a more viable reaction for the scale up synthesis and ligand diversity. Notably, this methodology allows the synthesis of 2-aminoquinazolines using a free amine or cyclic amine enabling structural diversity and good atom economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit N Pandya
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Eric M Villa
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - E Jeffrey North
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
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Farah SI, Abdelrahman AA, North EJ, Chauhan H. Opportunities and Challenges for Natural Products as Novel Antituberculosis Agents. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:29-38. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shrouq I. Farah
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - E. Jeffrey North
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
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Grzegorzewicz AE, Eynard N, Quémard A, North EJ, Margolis A, Lindenberger JJ, Jones V, Korduláková J, Brennan PJ, Lee RE, Ronning DR, McNeil MR, Jackson M. Covalent modification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis FAS-II dehydratase by Isoxyl and Thiacetazone. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:91-97. [PMID: 25897434 PMCID: PMC4401429 DOI: 10.1021/id500032q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoxyl and Thiacetazone are two antitubercular prodrugs formerly used in the clinical treatment of tuberculosis. Although both prodrugs have recently been shown to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis through the inhibition of the dehydration step of the type II fatty acid synthase pathway, their detailed mechanism of inhibition, the precise number of enzymes involved in their activation and the nature of their activated forms remained unknown. We here demonstrate that both Isoxyl and Thiacetazone specifically and covalently react with a cysteine residue (Cys61) of the HadA subunit of the dehydratase thereby inhibiting HadAB activity. Our results unveil for the first time the nature of the active forms of Isoxyl and Thiacetazone and explain the basis for the structure-activity relationship of and resistance to these thiourea prodrugs. Our results further indicate that the flavin-containing monooxygenase EthA is most likely the only enzyme required for the activation of ISO and TAC in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Grzegorzewicz
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Nathalie Eynard
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut
de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), UMR5089, Département
Tuberculose et Biologie des Infections, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Annaïk Quémard
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut
de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), UMR5089, Département
Tuberculose et Biologie des Infections, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - E. Jeffrey North
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Alyssa Margolis
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Jared J. Lindenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Victoria Jones
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina CH-1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Patrick J. Brennan
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | | | - Donald R. Ronning
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Michael R. McNeil
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research
Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
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10
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North EJ, Scherman MS, Bruhn DF, Scarborough JS, Maddox MM, Jones V, Grzegorzewicz A, Yang L, Hess T, Morisseau C, Jackson M, McNeil MR, Lee RE. Design, synthesis and anti-tuberculosis activity of 1-adamantyl-3-heteroaryl ureas with improved in vitro pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2587-99. [PMID: 23498915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Out of the prominent global ailments, tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to infectious disease. Development of new drugs that shorten the current tuberculosis treatment time and have activity against drug resistant strains is of utmost importance. Towards these goals we have focused our efforts on developing novel anti-TB compounds with the general structure of 1-adamantyl-3-phenyl urea. This series is active against Mycobacteria and previous lead compounds were found to inhibit the membrane transporter MmpL3, the protein responsible for mycolic acid transport across the plasma membrane. However, these compounds suffered from poor in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and they have a similar structure/SAR to inhibitors of human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzymes. Therefore, in this study the further optimization of this compound class was driven by three factors: (1) to increase selectivity for anti-TB activity over human sEH activity, (2) to optimize PK profiles including solubility and (3) to maintain target inhibition. A new series of 1-adamantyl-3-heteroaryl ureas was designed and synthesized replacing the phenyl substituent of the original series with pyridines, pyrimidines, triazines, oxazoles, isoxazoles, oxadiazoles and pyrazoles. This study produced lead isoxazole, oxadiazole and pyrazole substituted adamantyl ureas with improved in vitro PK profiles, increased selectivity and good anti-TB potencies with sub μg/mL minimum inhibitory concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jeffrey North
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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North EJ, Howard AL, Wanjala IW, Pham TCT, Baker DL, Parrill AL. Pharmacophore Development and Application Toward the Identification of Novel, Small-Molecule Autotaxin Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3095-105. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901718z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Jeffrey North
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Research on Materials Institute
| | - Angela L. Howard
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Research on Materials Institute
| | - Irene W. Wanjala
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Research on Materials Institute
| | | | | | - Abby L. Parrill
- Department of Chemistry
- Computational Research on Materials Institute
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12
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North EJ, Osborne DA, Bridson PK, Baker DL, Parrill AL. Autotaxin structure-activity relationships revealed through lysophosphatidylcholine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3433-42. [PMID: 19345587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to form the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA stimulates cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell migration and is involved in obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, neuropathic pain, atherosclerosis and various cancers, suggesting that ATX inhibitors have broad therapeutic potential. Product feedback inhibition of ATX by LPA has stimulated structure-activity studies focused on LPA analogs. However, LPA displays mixed mode inhibition, indicating that it can bind to both the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex. This suggests that LPA may not interact solely with the catalytic site. In this report we have prepared LPC analogs to help map out substrate structure-activity relationships. The structural variances include length and unsaturation of the fatty tail, choline and polar linker presence, acyl versus ether linkage of the hydrocarbon chain, and methylene and nitrogen replacement of the choline oxygen. All LPC analogs were assayed in competition with the synthetic substrate, FS-3, to show the preference ATX has for each alteration. Choline presence and methylene replacement of the choline oxygen were detrimental to ATX recognition. These findings provide insights into the structure of the enzyme in the vicinity of the catalytic site as well as suggesting that ATX produces rate enhancement, at least in part, by substrate destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jeffrey North
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Pham TCT, Fells JI, Osborne DA, North EJ, Naor MM, Parrill AL. Molecular recognition in the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor family. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:1189-201. [PMID: 18165127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Computational modeling and its application in ligand screening and ligand receptor interaction studies play important roles in structure-based drug design. A series of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor ligands with varying potencies and receptor selectivities were docked into homology models of the S1P(1-5) receptors. These studies provided molecular insights into pharmacological trends both across the receptor family as well as at single receptors. This study identifies ligand recognition features that generalize across the S1P receptor family, features unique to the S1P(4) and S1P(5) receptors, and suggests significant structural differences of the S1P(2) receptor. Docking results reveal a previously unknown sulfur-aromatic interaction between the S1P(4) C5.44 sulfur atom and the phenyl ring of benzimidazole as well as pi-pi interaction between F3.33 of S1P(1,4,5) and aromatic ligands. The findings not only confirm the importance of a cation-pi interaction between W4.64 and the ammonium of S1P at S1P(4) but also predict the same interaction at S1P(5). S1P receptor models are validated for pharmacophore development including database mining and new ligand discovery and serve as tools for ligand optimization to improve potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc-Chi T Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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North EJ. An appointments system in general practice. Aust Fam Physician 1980; 9:197-9. [PMID: 7369952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The essential features of an appointments system are its structure, its practicability, the staff application, and the patient's accessibility and their education of its function, and how best to avail themselves of its benefits. A proposal for an appointments system in general practice is contained in a booklet produced by the Practice Management Committee of Council. The booklet also contains a report of the Medical Organization Committee of the Royal College of General Practitioners.
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