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Malkawi W, Lutfi A, Afghan MK, Shah LM, Costandy L, Ramirez AB, George TC, Toor F, Salem AK, Kasi PM. Circulating tumour cell enumeration, biomarker analyses, and kinetics in patients with colorectal cancer and other GI malignancies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1305181. [PMID: 38044994 PMCID: PMC10693413 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1305181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Most of the work in terms of liquid biopsies in patients with solid tumors is focused on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility of using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood samples from patients with advanced or metastatic gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Methods In this prospective study, blood samples were collected from each patient in 2 AccuCyte® blood collection tubes and each tube underwent CTC analysis performed utilizing the RareCyte® platform. The results from both tubes were averaged and a total of 150 draws were done, with 281 unique reported results. The cadence of sampling was based on convenience sampling and piggybacked onto days of actual clinical follow-ups and treatment visits. The CTC results were correlated with patient- and tumor-related variables. Results Data from a total of 59 unique patients were included in this study. Patients had a median age of 58 years, with males representing 69% of the study population. More than 57% had received treatment prior to taking blood samples. The type of GI malignancy varied, with more than half the patients having colorectal cancer (CRC, 54%) followed by esophageal/gastric cancer (17%). The least common cancer was cholangiocarcinoma (9%). The greatest number of CTCs were found in patients with colorectal cancer (Mean: 15.8 per 7.5 ml; Median: 7.5 per 7.5 ml). In comparison, patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) had considerably fewer CTCs (Mean: 4.2 per 7.5 ml; Median: 3 per 7.5 ml). Additionally, we found that patients receiving treatment had significantly fewer CTCs than patients who were not receiving treatment (Median 2.7 versus 0.7). CTC numbers showed noteworthy disparities between patients with responding/stable disease in comparison to those with untreated/progressive disease (Median of 2.7 versus 0). When CTCs were present, biomarker analyses of the four markers human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/Kiel 67 (Ki-67)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was feasible. Single cell sequencing confirmed the tumor of origin. Conclusion Our study is one of the first prospective real-time studies evaluating CTCs in patients with GI malignancies. While ctDNA-based analyses are more common in clinical trials and practice, CTC analysis provides complementary information from a liquid biopsy perspective that is of value and worthy of continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walla Malkawi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Areeb Lutfi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maaz Khan Afghan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lamisha Mashiyat Shah
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Fatima Toor
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Pashtoon Murtaza Kasi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Duan W, Zhi H, Keefe DW, Gao B, LeFevre GH, Toor F. Sensitive and Specific Detection of Estrogens Featuring Doped Silicon Nanowire Arrays. ACS Omega 2022; 7:47341-47348. [PMID: 36570182 PMCID: PMC9774403 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens and estrogen-mimicking compounds in the aquatic environment are known to cause negative impacts to both ecosystems and human health. In this initial proof-of-principle study, we developed a novel vertically oriented silicon nanowire (vSiNW) array-based biosensor for low-cost, highly sensitive and selective detection of estrogens. The vSiNW arrays were formed using an inexpensive and scalable metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) process. A vSiNW array-based p-n junction diode (vSiNW-diode) transducer design for the biosensor was used and functionalized via 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-based silane chemistry to bond estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) to the surface of the vSiNWs. Following receptor conjugation, the biosensors were exposed to increasing concentrations of estradiol (E2), resulting in a well-calibrated sensor response (R 2 ≥ 0.84, 1-100 ng/mL concentration range). Fluorescence measurements quantified the distribution of estrogen receptors across the vSiNW array compared to planar Si, indicating an average of 7 times higher receptor presence on the vSiNW array surface. We tested the biosensor's target selectivity by comparing it to another estrogen (estrone [E1]) and an androgen (testosterone), where we measured a high positive electrical biosensor response after E1 exposure and a minimal response after testosterone. The regeneration capacity of the biosensor was tested following three successive rinses with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) between hormone exposure. Traditional horizontally oriented Si NW field effect transistor (hSiNW-FET)-based biosensors report electrical current changes at the nanoampere (nA) level that require bulky and expensive measurement equipment making them unsuitable for field measurements, whereas the reported vSiNW-diode biosensor exhibits current changes in the microampere (μA) range, demonstrating up to 100-fold electrical signal amplification, thus enabling sensor signal measurement using inexpensive electronics. The highly sensitive and specific vSiNW-diode biosensor developed here will enable the creation of low-cost, portable, field-deployable biosensors that can detect estrogenic compounds in waterways in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Duan
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, 205 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa
Technology Institute, University of Iowa, 330 South Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hui Zhi
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United
States
- IIHR−Hydroscience
& Engineering, 100
C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa
City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Daniel W. Keefe
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, 205 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa
Technology Institute, University of Iowa, 330 South Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Bingtao Gao
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, 205 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa
Technology Institute, University of Iowa, 330 South Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gregory H. LeFevre
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United
States
- IIHR−Hydroscience
& Engineering, 100
C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa
City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Fatima Toor
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, 205 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa
Technology Institute, University of Iowa, 330 South Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Gao B, Rojas Chavez AA, Malkawi WI, Keefe DW, Smith R, Haim H, Salem AK, Toor F. Sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using vertically-oriented silicon nanowire array-based biosensor. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 2022; 36:100487. [PMID: 35340912 PMCID: PMC8937609 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused tremendous damage to the world. In order to quickly and accurately diagnose the virus and contain the spread, there is a need for rapid, sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective SARS-CoV-2 biosensors. In this paper, we report on a novel biosensor based on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2)-conjugated vertically-oriented silicon nanowire (vSiNW) arrays that can detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with high sensitivity and selectivity relative to negative controls. First, we demonstrate the efficacy of using ACE-2 receptor to detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via a capture assay test, which confirms high specificity of ACE-2 against the mock protein, and high affinity between the spike and ACE-2. We then report on results for ACE-2-conjugated vSiNW arrays where the biosensor device architecture is based on a p-n junction transducer. We confirm via analytical modeling that the transduction mechanism of the biosensor involves induced surface charge depletion of the vSiNWs due to negative electrostatic surface potential induced by the spike protein after binding with ACE-2. This vSiNW surface charge modulation is measured via current-voltage characteristics of the functionalized biosensor. Calibrated concentration dependent electrical response of the vSiNW sensor confirms the limit-of-detection for virus spike concentration of 100 ng/ml (or 575 pM). The vSiNW sensor also exhibits highly specific response to the spike protein with respect to negative controls, offering a promising point-of-care detection method for SARS-CoV-2.
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Larson E, Hines M, Tanas M, Miller B, Coleman M, Toor F. Mid-infrared absorption by soft tissue sarcoma and cell ablation utilizing a mid-infrared interband cascade laser. J Biomed Opt 2021; 26:JBO-210040SSR. [PMID: 33884777 PMCID: PMC8058894 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.4.043012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mid-infrared (MIR) light refers to wavelengths ranging from 3 to 30 μm and is the most attractive spectral region for ablation of soft and hard tissues. This is because building blocks of biological tissue, such as water, proteins, and lipids, exhibit molecular vibrational modes in the MIR wavelengths that result in strong MIR light absorption. To date, researchers investigating MIR lasers for surgical applications have used bulky light sources, such as free electron lasers, nonlinear light generators, and carbon dioxide lasers. We demonstrate the use of a tiny (a few microns wide, a few millimeters long) MIR interband cascade laser (ICL) for surgical thermal ablation applications. AIM Our goal is to demonstrate the use of an ICL for surgical thermal ablation and demonstrate its efficacy in ablating normal fibroblasts and primary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma tumor cells (C1619). APPROACH We conducted Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of healthy and cancerous tissue samples, which indicated that the absorption of tumor tissue is higher than healthy tissue around 3.3-μm wavelength. These results enabled us to select an ICL emission wavelength, λ, of 3.3 μm to probe normal fibroblast and primary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma cell survival after ICL exposure. RESULTS We show that the absorption of tumorous tissue is higher than that of healthy tissues around the 3-μm MIR wavelength. We demonstrate that the ICL is able to ablate cancer cells at very low-power levels that can be clinically implemented but that this effect does not appear to be specific to C1619 when compared to normal fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that ICLs may represent an exciting new avenue toward precise laser-based thermal ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Larson
- University of Iowa, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Madeline Hines
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Munir Tanas
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Pathology, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Benjamin Miller
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Mitchell Coleman
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Fatima Toor
- University of Iowa, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Experimental Therapeutics Program, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Rytlewski JD, Scalora N, Garcia K, Tanas M, Toor F, Miller B, Allen B, Milhem M, Monga V. Photodynamic Therapy Using Hippo Pathway Inhibitor Verteporfin: A Potential Dual Mechanistic Approach in Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040675. [PMID: 33567506 PMCID: PMC7915813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Advanced sarcomas have yet to undergo improved outcomes seen in other cancer subtypes. Verteporfin has the potential to show landmark change in sarcoma due to its anti-proliferative properties: inhibition of the Hippo pathway and as photodynamic therapy. The effect of verteporfin on the Hippo pathway is reviewed specifically in the setting of sarcoma due to increased activation of this pathway in multiple subtypes. Role and efficacy of photodynamic therapy in other malignancies is also reviewed, with additional discussion of preclinical studies demonstrating synergistic effects of photodynamic therapy within current sarcoma standard of care treatment. Future investigations of the feasibility of incorporating verteporfin into sarcoma treatment are discussed. Abstract Sarcoma is a widely varied and devastating oncological subtype, with overall five-year survival of 65% that drops to 16% with the presence of metastatic disease at diagnosis. Standard of care for localized sarcomas is predicated on local control with wide-local resection and radiation therapy, or, less commonly, chemotherapy, depending on tumor subtype. Verteporfin has the potential to be incorporated into this standard of care due to its unique molecular properties: inhibition of the upregulated Hippo pathway that frequently drives soft tissue sarcoma and photodynamic therapy-mediated necrosis due to oxidative damage. The initial anti-proliferative effect of verteporfin is mediated via binding and dissociation of YAP/TEAD proteins from the nucleus, ultimately leading to decreased cell proliferation as demonstrated in multiple in vitro studies. This effect has the potential to be compounded with use of photodynamic therapy to directly induce cellular necrosis with use of a clinical laser. Photodynamic therapy has been incorporated into multiple malignancies and has the potential to be incorporated into sarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Scalora
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (N.S.); (K.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Keith Garcia
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (N.S.); (K.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Munir Tanas
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (N.S.); (K.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Fatima Toor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa Technology Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Benjamin Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Bryan Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Marrow Transplant, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Varun Monga
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Marrow Transplant, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-3-193-849-497
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Jelinek S, Toor F, Becker K, Smith K, Schindel B, Puoplo N, Hebert C, Winik B, Mann N, Ambler L, Birbiglia C, Stengel A, Hodo LN, Tenore C, Katz C. Building Inclusive Healthcare for LGBTQ+ Youth: Improving the Collection and Utilization of Patients’ Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) Information, Preferred Names and Gender Pronouns in a Pediatric Clinic. Journal of Scientific Innovation in Medicine 2020. [DOI: 10.29024/jsim.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zhang K, Li X, Dai W, Toor F, Prineas JP. Carrier Recombination in the Base, Interior, and Surface of InAs/InAlAs Core-Shell Nanowires Grown on Silicon. Nano Lett 2019; 19:4272-4278. [PMID: 31244233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on carrier recombination within self-catalyzed InAs/InAlAs core-shell nanowires (NWs), disentangling recombination rates at the ends, sidewalls, and interior of the NWs. Ultrafast optical pump-probe spectroscopy measurements were performed from 77-293 K on the free-standing, variable-sized NWs grown on lattice-mismatched Si(111) substrates, independently varying NW length and diameter. We found NW carrier recombination in the interior is nontrivial compared to the surface recombination, especially at 293 K. Surface recombination is dominated by carrier recombination at the NW sidewall, while contributions from the highly strained, impure NW base are negligible.
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8
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Wang Q, Raglione M, Li B, Jin X, Toor F, Arnold M, Ding H. High Throughput Laser Process of Transparent Conducting Surfaces for Terahertz Bandpass Ultrathin Metamaterials. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3083. [PMID: 30816138 PMCID: PMC6395646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) imaging has attracted much attention within the past decade as an emerging nondestructive evaluation technique. In this paper, we present a novel Laser-based Metamaterial Fabrication (LMF) process for high-throughput fabrication of transparent conducting surfaces on dielectric substrates such as glass, quartz and polymers to achieve tunable THz bandpass characteristics. The LMF process comprises two steps: (1) applying ultrathin-film metal deposition, with a typical thickness of 10 nm, on the dielectric substrate; (2) creating a ~100-micron feature pattern on the metal film using nanosecond pulsed laser ablation. Our results demonstrate the use of laser-textured ultra-thin film with newly integrated functional capabilities: (a) highly conductive with ~20 Ω/sq sheet resistance, (b) optically transparent with ~70% transmittance within visible spectrum, and (c) tunable bandpass filtering effect in the THz frequency range. A numerical analysis is performed to help determine the fundamental mechanism of THz bandpass filtering for the LMF-built samples. The scientific findings from this work render an economical and scalable manufacturing technique capable of treating large surface area for multi-functional metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Michaella Raglione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Baojia Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Fatima Toor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Mark Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Hongtao Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
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Li X, Zhang K, Treu J, Stampfer L, Koblmueller G, Toor F, Prineas JP. Contactless Optical Characterization of Carrier Dynamics in Free-Standing InAs-InAlAs Core-Shell Nanowires on Silicon. Nano Lett 2019; 19:990-996. [PMID: 30620205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contactless time-resolved optical pump-probe and external quantum efficiency measurements were performed in epitaxially grown free-standing wurtzite indium arsenide/indium aluminum arsenide (InAs-InAlAs) core-shell nanowires on Si (111) substrate from 77 to 293 K. The first independent investigation of Shockley-Read-Hall, radiative, and Auger recombination in InAs-based NWs is presented. Although the Shockley-Read-Hall recombination coefficient was found to be at least 2 orders of magnitude larger than the average experimental values of other reported InAs materials, the Auger recombination coefficient was reported to be 10-fold smaller. The very low Auger and high radiative rates result in an estimated peak internal quantum efficiency of the core-shell nanowires as high as 22% at 77 K, making these nanowires of potential interest for high-efficiency mid-infrared emitters. A greater than 2-fold enhancement in minority carrier lifetime was observed from capping nanowires with a thin InAlAs shell due to the passivation of surface defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julian Treu
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physics Department , Technical University Munich , Garching 85748 , Germany
| | - Lukas Stampfer
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physics Department , Technical University Munich , Garching 85748 , Germany
| | - Gregor Koblmueller
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physics Department , Technical University Munich , Garching 85748 , Germany
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Toor F, Jackson S, Shang X, Arafin S, Yang H. Mid-infrared Lasers for Medical Applications: introduction to the feature issue. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:6255-6257. [PMID: 31065426 PMCID: PMC6491011 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This feature issue contains a series of papers that report the most recent advances in the field of mid-infrared light sources used for medical applications, including tissue imaging, reconstruction, excision, and ablation. Many biomolecular compounds have strong resonances in the mid-infrared region and medicine is ideally suited to exploit this. The precision, sterility, and versatility of light in mid-infrared is opening more opportunities and this feature issue captures some of the most exciting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Toor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center - Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Stuart Jackson
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Shamsul Arafin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Arafin S, Toor F, Hong P, Xu K. Near- to mid-IR (1-13 μm) III-V semiconductor lasers: introduction to the feature issue. Appl Opt 2017; 56:NIR1-NIR2. [PMID: 29091670 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.00nir1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This feature issue reports on the most recent advances in the field of III-V semiconductor lasers emitting in the near- to mid-IR spectral regions, with a particular focus on devices with an emission wavelength range between 1 and 13 μm.
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Jantzen CE, Toor F, Annunziato KA, Cooper KR. Effects of chronic perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) at low concentration on morphometrics, gene expression, and fecundity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Reprod Toxicol 2017; 69:34-42. [PMID: 28143724 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent, toxic, anthropogenic chemical recalcitrant to biodegradation. Based on previous studies in lower and higher vertebrates, it was hypothesized that chronic, sub-lethal, embryonic exposure to PFOA in zebrafish (Danio rerio) would adversely impact fish development, survival, and fecundity. Zebrafish embryo/sac-fry were water exposed to 2.0 or 0nM PFOA from 3 to 120hpf, and juvenile to adult cohorts were fed spiked food (8 pM) until 6 months. After chronic exposure, PFOA exposed fish were significantly smaller in total weight and length. Gene expression analysis found a significant decrease of transporters slco2b1, slco4a1, slco3a1 and tgfb1a, and a significant increase of slco1d1 expression. PFOA exposed fish produced significantly fewer eggs with reduced viability and developmental stage delay in F1. Chronic, low-dose exposure of zebrafish to PFOA significantly altered normal development, survival and fecundity and would likely impact wild fish population fitness in watersheds chronically exposed to PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Jantzen
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Fatima Toor
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kate A Annunziato
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Keith R Cooper
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Toor F, Miller JB, Davidson LM, Nichols L, Duan W, Jura MP, Yim J, Forziati J, Black MR. Nanostructured silicon via metal assisted catalyzed etch (MACE): chemistry fundamentals and pattern engineering. Nanotechnology 2016; 27:412003. [PMID: 27609489 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/41/412003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There are a range of different methods to generate a nanostructured surface on silicon (Si) but the most cost effective and optically interesting is the metal assisted wet chemical etching (MACE) (Koynov et al 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 203107). MACE of Si is a controllable, room-temperature wet-chemical technique that uses a thin layer of metal to etch the surface of Si, leaving behind various nano- and micro-scale surface features or 'black silicon'. MACE-fabricated nanowires (NWs) provide improved antireflection and light trapping functionality (Toor et al 2016 Nanoscale 8 15448-66) compared with the traditional 'iso-texturing' (Campbell and Green 1987 J. Appl. Phys. 62 243-9). The resulting lower reflection and improved light trapping can lead to higher short circuit currents in NW solar cells (Toor et al 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 103501). In addition, NW cells can have higher fill factors and voltages than traditionally processed cells, thus leading to increased solar cell efficiencies (Cabrera et al 2013 IEEE J. Photovolt. 3 102-7). MACE NW processing also has synergy with next generation Si solar cell designs, such as thin epitaxial-Si and passivated emitter rear contact (Toor et al 2016 Nanoscale 8 15448-66). While several companies have begun manufacturing black Si, and many more are researching these techniques, much of the work has not been published in traditional journals and is publicly available only through conference proceedings and patent publications, which makes learning the field challenging. There have been three specialized review articles published recently on certain aspects of MACE or black Si, but do not present a full review that would benefit the industry (Liu et al 2014 Energy Environ. Sci. 7 3223-63; Yusufoglu et al 2015 IEEE J. Photovolt. 5 320-8; Huang et al 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 285-308). In this feature article, we review the chemistry of MACE and explore how changing parameters in the wet etch process effects the resulting texture on the Si surface. Then we review efforts to increase the uniformity and reproducibility of the MACE process, which is critical for commercializing the black Si technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Toor
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. University of Iowa Informatics Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Toor F, Miller JB, Davidson LM, Duan W, Jura MP, Yim J, Forziati J, Black MR. Metal assisted catalyzed etched (MACE) black Si: optics and device physics. Nanoscale 2016; 8:15448-15466. [PMID: 27533490 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04506e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal-assisted catalyzed etching (MACE) of silicon (Si) is a controllable, room-temperature wet-chemical technique that uses a thin layer of metal to etch the surface of Si, leaving behind various nano- and micro-scale surface features, including nanowires (NWs), that can be tuned to achieve various useful engineering goals, in particular with respect to Si solar cells. In this review, we introduce the science and technology of MACE from the literature, and provide an in-depth analysis of MACE to enhance Si solar cells, including the outlook for commercial applications of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Toor
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA and Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA and Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA and University of Iowa Informatics Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA and Advanced Silicon Group, 173 Bedford Road, Lincoln, MA 01773, USA.
| | - Jeffrey B Miller
- Bandgap Engineering Inc., 13 Garabedian Drive, Salem, NH 03079, USA
| | - Lauren M Davidson
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA and Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA and University of Iowa Informatics Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wenqi Duan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA and Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA and University of Iowa Informatics Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael P Jura
- Bandgap Engineering Inc., 13 Garabedian Drive, Salem, NH 03079, USA
| | - Joanne Yim
- Bandgap Engineering Inc., 13 Garabedian Drive, Salem, NH 03079, USA
| | - Joanne Forziati
- Advanced Silicon Group, 173 Bedford Road, Lincoln, MA 01773, USA. and Bandgap Engineering Inc., 13 Garabedian Drive, Salem, NH 03079, USA
| | - Marcie R Black
- Advanced Silicon Group, 173 Bedford Road, Lincoln, MA 01773, USA. and Bandgap Engineering Inc., 13 Garabedian Drive, Salem, NH 03079, USA
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Abstract
Metamaterials offer a new approach to create surface coatings with highly customizable electromagnetic absorption from the microwave to the optical regimes. Thus far, efficient metamaterial absorbers have been demonstrated at microwave frequencies, with recent efforts aimed at much shorter terahertz and infrared wavelengths. The present infrared absorbers have been constructed from arrays of nanoscale metal resonators with simple circular or cross-shaped geometries, which provide a single band response. In this paper, we demonstrate a conformal metamaterial absorber with a narrow band, polarization-independent absorptivity of >90% over a wide ±50° angular range centered at mid-infrared wavelengths of 3.3 and 3.9 μm. The highly efficient dual-band metamaterial was realized by using a genetic algorithm to identify an array of H-shaped nanoresonators with an effective electric and magnetic response that maximizes absorption in each wavelength band when patterned on a flexible Kapton and Au thin film substrate stack. This conformal metamaterial absorber maintains its absorption properties when integrated onto curved surfaces of arbitrary materials, making it attractive for advanced coatings that suppress the infrared reflection from the protected surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hao Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Tsay C, Toor F, Gmachl CF, Arnold CB. Chalcogenide glass waveguides integrated with quantum cascade lasers for on-chip mid-IR photonic circuits. Opt Lett 2010; 35:3324-3326. [PMID: 20967054 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate on-chip hybrid integration of chalcogenide glass waveguides and quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Integration is achieved using an additive solution-casting and molding method to directly form As(2)S(3) strip waveguides on an existing QCL chip. Integrated As(2)S(3) strip waveguides constructed in this manner display strong optical confinement and guiding around 90° bends, with a NA of 0.24 and bend loss of 12.9dB at a 1mm radius (λ=4.8μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Tsay
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
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Vasishta S, Toor F, Johansen A, Hasan M. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: physicians’ attitudes to anticoagulation in older people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2001; 33:219-26. [PMID: 15374018 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(01)00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2001] [Revised: 06/19/2001] [Accepted: 06/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in older people contributes to an increased risk of stroke. Although clear guidelines exist, there is considerable variation in physicians' approaches to the selection of patients appropriate for warfarin treatment as stroke prevention. We compared attitudes to the anticoagulation of elderly patients with AF, in a postal study of geriatricians and specialist physicians (general physicians with specialist interests in Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nephrology and Neurology). A structured questionnaire was mailed to all 108 consultant physicians and geriatricians in South East Wales. This explored their attitude to their patients' age and comorbidity when considering the benefits and risks of warfarin prophylaxis for AF. About 25/30 geriatricians (83%) and 43/78 specialist physicians (55%) responded; an overall response rate of 63%. About 94% of the respondents agreed that patients aged over 75 with atrial fibrillation were at a greater risk of stroke than younger patients. About 68% considered warfarin related bleeds more likely in this age group, despite which most thought that the benefits of warfarin outweighed the risks. In people aged above 75, only 13/25 (52%) geriatricians and 17/43 (40%) specialist physicians viewed lone AF (AF with no underlying risk factor) as an indication for anticoagulation. When considering the use of warfarin, geriatricians' appeared more likely to be influenced by coexisting problems such as disability, falls, cerebrovascular disease and limited life expectancy. Only a history of falls (96% geriatricians vs. 86% specialist physicians) and cerebrovascular disease (79% geriatricians vs. 51% specialist physicians) had a significant influence on prescribing practice (P<0.05, chi(2) test). There appears to be widespread uncertainty about the indications for warfarin as stroke prophylaxis, and ageist attitudes or a lack of conviction of benefit appear to be disadvantaging older people. Patients aged below 65 with lone AF who are at the lowest risk of embolic events are often considered for treatment, whilst the use of warfarin in 75-year-olds with lone AF who are at a moderately high risk of embolic events remains disappointing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vasishta
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 4SZ, UK
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