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Ohno K, Manjanath A, Kawazoe Y, Hatakeyama R, Misaizu F, Kwon E, Fukumura H, Ogasawara H, Yamada Y, Zhang C, Sumi N, Kamigaki T, Kawachi K, Yokoo K, Ono S, Kasama Y. Extensive first-principles molecular dynamics study on Li encapsulation into C 60 and its experimental confirmation. Nanoscale 2018; 10:1825-1836. [PMID: 29308793 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of increasing the production ratio of endohedral C60 by impinging foreign atoms against C60 is a crucial matter of the science and technology employed towards industrialization of these functional building block materials. Among these endohedral fullerenes, Li+@C60 exhibits a wide variety of physical and chemical phenomena and has the potential to be applicable in areas spanning the medical field to photovoltaics. However, currently, Li+@C60 can be experimentally produced with only ∼1% ratio using the plasma shower method with a 30 eV kinetic energy provided to the impinging Li+ ion. From extensive first-principles molecular dynamics simulations, it is found that the maximum production ratio of Li+@C60 per hit is increased to about 5.1% (5.3%) when a Li+ ion impinges vertically on a six-membered ring of C60 with 30 eV (40 eV) kinetic energy, although many C60 molecules are damaged during this collision. On the contrary, when it impinges vertically on a six-membered ring with 10 eV kinetic energy, the production ratio remains at 1.3%, but the C60 molecules are not damaged at all. On the other hand, when the C60 is randomly oriented, the production ratio reduces to about 3.7 ± 0.5%, 3.3 ± 0.5%, and 0.2 ± 0.03% for 30 eV, 40 eV, and 10 eV kinetic energy, respectively. Based on these observations we demonstrate the possibility of increasing the production ratio by fixing six-membered rings atop C60 using the Cu(111) substrate or UV light irradiation. In order to assess the ideal experimental production ratio, the 7Li solid NMR spectroscopy measurement is also performed for the multilayer randomly oriented C60 sample irradiated by Li+ using the plasma shower method combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Time-of-flight mass spectroscopy measurements are also performed to cross check whether Li+@C60 molecules are produced in the sample. The resulting experimental estimate, 4% for 30 eV incident kinetic energy, fully agrees with our simulation results mentioned above, suggesting the consistency and accuracy of our simulations and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohno
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - A Manjanath
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Y Kawazoe
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-4 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan and Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Hatakeyama
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-5 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - F Misaizu
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-4 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - E Kwon
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-4 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan and Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - H Fukumura
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - H Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Y Yamada
- Division of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten'nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - C Zhang
- Division of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten'nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - N Sumi
- Division of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten'nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - T Kamigaki
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
| | - K Kawachi
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
| | - K Yokoo
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
| | - S Ono
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
| | - Y Kasama
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
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Koyasu K, Ohtaki T, Bing J, Takahashi K, Misaizu F. Even-odd product variation of the C(n)(+) + D(2) (n = 4-9) reaction: complexity of the linear carbon cation electronic states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:24810-9. [PMID: 26344370 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04480d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have studied reactions between linear Cn(+) (n = 4-9) and D2, using ion mobility mass spectrometry techniques and quantum chemical calculations in order to understand the complex reactivity of the linear cluster cations. Only linear CnD(+) products were observed for the odd (n = 5, 7, 9) linear clusters, while CnD2(+) was the main product for the even clusters. For the reaction rate constants determined for these two channels, we obtained the following two features: (1) the rate constant decreases with the size n, and (2) even-sized clusters have lower rate constants than neighboring odd-sized clusters. In the theoretical calculations using the CCSD(T) and B3LYP methods with the cc-pVTZ basis, we found that a low lying (2)Σ state in odd clusters may play an important role in these reactions. This opposes the previous interpretation that the (2)Πg/u state is the dominant electronic state for linear Cn(+) (n = 4-9) clusters. We showed that a barrierless radical abstraction forming CnD(+) occurs through a direct head on approach for the (2)Σ state Cn(+). In contrast, a carbene-like insertion forming CnD2(+) occurs through a sideways approach for the (2)Πg/u state Cn(+). We have concluded that the higher rate constants for the odd clusters come from the existence of symmetry broken (2)Σ states which are absent in even linear clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Tsunoyama H, Ohshimo K, Misaizu F, Ohno K. Intracluster anionic oligomerization of acrylic ester molecules initiated by electron transfer from an alkali metal atom. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:683-90. [PMID: 11456581 DOI: 10.1021/ja002155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stabilities and intracluster reactions have been investigated by photoionization mass spectrometry for clusters composed of an alkali metal atom (M; Na and K) and acrylic ester molecules, CH(2)=CHCO(2)R, such as methyl acrylate (MA; R = CH(3)) and ethyl acrylate (EA; R = C(2)H(5)). The following two features are commonly observed in the photoionization mass spectra of M(CH(2)=CHCO(2)R)(n): (1) The ion with n = 3 is clearly observed as a magic number. (2) Fragmented cluster ions with the loss of ROH, [M(CH(2)=CHCO(2)R)(n) - ROH] are detected only for n = 3. These features are both explained by an intracluster oligomerization reaction initiated by electron transfer from the metal atoms. The magic number trimer is concluded to have the stable structure of cyclohexane derivatives as a result of oligomerization. The fragmentation reaction is explained by Dieckmann cyclization after anionic oligomerization to produce another isomer of the trimer. The intracluster electron transfer is also supported by theoretical calculation for Na(MA) based on density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsunoyama
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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