Image retrieval effectiveness of Bing Images, Google Images and Yahoo Image Search in the scientific field of tourism and COVID-19

The year 2020 brought a big concern for the global community because of COVID-19, which affected every sector of society, and tourism is no exception. Researchers across the globe are publishing their studies related to different dimensions of tourism in the context of COVID-19, and images have formed an essential component of their research. In tourism, images related to COVID-19 can open new dimensions for scholars. The main aim of the research is to measure the retrieval effectiveness of three image search engines (ISEs), that is, Bing Images, Google Images and Yahoo Image Search, concerning images related to COVID-19 and tourism. The study attempts to identify the capability of the ISEs to retrieve the desired and actual images related to COVID-19 and tourism. The PubMed Central (PMC) Database was consulted to retrieve the desired images and develop a testbed. The advanced search feature of PMC Database was explored by typing the search terms ‘COVID-19’ and ‘Tourism’ using ‘AND’ operator to make the search more comprehensive. Both the terms were searched against the ‘Figure/Table’ caption to retrieve papers carrying images related to COVID-19 and tourism. Queries were executed across the select ISEs, that is, Bing Images, Google Images and Yahoo Image Search. Retrieved images were individually analysed against the original image from the articles to determine the Precision, Relative Recall, F-Measure and Fallout Ratio. The format of the images in JPG/JPEG, besides checking the original image rank in the retrieved lot, was also ascertained. Bing Images scores more in terms of Mean Precision, followed by Google Images and Yahoo Image Search. For the Relative Recall measure, Google Images scores high, followed by Bing Images and Yahoo Image Search, respectively. Regarding F-Measure and Fallout Ratio, Bing Images outperforms Google Images and Yahoo Image Search. In retrieving the sought format of JPG/JPEG, Google Images performs best, followed by Yahoo Image Search and Bing Images. Google Images produces the original image at the first rank on more than one occasion. In contrast, Bing Images retrieves the original image at the first rank in two instances. Yahoo Images performs poorly over this metric as it does not retrieve any original image at the first rank on any other instance. The study cannot be generalised as the scope is only limited to the images indexed by PMC. Furthermore, the retrieval effectiveness of only three ISEs is measured. The study is the first to measure the retrieval effectiveness of ISEs in retrieving images related to the COVID-19 pandemic and tourism. The study can be extended across other image-indexing databases pertinent to tourism studies, and the retrieval effectiveness of other ISEs can also be considered.

Youth entrepreneurial intentions: an integrated model of individual and contextual factors

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify factors instrumental in developing entrepreneurial intentions among youth. Although, numerous studies have been conducted focusing on entrepreneurship intention, however, this study attempts to provide an integrated model by means of analyzing the impact of internal (personal) and external (environmental) factors in developing entrepreneurial intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

This cross-sectional study is based on primary and secondary data. A sample of 358 respondents belonging to the age group of 21–25 years from various universities and colleges in Kashmir participated in the study. Primary data collection was done using self-administered questionnaires. A purposive sampling approach was used to identify respondents for the current study. Structural equation modeling has been used for testing hypotheses besides other statistical methods and techniques.

Findings

The study identifies three important antecedents of entrepreneurship intentions, namely, personal competencies, contextual factors and entrepreneurial exposure and tests the relationships using path analysis. It further suggests that there exists a significant relationship between personal competencies, entrepreneurial exposure, contextual elements and entrepreneurial intention.

Originality/value

The paper presents an integrated and comprehensive model of entrepreneurial intentions discussing important antecedents instrumental in developing entrepreneurship intentions among youth considering both personal and environmental factors. It is, therefore, an important contribution toward entrepreneurship literature and of interest to different policymakers and institutions related to entrepreneurship.

Fake News Mapping the Fakeness through Scholarly Output Lenses

The study attempts to map the trends across the scholarly publications published in the field of “Fake News.” Data were collected from one of the extensive indexing/abstracting services, Web of Science, the top indexing/abstracting service and a proprietary of Clarivate Analytics. The study reveals that the research on “Fake News” is mainly published as “articles” in English. Research on “Fake News” in terms of publication count and citation score shows a steady increase. “Lecture Notes in Computer Science,” “Professional De La Informacion,” and “New Media Society” stay as the prioritised platforms for researchers to publish their research. “Computer Science,” “Communication,” “Engineering,” “Information Science and Library Science,” and “Government Law” are the prioritised research domains in which research on “Fake News” stays a high priority. The highest number of articles are published from the U.S.A. The U.S.A., England, and Germany have the highest collaboration (links) with other countries, and the USA-China collaboration ranks first. Arizona State University is the top-ranked institute with the highest number of articles published on “Fake News,” and “Pennycook G” stays the most productive author. Six hundred ninety funding agencies support the funded research papers with The National Science Foundation N.S.F., U.S.A. as the top sponsor.

Identifying the Barriers of Delayed Presentation in Pakistani Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Care at Tertiary Hospital

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in females worldwide and second leading cause of cancer related death among women. In Pakistan, 1 in 8 women would develop breast cancer at some stage of their life. Aim: Delay in seeking health care by breast cancer patients is associated with advanced stage of disease and poor survival rate. This study aimed at identifying the barriers of delayed presentation and their association with various sociodemographic variables. Methods: A total of 200 female patients with abnormal breast finding were randomly selected. Delay was defined as, consultation with health care provider by more than 3 months from the appearance of first symptoms. Sociodemographic variables, symptoms, time interval between seeking medical attention and appearance of symptoms and causes of the delayed presentation were inquired. Data were statistically evaluated by χ2 and logistic regression tests for significance and association. Results: Among 125 breast cancer women fulfilling inclusion criteria, aged 24-75 years, 88.8% (n = 111) of patients presented late (>3 months) and 59% of them were presented advanced stage (stage III/IV) of disease. Majority of them were older than 40 years (65.6%) age, 99.2% married, 60.8% under matriculation, 67.2% had poor social status, 64.8% had a negative family history of any cancer type. 96% of patients complained presence of a painless lump in their breast. Ignorance of disease or presence of painless lumps in the breast and low financial resources for therapy (81.1%) were the main causes of delayed presentation. Moreover, educational factor ( P < 0.000, OR, 4.682) and social status ( P < 0.001, OR, 95% CI) were also associated with delayed presentation. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the reasons of delayed presentation in Pakistani breast cancer patients. The significant number of patients presented late due to misconceptions and poor knowledge about the disease and its symptoms while illiteracy and poor social status were the major contributing factors toward delayed presentation which lead to advanced stage of disease and ultimately decreased survival rate.