Mortality risk factors in elderly patients in intensive care without limitation of therapeutic effort

OUTCOME

To determine mortality prognostic factors in elderly patients who are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) due to acute critical illness.

DESIGN

A prospective cohort study was carried out.

SETTING

A polyvalent Intensive Care Unit at a University Hospital in Argentina.

PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS

We included 249 patients over 65years of age who were consecutively admitted to the ICU and required mechanical ventilation for more than 48hours, between January 2011 and December 2012. Patients with degenerative neurological disease, limitation of therapeutic effort or on chronic mechanical ventilation were excluded.

PRINCIPAL VARIABLES OF INTEREST

In-hospital mortality, comorbidity (Charlson index), APACHEII score, and pre-acute illness status were recorded: nutritional status (subjective global assessment), functionality (activities of daily living [ADL] and Barthel index), cognitive abilities (Short Reporting Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly [S_IQCODE]) and quality of life (EQ-5D).

RESULTS

The in-hospital mortality rate was 52%. Logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for APACHEII score and age, identified the following independent variables associated to mortality: male gender (OR: 2.46, 95%CI: 1.37-4.42), moderate malnutrition (OR: 2.07, 95%CI: 1.09-3.94), severe malnutrition (OR: 2.20, 95%CI: 1.06-4.59), and ADL<6 (OR: 2.35, 95%CI: 1.16-4.75).

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, chronological age was not associated to in-hospital mortality. However, loss of functional independence (assessed by ADL) and malnourishment were shown to be strong prognostic factors; knowing these baseline characteristics from ICU admission would be useful when making decisions regarding the intensity of treatment.

Brain and central nervous system cancer incidence in navarre (Spain), 1973-2008 and projections for 2014

Different studies have pointed out Navarre as one of the regions of Spain with the highest incidence rates of brain and other central nervous system (CNS) cancer. Trend analysis for cancer incidence rates for long periods of time, might help determining risk factors as well as, assessing prevention actions involved in this disease. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of brain and CNS cancer using data from the population-based cancer registry of Navarre, (Spain) during the period 1973-2008 and provide forecast figures up to-2014. Crude and age-standardized (world population) incidence rates of brain cancer per 100,000 person-years were calculated by the direct method separately by gender, area (Pamplona and others), and age-groups. Penalized splines for smoothing rates in the temporal dimensions were applied in order to estimate and forecast cancer incidence rates. Age-adjusted incidence rates showed an increase over the study and forecast periods in both sexes more marked in women than in men. Higher incidence rates were observed in men compared with women but the differences became smaller with time. The increase was due to the rise of rates in the oldest age groups since the rates for younger age groups remained stable or decreased over time. As the entire aetiology of brain and other CNS cancer is not still clear, keep promoting healthful lifestyles for cancer primary prevention among the whole population is necessary.

[Measuring Kt by ionic dialysance is a useful tool for assessing dialysis dose in critical patients]

AIM

To evaluate the Kt assessed through ionic dializance (KtOCM) in UCI patients undergoing renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury, comparing the results with those obtained through the urea removal rate method determined by dialyzate collection (Kturea).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

18 adult UCI staying individuals suffering from renal replacement therapy requiring oliguric acute kidney injury were included in this study. RRT consisted in intermittent or extended hemodialysis performed through a Fresenius 4008E dialysis machine equipped with an on-line clearance monitor (OCM Fresenius). The KtOCM results were provided automatically. The Spearman correlation test was used to assess the relationship between the two exploratory methods and the Student s t test to compare the results obtained by the KtOCM and the Kturea.

RESULTS

35 treatments were analyzed. There were not statistically significant differences between the results form the KtOCM and the Kturea (34.9 +/- 10.69 vs 32.78 +/- 11.31, p = NS). A remarkable association was find between both methods (r = 0.87; 95CI, 0.76-0.94; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The assessment of Kt through ionic dialyzance is a simple method to estimate the dose of dialysis in critically ill patients and is and useful tool to monitor and adjust the RRT in real time according to a target dose.

[Evaluation of hemodynamic and respiratory variables in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in two ventilatory modes]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and respiratory variations in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) under two conditions: volume controlled ventilation (VCV) and pressure controlled inverse ratio ventilation (PCIRV). Seventeen patients with ARDS and the following criteria were included: lung injury score > 2.5 and peak inspiratory pressure > or = 40 cm H2O under VCV, constant flow and I/E ratio of 1/2. Measurements were obtained in VCV and after one hour in PCIRV with I/E ratio 2/1 using a similar PEEP value than VCV. PCIRV was accompanied by a significant lower tidal volume (736.10 +/- 119.20 vs 540.35 +/- 84.66 p < 0.001), peak inspiratory pressure (43.60 +/- 5.50 vs 26.26 +/- 3.47 p < 0.0001) and plateau pressure (37.64 +/- 3.70 vs 25.30 +/- 3.50 p < 0.001) and a significant higher: respiratory frequency (17.70 +/- 2.10 vs 20.94 +/- 3.38 p < 0.002), mean airway pressure (16.20 +/- 3.00 vs 19.41 +/- 2.80 p < 0.003) and static compliance (25.84 +/- 5.42 vs 35.18 +/- 9.39 p < 0.002). Similar values in the hemodynamic and oxygenation variables were observed between both groups. Our results show that PCIRV allow to ventilate patients with lower peak inspiratory and plateau pressures without significant changes in hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters. The conventional tidal volumes are excessive for lungs with SDRA, which is shown with the improvement in the static compliance and the airway pressures in PCIRV. PCIRV mode at the same PEEPt level as VCV, with normal I/E ratio does not improve the oxygenation, despite the higher level of the mean airway pressure.

[Renal failure in patients with liver transplant: incidence and predisposing factors]

Renal failure is a common finding in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence, prognostic value of pre, intra and postoperative factors and severity of renal dysfunction in patients who undergo liver transplantation. Therefore, the records of 38 consecutive adult patients were reviewed. Renal failure was defined arbitrarily as an increase in creatinine (> 1.5 mg/dl) and/or blood urea (> 80 mg/dl). Three patients were excluded of the final analysis (1 acute liver failure and 2 with a survival lower than 72 hs.) Twenty one of the 35 patients has renal failure after orthotopic liver transplantation. Six of these episodes developed early, having occurred within the first 6 days. Late renal impairment occurred in 15 patients within the hospitalization (40 +/- 10 days) (Mean +/- SD). In he overall series, liver function, evaluated by Child-Pugh classification, a higher blood-related requirements and cyclosporine levels were observed more in those who experienced renal failure than those who did not (p < 0.05). Early renal failure was related with preoperative (liver function) and intraoperative (blood requirements) factors and several causes (nephrotoxic drugs and graft failure) other than cyclosporine were present in patients who developed late renal impairment. No mortality. No mortality was associated with renal failure. We conclude that renal failure a) is a common finding after liver transplantation, b) the pathogenesis of this complication is multifactorial and, c) in not related with a poor outcome.