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Daneshvar F, Salehi F, Karimi M, Vais RD, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Sattarahmady N. Combined X-ray radiotherapy and laser photothermal therapy of melanoma cancer cells using dual-sensitization of platinum nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol B 2019; 203:111737. [PMID: 31862636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanostructures are promising agents sensitizing by laser light and X-ray in photothermal therapy (PTT) and radiotherapy (RT) of cancer that improve treatment strategies of cancer. Nanoscale platinum materials are favorable in nanomedicine applications. In this study, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) were synthesized and applied for cancer therapy upon 808-nm laser light and X-ray radiation, or their combination. Two power densities of laser (1.0 and 1.5 W cm-2) and three X-ray doses (2, 4 and 6 Gy) were selected for irradiation of B16/F10 cell line at 24 and 72 h-post treatment. The synthesized PtNPs had a spherical shape with a diameter of 12.2 ± 0.7 nm, and were cytocompatible up to 250 μg mL-1. A photothermal conversion activity in a concentration-dependent manner at 72 h-post treatment was observed. Also, PtNPs represented cytotoxicity upon X-ray radiation doses of 2, 4, and 6 Gy after 24 h, while, 72-h time passing led to deeper outcomes. Dual radiation of laser light and X-ray into PtNPs considerably improved the treatment via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. PtNPs can act as a novel dual absorber of laser light and X-ray, a common sensitizer, for treatment of cancer. The results of this study can be considered after further clinical investigations for treatment of tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Daneshvar
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - F Salehi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Karimi
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - R Dehdari Vais
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M A Mosleh-Shirazi
- Radiotherapy Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N Sattarahmady
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Salehi F, Daneshvar F, Karimi M, Dehdari Vais R, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Sattarahmady N. Enhanced melanoma cell-killing by combined phototherapy/radiotherapy using a mesoporous platinum nanostructure. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:300-307. [PMID: 31606514 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal nanomaterials have a significant potential as photosensitizer and radiosensitizer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of a platinum mesoporous nanostructure (Pt MN) toward a melanoma cancer cell line upon combined laser radiation (808 nm, 1 and 1.5 W cm-2) and X-ray irradiation (6 MV, 2, 4, and 6 Gy). METHODS Pt MN was synthesized by a simple procedure and characterized by field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A mouse malignant melanoma cell line C540 (B16/F10) was treated with Pt MN, laser light and/or X-ray. RESULTS Pt MN had a mesoporous structure with a sponge-resemble shape comprised of ensembles of very small adhered particles of <11 nm and about 5-nm pores. While Pt MN represented a low toxicity toward and considerable uptake into the cell line in a concentration range of 10-100 μg mL-1, laser light radiation alone was also not toxic, and X-ray irradiation alone induced a limited toxicity, Pt MN was toxic against the cells in a dose dependent manner upon laser light radiation, X-ray irradiation, or their combined exposure. The killing efficacy of Pt MN upon X-ray irradiation was more obvious at 72 h post-treatment. The combined exposure (laser radiation followed by X-ray irradiation) led to a deep cell killing and a very low melanoma cell viability (∼1%). Significant melanoma cancer cell killing of Pt MN was due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production upon combined exposure of laser and X-ray, while cell killing upon laser light radiation was due to heat generation. CONCLUSION Pt MN was introduced as a supreme laser/X-ray sensitizer for treatment of cancer with a high ability to produce ROS and a potent impact on decreasing cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Salehi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - F Daneshvar
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Karimi
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - R Dehdari Vais
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M A Mosleh-Shirazi
- Physics Unit, Department of Radio-Oncology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N Sattarahmady
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Mohammadi S, Gholamin M, Mohammadi M, Mansouri A, Mahmoodian R, Attari S, Kebriaei SM, Zibaei B, Roshanaei M, Daneshvar F, Khandehro M, Khodadadegan MA, Delshad A, Mohammadzadeh F, Peyvandi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Tavallaie S, Boroumand-Noughabi S, Ferns GAA. Down-regulation of CatSper 1 and CatSper 2 genes by lead and mercury. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 59:82-86. [PMID: 29549816 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the study of the expression of CatSper genes, consideration of the effects of environmental metal toxicity is very important. Therefore, in this study, the effects of lead acetate and mercury chloride exposure on expression of CatSper genes, sperm parameters, histology of testis and prooxidant antioxidant balance (PAB) values of serum were investigated. A total of 28 mice was divided into four groups. The control group did not receive injections. The sham group received normal saline intraperitoneally. Lead and mercury groups were injected 60 and 1.25 mg/kg/daily lead acetate and mercury chloride respectively intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. After 35 days, the sperm analysis and histology of left testis were performed. In addition, serum was obtained to measure the PAB values. The right testis was used for molecular analysis of real-time PCR. Administration with either lead acetate or mercury caused significant damage to the seminiferous tubules as well as a reduction in sperm parameters compared to the control group. The relative expression of CatSper 1 and CatSper 2 in the lead group was lower than that of the control group (-0.01 ± 0.24, -0.007 ± 0.52 vs. 1 ± 0.50, P = 0.34). The relative expression of CatSper 1 and CatSper 2 was significantly lower in the mercury group compared to the control ones (-0.24 ± 2.28, -4.49 ± 4.86 vs. 1 ± 0.50, P = 0.21). PAB values significantly increased in lead or mercury exposed- mice compared to the control ones (0.93 ± 0.17, 1.54 ± 0.17 vs. 0.51 ± 0.11; P ≤ 0.000). The results of this study showed that administration with either lead acetate or mercury chloride caused degenerative damage in seminiferous tubules and reduction in sperm quality and expression of CatSper 1, 2 genes in mice. Therefore, it is possible in infertile men who have had exposure to lead acetate or mercury chloride. Owing to structural similarities, these metals are substitutes for calcium ions and have effects on calcium channels. These cause immobility in sperm by blocking CatSper-specific calcium channels. However, more studies are required to elucidate the mechanism underlying the impact of different doses of heavy metals on CatSper genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh Mohammadi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Gholamin
- Bou-ali Research Institute, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Mohammadi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mansouri
- Department of Nanomedicine, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - R Mahmoodian
- Bou-ali Research Institute, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Attari
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S M Kebriaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
| | - B Zibaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - M Roshanaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - F Daneshvar
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - M Khandehro
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - M A Khodadadegan
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - A Delshad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - F Mohammadzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Peyvandi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Biochemistry of Nutritional Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Tavallaie
- Biochemistry of Nutritional Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Gordon A A Ferns
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Guy Hilton Research Center, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
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Mohammadi S, Gholamin M, Mansouri A, Mahmoodian RS, Babazadeh B, Kebriaei SM, Zibaei B, Roshanaei M, Daneshvar F, Khandehro M, Khodadadegan MA, Delshad A, Mohammadzadeh F, Mohammadi M, Sadeghi S, Shoeibi S, Boroumand-Noughabi S, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Tavallaie S, Vafaei A, Ferns GAA. Effect of cadmium and nickel on expression of CatSper 1 and 2 genes in mice. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1350192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mohammadi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Gholamin
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atena Mansouri
- Student Research Commiitte, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sadat Mahmoodian
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Beheshte Babazadeh
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Kebriaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Behdad Zibaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Roshanaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Daneshvar
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Khandehro
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Delshad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadeghi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Shoeibi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Biochemistry of Nutritional Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Tavallaie
- Biochemistry of Nutritional Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azadeh Vafaei
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Daneshvar F, Baziar H, Karkehabadi H, Jafarzadeh H, Bhandi S, Patil S. Mandibular First Premolars with One Root and Three Canals: A Case Series. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:519-22. [PMID: 26323457 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of extra canals in mandibular premolars is quite low; however, it must be taken into account in clinical and radiographic evaluations during root canal treatment. This case series describes the presence of one root and three canals in mandibular premolars in three patients. The case series underlines the importance of complete knowledge about root canal morphology and possible variations to increase the ability of clinicians to treat difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Daneshvar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hani Baziar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamed Karkehabadi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamid Jafarzadeh
- Associate Professor, Department of Endodontics, Dental Research Center Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakilabad Blvd Mashhad, Po Box: 91735-984, Iran Phone: +98-511-8829501, e-mail: ,
| | - Shilpa Bhandi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Moradi S, Disfani R, Baziar H, Daneshvar F, Jafarzadeh H. Master file size and apical transportation in severely curved root canals. N Z Dent J 2014; 110:126-129. [PMID: 25597191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A curvature leads to asymmetrical removal of root dentine, which results in an increase in the incidence of canal transportation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of master apical file (MAF) size on the apical transportation (AT) of teeth with severe canal curvatures. METHODS Thirty-six mesial roots of human mandibular first molars were included. Inclusion criteria consisted of mature roots with closed apices, absence of carious lesions and resorptions, and root canal curvatures (CC) of 45 degrees < CC < 60 degrees. The root canals were prepared using a crown-down pressureless technique. The samples were equally divided into groups A, B, and C based on MAF size: group A: MAF size equivalent to #20; group B: MAF size equivalent to #25, and group C: MAF size equivalent to #30. Cone beam computed tomography was used to evaluate the AT. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the AT between the canals with different curvature angles up to MAF size #30 (P = 0.55). CONCLUSION Using flexible hand files for canal preparation, an increase in MAF size up to #30 does not significantly influence AT in severely curved canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moradi
- Department of Endodontics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Moradi S, Disfani R, Baziar H, Daneshvar F, Jafarzadeh H. Use of fluid filtration method to evaluate the effect of master cone size on the apical seal of severely curved root canals. J Oral Sci 2014; 55:93-8. [PMID: 23748447 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.55.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The apical third of most root canals shows some degree of curvature, which is important in cleaning/shaping and obturation during root canal treatment. The present study evaluated the effect of master cone size on the apical seal of severely curved root canals. Thirty-eight mesial roots of human mandibular first molars were prepared using the crown-down technique. All samples were mature roots with closed apices, had no carious lesions or resorption, and had a canal curvature of > 45º to 60º. Two samples were used as a negative and positive control to evaluate the fluid filtration equipment, and the remaining 36 samples were equally divided into groups A, B, and C based on master cone size, namely, gutta-percha #20, #25, and #30, respectively. The fluid filtration method was used to evaluate microleakage. No significant difference in microleakage was observed among groups (P = 0.31). In conclusion, an increase in master cone size up to #30 does not significantly influence apical microleakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Moradi
- Dental Material Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Baziar H, Daneshvar F, Mohammadi A, Jafarzadeh H. Endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with four canals in a distal root by using cone-beam computed tomography: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2014; 5:e5. [PMID: 24817995 PMCID: PMC4007371 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2014.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Aberrations in the root canal anatomy are
clinically challenging for clinicians. Mandibular first molars usually
have 2 roots and 3 or 4 canals, but various combinations may exist. A
distal root with three canals is rare and its incidence in literature is
about 0.2 - 3%. As a diagnostic tool, cone-beam computed tomography
(CBCT) may be a better choice for diagnosis of extra roots or canals
comparing to conventional radiography. Methods An
endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with six canals was performed.
CBCT was used to confirm the diagnosis and to understand the morphology of the
canals. Results Evaluation of the axial and coronal slices of CBCT
images confirmed the presence of 2 roots and 6 canals. The distal root had four
distinct root canal orifices with two apical foramens, being described as type
XIV canal configuration. Conclusions Dentists should be aware of
unexpected canal morphology when performing endodontic treatment. The present
case demonstrated the use of CBCT in diagnosis and negotiation of extra canals
in a mandibular first molar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Baziar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan Iran
| | - Farzaneh Daneshvar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan Iran
| | - Hamid Jafarzadeh
- Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran
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Khalilak Z, Vatanpour M, Javidi M, Mafi M, Afkhami F, Daneshvar F. The Effect of Blood on Apical Microleakage of Epiphany and AH26: An In Vitro Study. Iran Endod J 2011; 6:60-4. [PMID: 24778686 PMCID: PMC4000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED INTRODUCTION Blood contamination of the canal during preparation can be a major problem in endodontics; this may result in apical microleakage. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of blood on apical microleakage of a resin-based root canal sealer (AH26) and a polymer-based root canal sealer (Epiphany). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, 50 decoronated central incisors and canine teeth were prepared by RaCe rotary system and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10). Groups A1 and A2 were obturated by Epiphany/Resilon and AH26/Gutta-percha, respectively. The obturations were performed with a single cone technique after drying root canals. In B1 and B2 groups, the test groups, 0.02cc citrated human blood was injected into dried root canals and they were obturated in the same manner. Ten specimens were served as positive and negative controls (n=5).The apical leakage was measured by means of a computerized fluid filtration method after 1 day and 3 weeks. The data was analyzed by One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Independent Sample t-test and univariate analysis. Statistical significances were preset at α=0.05. RESULTS There was no significant difference in apical microleakage of the two sealers after 1 day and 3 weeks in dry and blood environment (P>0.05). Sealer and environment had no interaction (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Blood contamination has no significant effect on the apical microleakage of Epiphny and AH26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Khalilak
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Vatanpour
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author at: Mehdi Vatanpour, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-2122564571. Fax: +98-2122564577. E-mail:
| | - Maryam Javidi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental Material Research Center/Dental School, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Afkhami
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Daneshvar
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran
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