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Defurne M, Jiménez-Argüello AM, Ahmed Z, Albataineh H, Allada K, Aniol KA, Bellini V, Benali M, Boeglin W, Bertin P, Brossard M, Camsonne A, Canan M, Chandavar S, Chen C, Chen JP, de Jager CW, de Leo R, Desnault C, Deur A, El Fassi L, Ent R, Flay D, Friend M, Fuchey E, Frullani S, Garibaldi F, Gaskell D, Giusa A, Glamazdin O, Golge S, Gomez J, Hansen O, Higinbotham D, Holmstrom T, Horn T, Huang J, Huang M, Hyde CE, Iqbal S, Itard F, Kang H, Kelleher A, Keppel C, Koirala S, Korover I, LeRose JJ, Lindgren R, Long E, Magne M, Mammei J, Margaziotis DJ, Markowitz P, Mazouz M, Meddi F, Meekins D, Michaels R, Mihovilovic M, Camacho CM, Nadel-Turonski P, Nuruzzaman N, Paremuzyan R, Puckett A, Punjabi V, Qiang Y, Rakhman A, Rashad MNH, Riordan S, Roche J, Russo G, Sabatié F, Saenboonruang K, Saha A, Sawatzky B, Selvy L, Shahinyan A, Sirca S, Solvignon P, Sperduto ML, Subedi R, Sulkosky V, Sutera C, Tobias WA, Urciuoli GM, Wang D, Wojtsekhowski B, Yao H, Ye Z, Zhan X, Zhang J, Zhao B, Zhao Z, Zheng X, Zhu P. A glimpse of gluons through deeply virtual compton scattering on the proton. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1408. [PMID: 29123117 PMCID: PMC5680334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal structure of nucleons (protons and neutrons) remains one of the greatest outstanding problems in modern nuclear physics. By scattering high-energy electrons off a proton we are able to resolve its fundamental constituents and probe their momenta and positions. Here we investigate the dynamics of quarks and gluons inside nucleons using deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS)-a highly virtual photon scatters off the proton, which subsequently radiates a photon. DVCS interferes with the Bethe-Heitler (BH) process, where the photon is emitted by the electron rather than the proton. We report herein the full determination of the BH-DVCS interference by exploiting the distinct energy dependences of the DVCS and BH amplitudes. In the regime where the scattering is expected to occur off a single quark, measurements show an intriguing sensitivity to gluons, the carriers of the strong interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Defurne
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - A Martí Jiménez-Argüello
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS-IN2P3, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91406, Orsay, France
- Facultad de Física, Universidad de Valencia, Carrer del Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Z Ahmed
- Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave., Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - H Albataineh
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Engineering Complex, 700 University Blvd, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - K Allada
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - K A Aniol
- California State University, 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - V Bellini
- INFN/Sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 62, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - M Benali
- Clermont université, université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178, Aubire Cedex, France
| | - W Boeglin
- Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - P Bertin
- Clermont université, université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178, Aubire Cedex, France
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - M Brossard
- Clermont université, université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178, Aubire Cedex, France
| | - A Camsonne
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - M Canan
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - S Chandavar
- Ohio University, 123 University Terrace, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - C Chen
- Hampton University, 100 E Queen St, Hampton, VA, 23668, USA
| | - J-P Chen
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - C W de Jager
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - R de Leo
- Università di Bari, Piazza Umberto I, 1, 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - C Desnault
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS-IN2P3, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91406, Orsay, France
| | - A Deur
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - L El Fassi
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 7 College Ave, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - R Ent
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - D Flay
- Temple University, 1801 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - M Friend
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - E Fuchey
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Clermont université, université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178, Aubire Cedex, France
- University of Connecticut, 2390 Alumni Drive, Unit 3206, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - S Frullani
- INFN/Sezione Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - F Garibaldi
- INFN/Sezione Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - D Gaskell
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - A Giusa
- INFN/Sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 62, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - O Glamazdin
- Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Akademichna St, 1, Kharkov, Kharkiv Oblast, 61000, Ukraine
| | - S Golge
- North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - J Gomez
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - O Hansen
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - D Higinbotham
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - T Holmstrom
- Longwood University, 201 High St, Farmville, VA, 23909, USA
| | - T Horn
- The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave NE, Washington, DC, 20064, USA
| | - J Huang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - M Huang
- Duke University, Physics Bldg., Science Dr., Campus Box 90305, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - C E Hyde
- Clermont université, université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178, Aubire Cedex, France
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - S Iqbal
- California State University, 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - F Itard
- Clermont université, université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178, Aubire Cedex, France
| | - H Kang
- Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seol, South Korea
| | - A Kelleher
- College of William and Mary, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA, 23187, USA
| | - C Keppel
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - S Koirala
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - I Korover
- Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - J J LeRose
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - R Lindgren
- University of Virginia, 382 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - E Long
- Kent State University, 800 E Summit St, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - M Magne
- Clermont université, université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178, Aubire Cedex, France
| | - J Mammei
- University of Massachusetts, 1126 Lederle Graduate Research Tower (LGRT), Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - D J Margaziotis
- California State University, 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - P Markowitz
- Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - M Mazouz
- Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l'environnement, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - F Meddi
- INFN/Sezione Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - D Meekins
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - R Michaels
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - M Mihovilovic
- University of Ljubljana, Kongresni trg 12, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - C Muñoz Camacho
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS-IN2P3, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91406, Orsay, France
- Clermont université, université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178, Aubire Cedex, France
| | - P Nadel-Turonski
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - N Nuruzzaman
- Hampton University, 100 E Queen St, Hampton, VA, 23668, USA
| | - R Paremuzyan
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS-IN2P3, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91406, Orsay, France
| | - A Puckett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - V Punjabi
- Norfolk State University, 700 Park Avenue, Norfolk, VA, 23504, USA
| | - Y Qiang
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - A Rakhman
- Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave., Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - M N H Rashad
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 5115 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - S Riordan
- Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - J Roche
- Ohio University, 123 University Terrace, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - G Russo
- INFN/Sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 62, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - F Sabatié
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - K Saenboonruang
- University of Virginia, 382 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Kasetsart University, 50 Thanon Ngam Wong Wan, Khwaeng Lat Yao, Khet Chatuchak, Krung Thep, Maha Nakhon, 10900, Thailand
| | - A Saha
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - B Sawatzky
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
- Temple University, 1801 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - L Selvy
- Kent State University, 800 E Summit St, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - A Shahinyan
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2. Alikhanian Br. Street, Yerevan, 0036, Armenia
| | - S Sirca
- University of Ljubljana, Kongresni trg 12, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Solvignon
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
- University of New Hampshire, 105 Main St, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - M L Sperduto
- INFN/Sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 62, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - R Subedi
- George Washington University, 2121 I St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - V Sulkosky
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - C Sutera
- INFN/Sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 62, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - W A Tobias
- University of Virginia, 382 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - G M Urciuoli
- INFN/Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - D Wang
- University of Virginia, 382 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - B Wojtsekhowski
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - H Yao
- Temple University, 1801 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Z Ye
- University of Virginia, 382 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - X Zhan
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave, Newport News, VA, 23606, USA
| | - B Zhao
- College of William and Mary, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA, 23187, USA
| | - Z Zhao
- University of Virginia, 382 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - X Zheng
- University of Virginia, 382 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - P Zhu
- University of Virginia, 382 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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Defurne M, Mazouz M, Ahmed Z, Albataineh H, Allada K, Aniol KA, Bellini V, Benali M, Boeglin W, Bertin P, Brossard M, Camsonne A, Canan M, Chandavar S, Chen C, Chen JP, de Jager CW, de Leo R, Desnault C, Deur A, El Fassi L, Ent R, Flay D, Friend M, Fuchey E, Frullani S, Garibaldi F, Gaskell D, Giusa A, Glamazdin O, Golge S, Gomez J, Hansen O, Higinbotham D, Holmstrom T, Horn T, Huang J, Huang M, Huber GM, Hyde CE, Iqbal S, Itard F, Kang H, Kang H, Kelleher A, Keppel C, Koirala S, Korover I, LeRose JJ, Lindgren R, Long E, Magne M, Mammei J, Margaziotis DJ, Markowitz P, Martí Jiménez-Argüello A, Meddi F, Meekins D, Michaels R, Mihovilovic M, Muangma N, Muñoz Camacho C, Nadel-Turonski P, Nuruzzaman N, Paremuzyan R, Puckett A, Punjabi V, Qiang Y, Rakhman A, Rashad MNH, Riordan S, Roche J, Russo G, Sabatié F, Saenboonruang K, Saha A, Sawatzky B, Selvy L, Shahinyan A, Sirca S, Solvignon P, Sperduto ML, Subedi R, Sulkosky V, Sutera C, Tobias WA, Urciuoli GM, Wang D, Wojtsekhowski B, Yao H, Ye Z, Zana L, Zhan X, Zhang J, Zhao B, Zhao Z, Zheng X, Zhu P. Rosenbluth Separation of the π^{0} Electroproduction Cross Section. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:262001. [PMID: 28059549 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.262001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present deeply virtual π^{0} electroproduction cross-section measurements at x_{B}=0.36 and three different Q^{2} values ranging from 1.5 to 2 GeV^{2}, obtained from Jefferson Lab Hall A experiment E07-007. The Rosenbluth technique is used to separate the longitudinal and transverse responses. Results demonstrate that the cross section is dominated by its transverse component and, thus, is far from the asymptotic limit predicted by perturbative quantum chromodynamics. Nonetheless, an indication of a nonzero longitudinal contribution is provided by the measured interference term σ_{LT}. Results are compared with several models based on the leading-twist approach of generalized parton distributions (GPDs). In particular, a fair agreement is obtained with models in which the scattering amplitude includes convolution terms of chiral-odd (transversity) GPDs of the nucleon with the twist-3 pion distribution amplitude. This experiment, together with previous extensive unseparated measurements, provides strong support to the exciting idea that transversity GPDs can be accessed via neutral pion electroproduction in the high-Q^{2} regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Defurne
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Mazouz
- Faculté des sciences de Monastir, 5000 Tunisia
| | - Z Ahmed
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - H Albataineh
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas 78363, USA
| | - K Allada
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K A Aniol
- California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
| | - V Bellini
- INFN/Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - M Benali
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire, FR-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - W Boeglin
- Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - P Bertin
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire, FR-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - M Brossard
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire, FR-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Camsonne
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - M Canan
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | | | - C Chen
- Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23668, USA
| | - J-P Chen
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - C W de Jager
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - R de Leo
- Università di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - C Desnault
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay 91400, France
| | - A Deur
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - L El Fassi
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - R Ent
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - D Flay
- Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - M Friend
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - E Fuchey
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire, FR-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - D Gaskell
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - A Giusa
- INFN/Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - O Glamazdin
- Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov 61108, Ukraine
| | - S Golge
- North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - J Gomez
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - O Hansen
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - D Higinbotham
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - T Holmstrom
- Longwood University, Farmville, Virginia 23909, USA
| | - T Horn
- The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - J Huang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Huang
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - G M Huber
- University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - C E Hyde
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire, FR-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - S Iqbal
- California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
| | - F Itard
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire, FR-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ho Kang
- Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Hy Kang
- Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - A Kelleher
- College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - C Keppel
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - S Koirala
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - I Korover
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - J J LeRose
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - R Lindgren
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - E Long
- Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - M Magne
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire, FR-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J Mammei
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - D J Margaziotis
- California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
| | - P Markowitz
- Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - A Martí Jiménez-Argüello
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay 91400, France
- Facultad de Física, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46071, Spain
| | - F Meddi
- INFN/Sezione Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - D Meekins
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - R Michaels
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | | | - N Muangma
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Muñoz Camacho
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire, FR-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay 91400, France
| | - P Nadel-Turonski
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - N Nuruzzaman
- Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23668, USA
| | - R Paremuzyan
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay 91400, France
| | - A Puckett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - V Punjabi
- Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - Y Qiang
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - A Rakhman
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - M N H Rashad
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - S Riordan
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - J Roche
- Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - G Russo
- INFN/Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - F Sabatié
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - K Saenboonruang
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - A Saha
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - B Sawatzky
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
- Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - L Selvy
- Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - A Shahinyan
- Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan 375036, Armenia
| | - S Sirca
- University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Solvignon
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | | | - R Subedi
- George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - V Sulkosky
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Sutera
- INFN/Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - W A Tobias
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | | | - D Wang
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - B Wojtsekhowski
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - H Yao
- Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Z Ye
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - L Zana
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - X Zhan
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - B Zhao
- College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | - Z Zhao
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - X Zheng
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - P Zhu
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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