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Stengelin E, Thiele J, Seiffert S. Multiparametric Material Functionality of Microtissue-Based In Vitro Models as Alternatives to Animal Testing. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2105319. [PMID: 35043598 PMCID: PMC8981905 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
With the definition of the 3R principle by Russel and Burch in 1959, the search for an adequate substitute for animal testing has become one of the most important tasks and challenges of this time, not only from an ethical, but also from a scientific, economic, and legal point of view. Microtissue-based in vitro model systems offer a valuable approach to address this issue by accounting for the complexity of natural tissues in a simplified manner. To increase the functionality of these model systems and thus make their use as a substitute for animal testing more likely in the future, the fundamentals need to be continuously improved. Corresponding requirements exist in the development of multifunctional, hydrogel-based materials, whose properties are considered in this review under the aspects of processability, adaptivity, biocompatibility, and stability/degradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stengelin
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzD‐55128MainzGermany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzD‐55128MainzGermany
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Breul K, Stengelin E, Urschbach M, Mondeshki M, Wüst L, Sirleaf J, Seitel S, Emt T, Pschierer S, Besenius P, Seiffert S. Cell Adhesion on UV-Crosslinked Polyurethane Gels with Adjustable Mechanical Strength and Thermoresponsiveness. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100505. [PMID: 34562294 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive polyurethane (PU) hydrogels represent a versatile material platform for modern tissue engineering and biomedical applications. However, besides intrinsic advantages such as high mechanical strength and a hydrolysable backbone composition, plain PU materials are generally lacking bio-adhesive properties. To overcome this shortcoming, the authors focus on the synthesis of thermoresponsive PU hydrogels with variable mechanical and cell adhesive properties obtained from linear precursor PUs based on poly(ethylene glycol)s (pEG) with different molar masses, isophorone diisocyanate, and a dimerizable dimethylmaleimide (DMMI)-diol. The cloud point temperatures of the dilute, aqueous PU solutions depend linearly on the amphiphilic balance. Rheological gelation experiments under UV-irradiation reveal the dependence of the gelation time on photosensitizer concentration and light intensity, while the finally obtained gel strength is determined by the polymer concentration and spacing of the crosslinks. The swelling ratios of these soft hydrogels show significant changes between 5 and 40 °C whereby the extent of this switch increases with the hydrophobicity of the precursor. Moreover, it is shown that the incorporation of a low amount of catechol groups into the networks through the DMMI dimerization reaction leads to strongly improved cell adhesive properties without significantly weakening the gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Breul
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Elena Stengelin
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Moritz Urschbach
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Mihail Mondeshki
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Laura Wüst
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Jason Sirleaf
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seitel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Theresa Emt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Sarah Pschierer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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Stengelin E, Nzigou Mombo B, Mondeshki M, Beltramo GL, Lange MA, Schmidt P, Frerichs H, Wegner SV, Seiffert S. Rational Design of Thermoresponsive Microgel Templates with Polydopamine Surface Coating for Microtissue Applications. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100209. [PMID: 34342150 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional microgels provide a versatile basis for synthetic in vitro platforms as alternatives to animal experiments. The tuning of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of synthetic microgels can be achieved by blending suitable polymers and formulating them such to reflect the heterogenous and complex nature of biological tissues. Based on this premise, this paper introduces the development of volume-switchable core-shell microgels as 3D templates to enable cell growth for microtissue applications, using a systematic approach to tune the microgel properties based on a deep conceptual and practical understanding. Microscopic microgel design, such as the tailoring of the microgel size and spherical shape, is achieved by droplet-based microfluidics, while on a nanoscopic scale, a thermoresponsive polymer basis, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), is used to provide the microgel volume switchability. Since PNIPAAm has only limited cell-growth promoting properties, the cell adhesion on the microgel is further improved by surface modification with polydopamine, which only slightly affects the microgel properties, thereby simplifying the system. To further tune the microgel thermoresponsiveness, different amounts of N-hydroxyethylacrylamide are incorporated into the PNIPAAm network. In a final step, cell growth on the microgel surface is investigated, both at a single microgel platform and in spheroidal cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stengelin
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Brice Nzigou Mombo
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Mihail Mondeshki
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Guillermo L Beltramo
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 2 (IBI-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52428, Germany
| | - Martin A Lange
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Patrick Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Hajo Frerichs
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Serafine V Wegner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
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Stengelin E, Kuzmina A, Beltramo GL, Koziol MF, Besch L, Schröder R, Unger RE, Tremel W, Seiffert S. Biotherapeutics: Bone Scaffolds Based on Degradable Vaterite/PEG‐Composite Microgels (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 11/2020). Adv Healthc Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202070030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Stengelin E, Kuzmina A, Beltramo GL, Koziol MF, Besch L, Schröder R, Unger RE, Tremel W, Seiffert S. Bone Scaffolds Based on Degradable Vaterite/PEG-Composite Microgels. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901820. [PMID: 32378355 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaterite, a metastable modification of calcium carbonate, embedded in a flexible microgel packaging with adjustable mechanical properties, functionality, and biocompatibility, provides a powerful scaffolding for bone tissue regeneration, as it is easily convertible to bone-like hydroxyapatite (HA). In this study, the synthesis and physical analysis of a packaging material to encapsulate vaterite particles and osteoblast cells into monodisperse, sub-millimeter-sized microgels, is described whereby a systematic approach is used to tailor the microgel properties. The size and shape of the microgels is controlled via droplet-based microfluidics. Key requirements for the polymer system, such as absence of cytotoxicity as well as biocompatibility and biodegradability, are accomplished with functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which reacts in a cytocompatible thiol-ene Michael addition. On a mesoscopic level, the microgel stiffness and gelation times are adjusted to obtain high cellular viabilities. The co-encapsulation of living cells provides i) an in vitro platform for the study of cellular metabolic processes which can be applied to bone formation and ii) an in vitro foundation for novel tissue-regenerative therapies. Finally, the degradability of the microgels at physiological conditions caused by hydrolysis-sensitive ester groups in the polymer network is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stengelin
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of Chemistry Mainz D‐55128 Germany
| | - Alena Kuzmina
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of Chemistry Mainz D‐55128 Germany
| | - Guillermo L. Beltramo
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 2 (IBI‐2)Jülich Forschungszentrum GmbH Jülich D‐52428 Germany
| | - Martha F. Koziol
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of Chemistry Mainz D‐55128 Germany
| | - Laura Besch
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of Chemistry Mainz D‐55128 Germany
| | - Romina Schröder
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of Chemistry Mainz D‐55128 Germany
| | - Ronald E. Unger
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzInstitute of Pathology Mainz D‐55128 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of Chemistry Mainz D‐55128 Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of Chemistry Mainz D‐55128 Germany
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Limbach D, Stengelin E, Schollmeyer D, Detert H. 1-Ethyl-3-nitroquinolin-4(1 H)-one. IUCr Data 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314616001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound, C11H10N2O3, was obtained as side-product in a project focussing on the synthesis of carbolines. It was prepared from nitroquinolinone, ethanol and phosphoryl chloride. With the exception of the methyl group [C—N—C—Cmethyltorsion angle = −96.4 (2)°], the molecule is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.033 Å). In the molecular packing, undulating ribbons along thebaxis are connectedviaC—H...O hydrogen bonds; an intramolecular C—H...O interaction is also noted.
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