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Harbeck N, Rastogi P, Martin M, Tolaney SM, Shao ZM, Fasching PA, Huang CS, Jaliffe GG, Tryakin A, Goetz MP, Rugo HS, Senkus E, Testa L, Andersson M, Tamura K, Del Mastro L, Steger GG, Kreipe H, Hegg R, Sohn J, Guarneri V, Cortés J, Hamilton E, André V, Wei R, Barriga S, Sherwood S, Forrester T, Munoz M, Shahir A, San Antonio B, Nabinger SC, Toi M, Johnston SRD, O'Shaughnessy J. Adjuvant abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy for high-risk early breast cancer: updated efficacy and Ki-67 analysis from the monarchE study. Ann Oncol 2021; 32:1571-1581. [PMID: 34656740 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvant abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy (ET) previously demonstrated clinically meaningful improvement in invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) and distant relapse-free survival (DRFS) in hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, node-positive, high-risk early breast cancer at the second interim analysis, however follow-up was limited. Here, we present results of the prespecified primary outcome analysis and an additional follow-up analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS This global, phase III, open-label trial randomized (1 : 1) 5637 patients to adjuvant ET for ≥5 years ± abemaciclib for 2 years. Cohort 1 enrolled patients with ≥4 positive axillary lymph nodes (ALNs), or 1-3 positive ALNs and either grade 3 disease or tumor ≥5 cm. Cohort 2 enrolled patients with 1-3 positive ALNs and centrally determined high Ki-67 index (≥20%). The primary endpoint was IDFS in the intent-to-treat population (cohorts 1 and 2). Secondary endpoints were IDFS in patients with high Ki-67, DRFS, overall survival, and safety. RESULTS At the primary outcome analysis, with 19 months median follow-up time, abemaciclib + ET resulted in a 29% reduction in the risk of developing an IDFS event [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58-0.87; nominal P = 0.0009]. At the additional follow-up analysis, with 27 months median follow-up and 90% of patients off treatment, IDFS (HR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.59-0.82; nominal P < 0.0001) and DRFS (HR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.57-0.83; nominal P < 0.0001) benefit was maintained. The absolute improvements in 3-year IDFS and DRFS rates were 5.4% and 4.2%, respectively. Whereas Ki-67 index was prognostic, abemaciclib benefit was consistent regardless of Ki-67 index. Safety data were consistent with the known abemaciclib risk profile. CONCLUSION Abemaciclib + ET significantly improved IDFS in patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, node-positive, high-risk early breast cancer, with an acceptable safety profile. Ki-67 index was prognostic, but abemaciclib benefit was observed regardless of Ki-67 index. Overall, the robust treatment benefit of abemaciclib extended beyond the 2-year treatment period.
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Hamilton ES, Jensen GS, Maksaev G, Katims A, Sherp AM, Haswell ES. Mechanosensitive channel MSL8 regulates osmotic forces during pollen hydration and germination. Science 2016; 350:438-41. [PMID: 26494758 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pollen grains undergo dramatic changes in cellular water potential as they deliver the male germ line to female gametes, and it has been proposed that mechanosensitive ion channels may sense the resulting mechanical stress. Here, we identify and characterize MscS-like 8 (MSL8), a pollen-specific, membrane tension-gated ion channel required for pollen to survive the hypoosmotic shock of rehydration and for full male fertility. MSL8 negatively regulates pollen germination but is required for cellular integrity during germination and tube growth. MSL8 thus senses and responds to changes in membrane tension associated with pollen hydration and germination. These data further suggest that homologs of bacterial MscS have been repurposed in eukaryotes to function as mechanosensors in multiple developmental and environmental contexts.
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. |
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144 |
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Hamilton ES, Schlegel AM, Haswell ES. United in diversity: mechanosensitive ion channels in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 66:113-37. [PMID: 25494462 PMCID: PMC4470482 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels are a common mechanism for perceiving and responding to mechanical force. This class of mechanoreceptors is capable of transducing membrane tension directly into ion flux. In plant systems, MS ion channels have been proposed to play a wide array of roles, from the perception of touch and gravity to the osmotic homeostasis of intracellular organelles. Three families of plant MS ion channels have been identified: the MscS-like (MSL), Mid1-complementing activity (MCA), and two-pore potassium (TPK) families. Channels from these families vary widely in structure and function, localize to multiple cellular compartments, and conduct chloride, calcium, and/or potassium ions. However, they are still likely to represent only a fraction of the MS ion channel diversity in plant systems.
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
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132 |
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Grynpas MD, Hamilton E, Cheung R, Tsouderos Y, Deloffre P, Hott M, Marie PJ. Strontium increases vertebral bone volume in rats at a low dose that does not induce detectable mineralization defect. Bone 1996; 18:253-9. [PMID: 8703581 DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(95)00484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Low doses of strontium and fluoride were shown to increase bone formation and trabecular bone density in rodents. To assess whether strontium or fluoride affect the quality of the mineral at doses known to increase bone density, we have determined the effects of low doses of strontium and fluoride on bone formation and bone mineral characteristics in rats. Adult rats were given strontium alone (0.20%), fluoride alone (1 mg/kg per day), or the combined treatment for 8 weeks. Strontium levels in serum and femur were similar in groups treated with strontium alone or in combination, being about 5% of calcium levels. Biochemical and neutron activation analyses in femur showed that calcium and magnesium contents did not differ in the four group of rats, suggesting that strontium was incorporated in the apatite lattice of the bone minerals in the strontium-treated rats. The mineralized bone volume was significantly increased by 17% in the strontium-treated group, by 20% in the fluoride-treated group, and by 19% in rats given with the combined treatment. This was associated with increased osteoid surface, osteoblast surface, and double tetracycline labeled surfaces in the strontium-treated and fluoride-treated groups, showing that the number of bone forming sites was increased. However, the mineral apposition rate, the osteoid thickness, and the mineralization lag time were similar in controls and treated groups, reflecting the lack of deleterious effects of low doses of strontium and fluoride on bone mineralization. The density fractionation analysis measured in the femur also showed that neither strontium, nor fluoride at the low doses used, significantly altered the mineralization profile. The results indicate that treatment with low doses of strontium or fluoride increase the number of bone forming sites and vertebral bone volume in rats, but does not have detectable adverse effects on the mineral profile, bone mineral chemistry or bone matrix mineralization.
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Comparative Study |
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Marín A, López de Cerain A, Hamilton E, Lewis AD, Martinez-Peñuela JM, Idoate MA, Bello J. DT-diaphorase and cytochrome B5 reductase in human lung and breast tumours. Br J Cancer 1997; 76:923-9. [PMID: 9328153 PMCID: PMC2228079 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of expression of enzymes that can activate or detoxify bioreductive agents within tumours has emerged as an important feature in the development of these anti-tumour compounds. The levels of two such reductase enzymes have been determined in 19 human non-small-cell lung tumours and 20 human breast tumours, together with the corresponding normal tissue. DT-diaphorase (DTD) enzyme levels (both expression and activity) were determined in these samples. Cytochrome b5 reductase (Cytb5R) activity was also assessed. With the exception of six patients, the levels of DTD activity were below 45 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) in the normal tissues assayed. DTD tumour activity was extremely variable, distinguishing two different groups of patients, one with DTD activity above 79 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) and the other with levels that were in the same range as found for the normal tissues. In 53% of the lung tumour samples, DTD activity was increased with respect to the normal tissue by a factor of 2.4-90.3 (range 79-965 nmol min[-1] mg[-1]). In 70% of the breast tumour samples, DTD activity was over 80 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) (range 83-267 nmol min[-1] mg[-1]). DTD expression measured by Western blot correlated well with the enzyme activity measured in both tumour and normal tissues. The levels of the other reductase enzyme, Cytb5R, were not as variable as those for DTD, being in the same range in both tumour and normal tissue or slightly higher in the normal tissues. The heterogeneous nature of DTD activity and expression reinforces the need to measure enzyme levels in individual patients before therapy with DTD-activated bioreductive drugs.
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research-article |
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Monge A, Martínez-Crespo FJ, López de Ceráin A, Palop JA, Narro S, Senador V, Marín A, Sainz Y, González M, Hamilton E. Hypoxia-selective agents derived from 2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile 1,4-di-N-oxides. 2. J Med Chem 1995; 38:4488-94. [PMID: 7473576 DOI: 10.1021/jm00022a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic cells are an important target for antitumor therapy because tumors are typically characterized by such cells. Virtually all tumors which are present as solid masses contain hypoxic cells, while normal cells generally have an adequate supply of oxygen. Accordingly, antitumor agents can be made selective for tumors by virtue of high activity under hypoxic conditions. The initial purpose of this work was to determine the influence of different groups in position 3. Thus, the synthesis of some 3-NH-substituted derivatives (2a, 3a, 4a) starting from 3-amino-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile 1,4-di-N-oxide (1a) is described. Reductive deamination of compounds 1a-k provides the 2-quinoxalinecarbonitriles 5a-k, which are more potent, while selectivity is maintained or increased in some derivatives. The compound 7-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile 1,4-di-N-oxide (5k) is 150-fold more potent than tirapazamine (3-amino-1,2,4- benzotriazine 1,4-di-N-oxide), which has been used as a standard. Three derivatives (5g,i,k) show a hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio (HCR) > or = 200, better than that of tirapazamine (HCR = 75) in V79 cells. Replacement of the 3-amino group by chlorine affords the potent but nonselective 3-chloro derivatives 6a-k showing similar toxicities under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. These compounds were used as intermediates for the synthesis of a new series of water-soluble compounds derived from 3-[[(N,N- dialkylamino)alkyl[amino]-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile 1,4-di-N-oxides 10a-i and 11a-i. The 7-chloro and the 7-trifluoromethyl derivatives 10b,f have demonstrated high potency (0.4 and 0.3 microM) and excellent selectivity (HCR = 250 and 340). Several 7-chloro analogues, 12b, 13b.1,b.2, and 14b, and the dimer 16b have been prepared and evaluated in order to determine the optimum lateral chain in position 3, which appears to be the [(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl]amino moiety.
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Stucky NL, Gregory E, Winter MK, He YY, Hamilton ES, McCarson KE, Berman NEJ. Sex differences in behavior and expression of CGRP-related genes in a rodent model of chronic migraine. Headache 2011; 51:674-92. [PMID: 21521205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to develop a preclinical rodent model that produces migraine-like behaviors based on International Headache Society diagnostic criteria, to determine whether sex differences are present, and to determine whether expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the genes encoding its receptor in trigeminal ganglion or medulla correlates with those behaviors. BACKGROUND Few animal studies of migraine have tested behaviors associated with migraine diagnostic criteria. In this study, changes in activity and in mechanical sensitivity of facial regions following application of inflammatory soup (IS) or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]) to the dura were measured to model changes in routine activity and allodynia. CGRP, an important mediator of migraine pathogenesis, and the 3 components of its receptor, calcitonin-like receptor (CLR), receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), and receptor component protein (RCP) mRNAs were quantified in the trigeminal ganglion and medulla to identify baseline sex differences and changes associated with application of IS or PBS to the dura. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a dural cannula. Groups of rats were treated with 10 or 20 µL volumes of IS or PBS. Baseline behavioral testing was conducted prior to surgery and again at 7 days postsurgery, and dural application of IS or PBS was performed repeatedly for a total of 8 applications. Locomotor activity was assessed using force plate actimetry during and following application to provide information on distance traveled, bouts of low mobility, spatial confinement, and focused energy. Periorbital and perimasseter sensory testing was performed 20 minutes post-application to measure allodynia. The rats were sacrificed 30 minutes following the final dural treatment, tissue was dissected and total RNAs were isolated from ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia and ipsilateral medulla. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to measure the expression of amplified constructs using gene-specific primers for CGRP, RAMP1, CLR, and RCP. RESULTS Both males and females showed behavioral effects of IS application, but there were pronounced sex differences. Females showed effects at the lower dose, and activity changes were present for a longer duration, but males required fewer applications of IS to exhibit behavioral changes. Females showed increased withdrawal responses for periorbital and perimasseter mechanical testing (10 µL IS groups), and males showed increased perimasseter withdrawal responses (20 µL IS group). In the trigeminal ganglion, there were no baseline sex differences in CGRP-encoding mRNA, but females had lower baseline expression of RAMP1, CLR, and RCP-encoding mRNAs. In the medulla, females had higher baseline levels of CGRP-encoding mRNAs and lower baseline levels of RAMP1, CLR, and RCP-encoding mRNAs than males. Both IS and PBS increased expression of mRNAs encoding CGRP, RAMP1, RCP, and CLR in the trigeminal ganglion in males, but in females, only CLR and RCP were increased. In the medulla both IS and PBS increased expression of CGRP, CLR in males and CLR and RCP in females. Thus, expression of CGRP-related genes did not mirror the behavioral differences between IS and PBS groups. Instead, CGRP-related genes were upregulated by both IS and PBS applications. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates significant changes in locomotor activity and facial allodynia associated with application of IS to the dura as well as significant sex differences, demonstrating that International Headache Society diagnostic criteria can be used to design a rodent behavioral model of migraine. In addition, there were prominent baseline sex differences in expression of CGRP and its receptor in both the trigeminal ganglion and medulla, but the majority of changes in expression of CGRP and its receptor were present in both the IS and PBS treated rats. This suggests that the CGRP pathway responds to changes in intracranial pressure or meningeal stretch, while migraine-like behaviors occur after meningeal inflammation.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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Davies RR, Everall JD, Hamilton E. Mycological and clinical evaluation of griseofulvin for chronic onychomycosis. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2011; 3:464-8. [PMID: 20791323 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5563.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Journal Article |
14 |
71 |
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Blendis LM, Ansell ID, Jones KL, Hamilton E, Williams R. Liver in Felty's syndrome. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1970; 1:131-5. [PMID: 5411618 PMCID: PMC1699063 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5689.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver function and histology, together with the haematological changes, were investigated in 12 patients with Felty's syndrome. Six of them were anaemic. The red cell mass was either normal or increased, and the anaemia was due to a considerable increase in the plasma volume. Two patients had increased haemolysis associated with red cell sequestration by the enlarged spleens.In eight patients liver function tests were abnormal, while in five the liver histology showed lymphocytic infiltration of the sinusoids and portal tracts together with portal tract fibrosis. One of these was later found to have a macronodular cirrhosis. In another there were apparent nodules without a true cirrhosis, and this appearance was also seen in two other patients with Felty's syndrome in whom histology was available. An increased blood flow through the spleen was found in the two patients examined.
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research-article |
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10
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Potten CS, Kovacs L, Hamilton E. Continuous labelling studies on mouse skin and intestine. CELL AND TISSUE KINETICS 1974; 7:271-83. [PMID: 4837676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1974.tb00907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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51 |
67 |
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Sordillo LM, O'Boyle N, Gandy JC, Corl CM, Hamilton E. Shifts in Thioredoxin Reductase Activity and Oxidant Status in Mononuclear Cells Obtained from Transition Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:1186-92. [PMID: 17297093 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Measures of oxidative status were examined in 14 dairy cows during the transition period. Blood samples were obtained approximately 21 d before expected calving, at calving, and again at 21 d in milk (DIM). Plasma samples were used to determine lipid hydroperoxide concentrations. Total white blood cells were used to determine the oxidative status of glutathione. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) lysates were used to determine the total antioxidant potential and enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1). Both plasma lipid hydroperoxide concentrations and GPX activity in PBMC increased at calving and during the first 21 DIM when compared with prepartum samples. Conversely, the total antioxidant potential and TrxR activity declined in PBMC during the first 21 DIM, even though both GPX activity and the glutathione-to-GSSG ratio remained elevated during this time period. Results from this study support previous findings that report increased GPX activity when reactive oxygen metabolites, including lipid hydroperoxides, increase in transition dairy cows. The significant decrease in TrxR activity with a concomitant decrease in total antioxidant potential in PBMC during this same stage of lactation, however, would suggest that this selenoprotein is not able to rebound during periods of oxidative stress to the same extent as GPX1. This study shows for the first time that TrxR may be an important antioxidant defense mechanism in PBMC that is compromised during the periparturient period.
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Abstract
The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the araBAD operon of Escherichia coli B/r has been determined. The nt sequence predicts a transcript of about 4250 nt. The coding regions of araB, araA and araD genes were identified by partial amino acid (aa) sequences of the purified proteins and their cleavage products. We have deduced that the polypeptides encoded by the araBAD operon consist of 566 (araB), 500 (araA) and 231 (araD) aa residues. The operon contains a leader sequence of 27 nt. The intergenic region between araB and araA is 10 bp in length, while the araA and araD genes are separated by 283 bp consisting primarily of six REP sequences. Comparison of the E. coli sequence with that of Salmonella typhimurium [Lin et al., Gene 34 (1985) 111-122; 123-128; 129-134] shows that, while considerable divergence in nt sequence has occurred, the aa sequences are largely conserved. The most pronounced difference, found in the araD gene, is the deletion of a single nt in the S. typhimurium sequence.
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Comparative Study |
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Doherty M, Hamilton E, Henderson J, Misra H, Dixey J. Familial chondrocalcinosis due to calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition in English families. BRITISH JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY 1991; 30:10-5. [PMID: 1846765 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/30.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Familial predisposition to chondrocalcinosis (CC) due to calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition is described in five English kindreds. Two families were characterized by premature-onset polyarticular CC with little associated structural arthropathy. In one of these families, recurrent childhood fits were strongly associated with subsequent development of CC. Affected members of the other three families resembled sporadic disease in showing predominantly late-onset, oligoarticular CC with mild arthritis and destructive change in only one case. Knee synovial fluid levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphate (NTPP) did not differ from those of 59 sporadic cases of CC due to CPPD, although PPi and NTPP levels in both groups were higher than in normal knee synovial fluid (P less than 0.0001). Urinary PPi levels were not different from normal controls. Screening for other metabolic abnormality was negative in all cases. This is the first report of familial CC in the UK, and the first to associate this condition with childhood fits. Absence of overt primary abnormality of PPi metabolism suggests that other factors relating to crystal nucleation/growth may be more relevant to predisposition in these cases.
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Italiano A, Infante JR, Shapiro GI, Moore KN, LoRusso PM, Hamilton E, Cousin S, Toulmonde M, Postel-Vinay S, Tolaney S, Blackwood EM, Mahrus S, Peale FV, Lu X, Moein A, Epler J, DuPree K, Tagen M, Murray ER, Schutzman JL, Lauchle JO, Hollebecque A, Soria JC. Phase I study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor GDC-0575 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2019; 29:1304-1311. [PMID: 29788155 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibition following chemotherapy-elicited DNA damage overrides cell cycle arrest and induces mitotic catastrophe and cell death. GDC-0575 is a highly-selective oral small-molecule Chk1 inhibitor that results in tumor shrinkage and growth delay in xenograft models. We evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic properties of GDC-0575 alone and in combination with gemcitabine. Antitumor activity and Chk1 pathway modulation were assessed. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this phase I open-label study, in the dose escalation stage, patients were enrolled in a GDC-0575 monotherapy Arm (1) or GDC-0575 combination with gemcitabine Arm (2) to determine the maximum tolerated dose. Patients in arm 2 received either i.v. gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 (arm 2a) or 500 mg/m2 (arm 2b), followed by GDC-0575 (45 or 80 mg, respectively, as RP2D). Stage II enrolled disease-specific cohorts. RESULTS Of 102 patients treated, 70% were female, the median age was 59 years (range 27-85), and 47% were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS 0. The most common tumor type was breast (37%). The most frequent adverse events (all grades) related to GDC-0575 and/or gemcitabine were neutropenia (68%), anemia (48%), nausea (43%), fatigue (42%), and thrombocytopenia (35%). Maximum concentrations of GDC-0575 were achieved within 2 hours of dosing, and half-life was ∼23 hours. No pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction was observed between GDC-0575 and gemcitabine. Among patients treated with GDC-0575 and gemcitabine, there were four confirmed partial responses, three occurring in patients with tumors harboring TP53 mutation. Pharmacodynamic data were consistent with GDC-0575 inhibition of gemcitabine-induced expression of pCDK1/2. CONCLUSION GDC-0575 can be safely administered as a monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine; however, overall tolerability with gemcitabine was modest. Hematological toxicities were frequent but manageable. Preliminary antitumor activity was observed but limited to a small number of patients with a variety of refractory solid tumors treated with GDC-0575 and gemcitabine. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT01564251.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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51 |
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Anderson J, Sandhir R, Hamilton ES, Berman NEJ. Impaired expression of neuroprotective molecules in the HIF-1alpha pathway following traumatic brain injury in aged mice. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1557-66. [PMID: 19203226 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients have higher rates of mortality and worse functional outcome than non-elderly TBI patients. The mechanisms involved in poor outcomes in the elderly are not well understood. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that modulates expression of key genes involved in neuroprotection. In this study, we studied the expression of HIF-1alpha and its target survival genes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and erythropoietin (EPO) in the brains of adult versus aged mice following controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Adult (5-6 months) and aged (23-24 months) C57Bl/6 mice were injured using a CCI device. At 72 h post-injury, mice were sacrificed and the injured cortex was used for mRNA and protein analysis using real-time reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting protocols. Following injury, HIF-1alpha, HO-1, and VEGF showed upregulation in both the young and aged mice, but in the aged animals the increase in HIF-1alpha and VEGF in response to injury was much lower than in the adult injured animals. EPO was upregulated in the adult injured brain, but not in the aged injured brain. These results support the hypothesis that reduced expression of genes in the HIF-1alpha neuroprotective pathway in aging may contribute to poor prognosis in the elderly following TBI.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
16 |
50 |
16
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Pattrick M, Aldridge S, Hamilton E, Manhire A, Doherty M. A controlled study of hand function in nodal and erosive osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48:978-82. [PMID: 2619358 PMCID: PMC1003934 DOI: 10.1136/ard.48.12.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hand function using a standardised test of activities of daily living was assessed in (a) 57 patients (53 female, four male; mean age 69 years) with established (that is, symptom onset greater than 10 years before) nodal generalised osteoarthritis (NGOA); (b) 10 patients (nine female, one male; mean age 70 years) with established erosive osteoarthritis (EOA); and (c) 52 matched controls (48 female, four male; mean age 71 years) with asymptomatic, clinically normal hands. Although significant differences between controls and patient groups were observed for individual tasks, only minor global impairment was seen, the worst function occurring in patients with EOA. There was no consistent correlation between tested aspects of hand function and extent of radiographic change assessed by summated graded score for separate osteoarthritic features in individual joints. In controls increasing age correlated with longer time to complete all tasks and weaker power grip; a similar, less pronounced correlation occurred in patients. Differences between controls and patients with NGOA were most apparent in younger subjects; in the elderly (greater than 80 years) hand function was essentially the same. This study shows good functional outcome for patients with NGOA, and suggests that the OA process is of little functional importance to the aging hand.
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Comparative Study |
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17
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Antonakopoulos GN, Hicks RM, Hamilton E, Berry RJ. Early and late morphological changes (including carcinoma of the urothelium) induced by irradiation of the rat urinary bladder. Br J Cancer 1982; 46:403-16. [PMID: 7126428 PMCID: PMC2011109 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1982.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of X-irradiating the urinary bladder of female F344 rats with a single dose of 20 Gy were studied by light and electron microscopy. The animals were killed 1 week-20 months post-irradiation, and all tissues of the bladder wall were found to be affected by the irradiation. In the urothelium, damage was initially restricted to the basal cells but slowly extended to intermediate cells, and by 6 months post-irradiation the urothelium was focally hyperplastic. Twenty months post-irradiation, transitional-cell carcinomas were found in 10 of the surviving 17 animals (59%). The blood vessels in the bladder wall showed damage to both the endothelial cells and the smooth muscle. The fibroblasts in the connective tissue of the bladder wall appeared to show increased secretion after irradiation, and there was abundant collagen deposition, resulting in severe fibrosis of the bladder wall. After a latent period of a few months, focal degeneration and extensive necrosis of the smooth muscle cells were seen, leading to severe destruction and disorganization of the muscular coats of the bladder wall. Thus, a single dose of irradiation of 20 Gy was sufficient to produce severe fibrosis of the bladder wall with smooth muscle degeneration and to induce carcinoma of the urothelium in most of the treated animals within 20 months.
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Fyfe T, Dunnigan MG, Hamilton E, Rae RJ. Seasonal variation in serum lipids, and incidence and mortality of ischaemic heart disease. JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH 1968; 8:591-6. [PMID: 5660517 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1319(68)80112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Martel M, Wacholder S, Lippman A, Brohan J, Hamilton E. Maternal age and primary cesarean section rates: a multivariate analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156:305-8. [PMID: 3826165 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(87)90273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the effect of maternal age on primary cesarean section rates, 3458 consecutive deliveries were analyzed. The cesarean section rates in primiparous women less than 25, 25 to 34, and over 34 years of age were 13.1%, 18.5%, and 28.2%, respectively. A similarly dramatic rise with advancing maternal age was seen in multiparous women with rates of 3.4%, 4.7%, and 10.1%, respectively, in the three age groups. The strong association between cesarean section and maternal age persisted after multivariate adjustment for induction of labor, epidural anesthesia, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and fetal distress, and thus these factors do not explain the relationship.
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Brady SM, Burow M, Busch W, Carlborg Ö, Denby KJ, Glazebrook J, Hamilton ES, Harmer SL, Haswell ES, Maloof JN, Springer NM, Kliebenstein DJ. Reassess the t Test: Interact with All Your Data via ANOVA. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27. [PMID: 26220933 PMCID: PMC4568503 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant biology is rapidly entering an era where we have the ability to conduct intricate studies that investigate how a plant interacts with the entirety of its environment. This requires complex, large studies to measure how plant genotypes simultaneously interact with a diverse array of environmental stimuli. Successful interpretation of the results from these studies requires us to transition away from the traditional standard of conducting an array of pairwise t tests toward more general linear modeling structures, such as those provided by the extendable ANOVA framework. In this Perspective, we present arguments for making this transition and illustrate how it will help to avoid incorrect conclusions in factorial interaction studies (genotype × genotype, genotype × treatment, and treatment × treatment, or higher levels of interaction) that are becoming more prevalent in this new era of plant biology.
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Chuck AJ, Pattrick MG, Hamilton E, Wilson R, Doherty M. Crystal deposition in hypophosphatasia: a reappraisal. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48:571-6. [PMID: 2549888 PMCID: PMC1003818 DOI: 10.1136/ard.48.7.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Six subjects (three female, three male; age range 38-85 years) with adult onset hypophosphatasia are described. Three presented atypically with calcific periarthritis (due to apatite) in the absence of osteopenia; two had classical presentation with osteopenic fracture; and one was the asymptomatic father of one of the patients with calcific periarthritis. All three subjects over age 70 had isolated polyarticular chondrocalcinosis due to calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition; four of the six had spinal hyperostosis, extensive in two (Forestier's disease). The apparent paradoxical association of hypophosphatasia with calcific periarthritis and spinal hyperostosis is discussed in relation to the known effects of inorganic pyrophosphate on apatite crystal nucleation and growth.
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Pattrick M, Hamilton E, Wilson R, Austin S, Doherty M. Association of radiographic changes of osteoarthritis, symptoms, and synovial fluid particles in 300 knees. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 52:97-103. [PMID: 8447704 PMCID: PMC1004986 DOI: 10.1136/ard.52.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Associations between compartmental distribution of radiographic changes of osteoarthritis (OA), individual features of OA (joint space loss, sclerosis, cyst, osteophyte; each scored 0-3), and presence of synovial fluid calcium particles (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals identified by polarised light microscopy and other calcium particles by alizarin red positivity (ARP) were sought in 300 osteoarthritic knees (178 patients; mean age 72, range 33-96 years). Patients whose knees were symptom free as well as those with symptoms were included. Osteoarthritis of two or three compartments but not unicompartmental OA was associated with the presence of CPPD or ARP. Involvement of any compartment (not just patellofemoral), and higher mean scores for both total and individual osteoarthritis changes (except cysts) was associated with CPPD and ARP; CPPD, but not ARP, was associated with symptoms: knees reported as having symptoms had higher mean total OA scores. Femoral cortical erosion, found more often in women, was associated with higher mean total OA score at the patellofemoral compartment but not with the presence of particles. Attrition, remodelling, and chondrocalcinosis (each scored as present or absent) occurred more often in knees with CPPD. Age did not correlate with any aspect of the OA score. This study confirms the association of calcium particles with the process of OA. Unlike previous studies confined to symptomatic knees, a radiographic pattern specific to CPPD ('pyrophosphate arthropathy') did not emerge.
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Borrelli MJ, O'Brien WD, Bernock LJ, Williams HR, Hamilton E, Wu J, Oelze ML, Culp WC. Production of uniformly sized serum albumin and dextrose microbubbles. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:198-208. [PMID: 21689961 PMCID: PMC3152625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Uniformly-sized preparations with average microbubble (MB) diameters from 1 to 7 μm were produced reliably by sonicating decafluorobutane-saturated solutions of serum albumin and dextrose. Detailed protocols for producing and size-separating the MBs are presented, along with the effects that changing each production parameter (serum albumin concentration, sonication power, sonication time, etc.) had on MB size distribution and acoustic stability. These protocols can be used to produce MBs for experimental applications or serve as templates for developing new protocols that yield MBs with physical and acoustic properties better suited to specific applications. Size stability and ultrasonic performance quality control tests were developed to assure that successive MB preparations perform identically and to distinguish the physical and acoustic properties of identically sized MBs produced with different serum albumin-dextrose formulations and sonication parameters. MBs can be stored at 5 °C for protracted periods (2 weeks to one year depending on formulation).
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Muranjan M, Wang Q, Li YL, Hamilton E, Otieno-Omondi FP, Wang J, Van Praagh A, Grootenhuis JG, Black SJ. The trypanocidal Cape buffalo serum protein is xanthine oxidase. Infect Immun 1997; 65:3806-14. [PMID: 9284156 PMCID: PMC175543 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.9.3806-3814.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma and serum from Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) kill bloodstream stages of all species of African trypanosomes in vitro. The trypanocidal serum component was isolated by sequential chromatography on hydroxylapatite, protein A-G, Mono Q, and Superose 12. The purified trypanocidal protein had a molecular mass of 150 kDa, and activity correlated with the presence of a 146-kDa polypeptide detected upon reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid sequences of three peptide fragments of the 146-kDa reduced polypeptide, ligand affinity and immunoaffinity chromatography of the native protein, and sensitivity to pharmacological inhibitors, identified the trypanocidal material as xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22). Trypanocidal activity resulted in the inhibition of trypanosome glycolysis and was due to H2O2 produced during catabolism of extracellular xanthine and hypoxanthine by the purine catabolic enzyme.
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Hamilton ES, Haswell ES. The Tension-sensitive Ion Transport Activity of MSL8 is Critical for its Function in Pollen Hydration and Germination. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1222-1237. [PMID: 28339550 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
All cells respond to osmotic challenges, including those imposed during normal growth and development. Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels provide a conserved mechanism for regulating osmotic forces by conducting ions in response to increased membrane tension. We previously demonstrated that the MS ion channel MscS-Like 8 (MSL8) is required for pollen to survive multiple osmotic challenges that occur during the normal process of fertilization, and that it can inhibit pollen germination. However, it remained unclear whether these physiological functions required ion flux through a mechanically gated channel provided by MSL8. We introduced two point mutations into the predicted pore-lining domain of MSL8 that disrupted normal channel function in different ways. The Ile711Ser mutation increased the tension threshold of the MSL8 channel while leaving conductance unchanged, and the Phe720Leu mutation severely disrupted the MSL8 channel. Both of these mutations impaired the ability of MSL8 to preserve pollen viability during hydration and to maintain the integrity of the pollen tube when expressed at endogenous levels. When overexpressed in an msl8-4 null background, MSL8I711S could partially rescue loss-of-function phenotypes, while MSL8F720L could not. When overexpressed in the wild-type Ler background, MSL8I711S suppressed pollen germination, similar to wild-type MSL8. In contrast, MSL8F720L failed to suppress pollen germination and increased pollen bursting, thereby phenocopying the msl8-4 mutant. Thus, an intact MSL8 channel is required for normal pollen function during hydration and germination. These data establish MSL8 as the first plant MS channel to fulfill previously established criteria for assignment as a mechanotransducer.
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