Pediatric exanthems

Many childhood diseases have cutaneous manifestations such as exanthems. More than 50 agents (viral, bacterial, or rickettsial) that cause exanthems in children have been identified. This article describes a systematic approach for evaluating 12 common exanthems. Diagnosis is made by correlating the location, morphology, and timing of the eruption with associated constitutional signs and symptoms.

The development of a group B streptococcus prevention policy at a community hospital

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

In 1996, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) issued guidelines for antepartum antibiotic prophylaxis of group B streptococcal (GBS)-positive women. The objective of this study is to document results of a GBS prophylaxis policy at one nonacademically affiliated, community hospital and discern its effectiveness with regard to compliance as well as in decreasing the incidence of early onset GBS (EOGBS) disease.

METHODS

The development of a GBS-prevention policy at the Women's Hospital of Greensboro (WHG) was documented by means of interviews and examination of minutes of meetings. Effectiveness of the policy was assessed by calculating the percentage of all GBS+ or unknown mothers who received antepartum antibiotics during a 1-year period. Additionally, all newborns with any positive GBS culture during the past 13 years at WHG were identified.

RESULTS

The policy was formulated and distributed during a 6-month period by strong leadership, community "buy-in," and an educational seminar. A preprinted physician order was written so that all GBS-positive/unknown mothers would receive antepartum antibiotics. Additionally, a clinical pathway was used to track and monitor maternal GBS status. During October 1, 1999 to September 30, 2000, 1124 (23.1%) mothers were found to be GBS positive/unknown. Of those who delivered an infant >37 weeks' gestation and who could be linked to the pharmacy database, 777 (91.1%) received antepartum antibiotics. The incidence of EOGBS disease at WHG before 1996 was 1.93 +/- 0.7/1000 births compared to 0.4 +/- 0.05/1000 after the issuance of the guidelines (p = 0.002, t-test).

CONCLUSIONS

Over 90% of GBS-positive mothers were treated with antibiotics at WHG. Associated with this high adherence rate to the CDC guidelines has been a five-fold decrease in the incidence of EOGBS disease. We attribute these results to the implementation of a preprinted physician order sheet to direct intrapartum antibiotics for women with GBS positive or unknown colonization and the use of a clinical pathway to track GBS colonization status.