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Tsujikawa T, Kumar S, Borkar RN, Azimi V, Thibault G, Chang YH, Balter A, Kawashima R, Choe G, Sauer D, El Rassi E, Clayburgh DR, Kulesz-Martin MF, Lutz ER, Zheng L, Jaffee EM, Leyshock P, Margolin AA, Mori M, Gray JW, Flint PW, Coussens LM. Quantitative Multiplex Immunohistochemistry Reveals Myeloid-Inflamed Tumor-Immune Complexity Associated with Poor Prognosis. Cell Rep 2017; 19:203-217. [PMID: 28380359 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a multiplexed immunohistochemical platform with computational image processing workflows, including image cytometry, enabling simultaneous evaluation of 12 biomarkers in one formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue section. To validate this platform, we used tissue microarrays containing 38 archival head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and revealed differential immune profiles based on lymphoid and myeloid cell densities, correlating with human papilloma virus status and prognosis. Based on these results, we investigated 24 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas from patients who received neoadjuvant GVAX vaccination and revealed that response to therapy correlated with degree of mono-myelocytic cell density and percentages of CD8+ T cells expressing T cell exhaustion markers. These data highlight the utility of in situ immune monitoring for patient stratification and provide digital image processing pipelines to the community for examining immune complexity in precious tissue sections, where phenotype and tissue architecture are preserved to improve biomarker discovery and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsujikawa
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rohan N Borkar
- Intel Health and Life Sciences, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA
| | - Vahid Azimi
- Intel Health and Life Sciences, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA
| | - Guillaume Thibault
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Young Hwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Computational Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ariel Balter
- Department of Computational Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rie Kawashima
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gina Choe
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Sauer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Edward El Rassi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel R Clayburgh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Molly F Kulesz-Martin
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric R Lutz
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Patrick Leyshock
- Department of Computational Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Adam A Margolin
- Department of Computational Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Motomi Mori
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paul W Flint
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Le DT, Wang-Gillam A, Picozzi V, Greten TF, Crocenzi T, Springett G, Morse M, Zeh H, Cohen D, Fine RL, Onners B, Uram JN, Laheru DA, Lutz ER, Solt S, Murphy AL, Skoble J, Lemmens E, Grous J, Dubensky T, Brockstedt DG, Jaffee EM. Safety and survival with GVAX pancreas prime and Listeria Monocytogenes-expressing mesothelin (CRS-207) boost vaccines for metastatic pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1325-33. [PMID: 25584002 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE GVAX pancreas, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells, induces T-cell immunity to cancer antigens, including mesothelin. GVAX is administered with low-dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) to inhibit regulatory T cells. CRS-207, live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes-expressing mesothelin, induces innate and adaptive immunity. On the basis of preclinical synergy, we tested prime/boost vaccination with GVAX and CRS-207 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Previously treated patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were randomly assigned at a ratio of 2:1 to two doses of Cy/GVAX followed by four doses of CRS-207 (arm A) or six doses of Cy/GVAX (arm B) every 3 weeks. Stable patients were offered additional courses. The primary end point was overall survival (OS) between arms. Secondary end points were safety and clinical response. RESULTS A total of 90 patients were treated (arm A, n = 61; arm B, n = 29); 97% had received prior chemotherapy; 51% had received ≥ two regimens for metastatic disease. Mean number of doses (± standard deviation) administered in arms A and B were 5.5 ± 4.5 and 3.7 ± 2.2, respectively. The most frequent grade 3 to 4 related toxicities were transient fevers, lymphopenia, elevated liver enzymes, and fatigue. OS was 6.1 months in arm A versus 3.9 months in arm B (hazard ratio [HR], 0.59; P = .02). In a prespecified per-protocol analysis of patients who received at least three doses (two doses of Cy/GVAX plus one of CRS-207 or three of Cy/GVAX), OS was 9.7 versus 4.6 months (arm A v B; HR, 0.53; P = .02). Enhanced mesothelin-specific CD8 T-cell responses were associated with longer OS, regardless of treatment arm. CONCLUSION Heterologous prime/boost with Cy/GVAX and CRS-207 extended survival for patients with pancreatic cancer, with minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung T Le
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA.
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Vincent Picozzi
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Todd Crocenzi
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Gregory Springett
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Michael Morse
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Herbert Zeh
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Deirdre Cohen
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Robert L Fine
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Beth Onners
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Jennifer N Uram
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Eric R Lutz
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sara Solt
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Aimee Luck Murphy
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Justin Skoble
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Ed Lemmens
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - John Grous
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Thomas Dubensky
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Dirk G Brockstedt
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Dung T. Le, Beth Onners, Jennifer N. Uram, Daniel A. Laheru, Eric R. Lutz, Sara Solt, and Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tim F. Greten, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Andrea Wang-Gillam, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO; Vincent Picozzi, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA; Todd Crocenzi, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR; Gregory Springett, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; Michael Morse, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Herbert Zeh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Deirdre Cohen, New York University Langone Medical Center; Robert L. Fine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Aimee Luck Murphy, Justin Skoble, Ed Lemmens, John Grous, Thomas Dubensky Jr, and Dirk G. Brockstedt, Aduro BioTech, Berkeley, CA
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