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Sangeda RZ, Saburi HA, Masatu FC, Aiko BG, Mboya EA, Mkumbwa S, Bitegeko A, Mwalwisi YH, Nkiligi EA, Chambuso M, Sillo HB, Fimbo AM, Horumpende PG. National Antibiotics Utilization Trends for Human Use in Tanzania from 2010 to 2016 Inferred from Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority Importation Data. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101249. [PMID: 34680829 PMCID: PMC8532727 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) is one of the major drivers of emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The surveillance of AMU, which is a pillar of AMR stewardship (AMS), helps devise strategies to mitigate AMR. This descriptive, longitudinal retrospective study quantified the trends in human antibiotics utilization between 2010 and 2016 using data on all antibiotics imported for systemic human use into Tanzania’s mainland. Regression and time series analyses were used to establish trends in antibiotics use. A total of 12,073 records for antibiotics were retrieved, totaling 154.51 Defined Daily Doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), with a mean (±standard deviation) of 22.07 (±48.85) DID. The private sector contributed 93.76% of utilized antibiotics. The top-ranking antibiotics were amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and cefalexin. The DIDs and percentage contribution of these antibiotics were 53.78 (34.81%), 23.86 (15.44), 20.53 (13.29), 9.27 (6.0) and 6.94 (4.49), respectively. The time series model predicted a significant increase in utilization (p-value = 0.002). The model forecasted that by 2022, the total antibiotics consumed would be 89.6 DIDs, which is a 13-fold increase compared to 2010. Government intervention to curb inappropriate antibiotics utilization and mitigate the rising threat of antibiotic resistance should focus on implementing AMS programs in pharmacies and hospitals in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Zozimus Sangeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Habibu Ally Saburi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Faustine Cassian Masatu
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Beatrice Godwin Aiko
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Erick Alexander Mboya
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Sonia Mkumbwa
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Adonis Bitegeko
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Yonah Hebron Mwalwisi
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Emmanuel Alphonse Nkiligi
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Mhina Chambuso
- Department of Pharmacy, Kampala International University in Tanzania, P.O. Box 9790, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Hiiti Baran Sillo
- Regulation and Prequalification Department, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Adam M. Fimbo
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, P.O. Box 77150, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; (F.C.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (Y.H.M.); (E.A.N.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Pius Gerald Horumpende
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2232, Moshi, Tanzania;
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), P.O. Box 2232, Moshi, Tanzania
- Lugalo Infectious Diseases Hospital and Research Centre, General Military Hospital (GMH) and Military College of Medical Sciences (MCMS), P.O. Box 60126, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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