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Janik W, Nowotarski M, Ledniowska K, Shyntum DY, Krukiewicz K, Turczyn R, Sabura E, Furgoł S, Kudła S, Dudek G. Modulation of physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of sodium alginate films through the use of chestnut extract and plasticizers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11530. [PMID: 37460643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing demand for robust and environmentally friendly antimicrobial packaging materials, biopolymers have recently become extensively investigated. Although biodegradable biopolymers usually lack mechanical properties, which makes it inevitable to blend them with plasticizers. The purpose of this study was to investigate plasticization efficiency of bio-based plasticizers introduced into sodium alginate compositions containing chestnut extract and their effect on selected film properties, including primarily mechanical and antibacterial properties. The films were prepared by the casting method and sodium alginate was cross-linked with calcium chloride. Six different plasticizers, including three commercially available ones (glycerol, epoxidized soybean oil and palm oil) and three synthesized plasticizers that are mixtures of bio-based plasticizers, were used to compare their influence on the film properties. Interactions between the polymer matrix and the plasticizers were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphological characteristics of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal properties, tensile strength, elongation at break, hydrophilic, and barrier properties of the obtained films were also determined. To confirm the obtaining of active films through the use of chestnut extract and to study the effect of the proposed plasticizers on the antibacterial activity of the extract, the obtained films were tested against bacteria cultures. The final results showed that all of the obtained films exhibit a hydrophilic character and high barrier effect to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. In addition, sodium alginate films prepared with chestnut extract and the plasticizer proposed by us, showed better mechanical and antimicrobial properties than the films obtained with chestnut extract and the commercially available plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland.
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Michał Nowotarski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Kerstin Ledniowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Roman Turczyn
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Sabura
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Simona Furgoł
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kudła
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Gabriela Dudek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Ledniowska K, Nosal-Kovalenko H, Janik W, Krasuska A, Stańczyk D, Sabura E, Bartoszewicz M, Rybak A. Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071295. [PMID: 35406169 PMCID: PMC9002721 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analyses, and their physicochemical properties and thermal stability (TGA analysis) were investigated. The obtained ester mixtures were used as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers and their plasticization efficiency was determined in comparison to traditional, commercially available phthalate plasticizers, such as DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DINP (diisononyl phthalate). Mechanical properties and migration resistance were determined for soft PVC with the use of three concentrations of plasticizers (40 PHR, 50 PHR, and 60 PHR). It was observed that the obtained plasticizers exhibited the same plasticization efficiency and were characterized with good mechanical and physical properties in comparison to commercial plasticizers. The tensile strength was approx. 19 MPa, while the elongation at break was approx. 250% for all tested plasticizers at a concentration of 50 PHR. Furthermore, plasticizer migration studies showed that the synthesized plasticizers had excellent resistance to plasticizer leaching. The best migration test result obtained was 70% lower than that for DEHP or DINP. The ester mixture that was found to be the most favorable plasticizer was characterized by good thermal and thermo-oxidative stability (5% weight loss temperature: 227.8 °C in air and 261.1 °C in nitrogen). The results of the research clearly indicate that the synthesized esters can provide a green alternative to toxic phthalate plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ledniowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agata Krasuska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Dorota Stańczyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ewa Sabura
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Bartoszewicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (H.N.-K.); (W.J.); (A.K.); (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Rybak
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Janik W, Wojtala A, Pietruszka A, Dudek G, Sabura E. Environmentally Friendly Melt-Processed Chitosan/Starch Composites Modified with PVA and Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162685. [PMID: 34451225 PMCID: PMC8399502 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan/starch-based composites were prepared by thermomechanical processing as an alternative to the traditional solution method, with the aim of fabricating environmentally friendly materials on a larger scale. Different contents and types of lignin and poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA were incorporated into chitosan/starch compositions to improve their mechanical properties. It was demonstrated that the presence of both lignin and PVA increases the values of tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites. Moreover, it was observed that by the selection of a type of lignin and PVA, it was possible to tailor the internal microstructure of the samples. As observed in scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs, the introduction of lignin and PVA resulted in the formation of a smooth surface and homogeneous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-The Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (A.W.); (A.P.); (E.S.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, PhD School, Silesian University of Technology, 2a Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-77-487-31-87
| | - Anna Wojtala
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-The Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (A.W.); (A.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Anna Pietruszka
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-The Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (A.W.); (A.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Gabriela Dudek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sabura
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-The Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (A.W.); (A.P.); (E.S.)
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