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Attard K, Singh RK, Gattuso JP, Filbee-Dexter K, Krause-Jensen D, Kühl M, Sejr MK, Archambault P, Babin M, Bélanger S, Berg P, Glud RN, Hancke K, Jänicke S, Qin J, Rysgaard S, Sørensen EB, Tachon F, Wenzhöfer F, Ardyna M. Seafloor primary production in a changing Arctic Ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2303366121. [PMID: 38437536 PMCID: PMC10945780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303366121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton and sea ice algae are traditionally considered to be the main primary producers in the Arctic Ocean. In this Perspective, we explore the importance of benthic primary producers (BPPs) encompassing microalgae, macroalgae, and seagrasses, which represent a poorly quantified source of Arctic marine primary production. Despite scarce observations, models predict that BPPs are widespread, colonizing ~3 million km2 of the extensive Arctic coastal and shelf seas. Using a synthesis of published data and a novel model, we estimate that BPPs currently contribute ~77 Tg C y-1 of primary production to the Arctic, equivalent to ~20 to 35% of annual phytoplankton production. Macroalgae contribute ~43 Tg C y-1, seagrasses contribute ~23 Tg C y-1, and microalgae-dominated shelf habitats contribute ~11 to 16 Tg C y-1. Since 2003, the Arctic seafloor area exposed to sunlight has increased by ~47,000 km2 y-1, expanding the realm of BPPs in a warming Arctic. Increased macrophyte abundance and productivity is expected along Arctic coastlines with continued ocean warming and sea ice loss. However, microalgal benthic primary production has increased in only a few shelf regions despite substantial sea ice loss over the past 20 y, as higher solar irradiance in the ice-free ocean is counterbalanced by reduced water transparency. This suggests complex impacts of climate change on Arctic light availability and marine primary production. Despite significant knowledge gaps on Arctic BPPs, their widespread presence and obvious contribution to coastal and shelf ecosystem production call for further investigation and for their inclusion in Arctic ecosystem models and carbon budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Attard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QCG5L 3A1, Canada
- Center for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing, National University of Singapore, Singapore119076, Singapore
| | - Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d’Océanographie, Villefranche-sur-Mer06230, France
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Paris75337, France
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
- Benthic Communities Group/Institute of Marine Research, His4817, Norway
- School of Biological Science and Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth6009, WA, Australia
| | - Dorte Krause-Jensen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Kühl
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Mikael K. Sejr
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
- ArcticNet, Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marcel Babin
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Simon Bélanger
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QCG5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Peter Berg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA400123
| | - Ronnie N. Glud
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Ocean and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kasper Hancke
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0579Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Jänicke
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Esben B. Sørensen
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Foucaut Tachon
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frank Wenzhöfer
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230Odense M, Denmark
- Helmholtz - Max Planck Joint Research Group for Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven27515, Germany
- Helmholtz - Max Planck Joint Research Group for Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen28359, Germany
| | - Mathieu Ardyna
- Takuvik International Research Laboratory, CNRS/Université Laval, Québec City, QCG1V 0A6, Canada
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Abstract
A prospective survey of the outcome of lumbar surgery was carried out under conditions where all intervention was according to routine procedures. Of a consecutive series of patients 132 cases (92%) could be evaluated. The aim was to investigate possible predictive factors among self-reported data and clinical data readily available under routine circumstances. Follow-up was for six months post-operatively. Surgical findings were: herniated disc (62%), osteochondrosis (21%), other pathology (7%), and negative findings (10%). Unsatisfactory outcome was either relapse, operation before follow-up (9%) or persisting pain (30%). The surgical finding of a disc herniation predicted a significantly better outcome than any other finding. Cases previously operated upon (20%) fared equal with those operated upon for the first time irrespective of surgical findings. Self-reported weighting of preoperative pain and its location showed that predominant sciatica was significantly associated with the finding of a disc herniation, but also with satisfactory outcome irrespective of the operative finding. Factors without predictive value included sex, age, number of prior back surgeries, duration and impact of symptoms, and clinical findings. The social consequences were associated with the duration of low back disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thorvaldsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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