Towards a standardized framework for AI-assisted, image-based monitoring of nocturnal insects

Automated sensors have potential to standardize and expand the monitoring of insects across the globe. As one of the most scalable and fastest developing sensor technologies, we describe a framework for automated, image-based monitoring of nocturnal insects-from sensor development and field deployment to workflows for data processing and publishing. Sensors comprise a light to attract insects, a camera for collecting images and a computer for scheduling, data storage and processing. Metadata is important to describe sampling schedules that balance the capture of relevant ecological information against power and data storage limitations. Large data volumes of images from automated systems necessitate scalable and effective data processing. We describe computer vision approaches for the detection, tracking and classification of insects, including models built from existing aggregations of labelled insect images. Data from automated camera systems necessitate approaches that account for inherent biases. We advocate models that explicitly correct for bias in species occurrence or abundance estimates resulting from the imperfect detection of species or individuals present during sampling occasions. We propose ten priorities towards a step-change in automated monitoring of nocturnal insects, a vital task in the face of rapid biodiversity loss from global threats. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.

The effects of microalgae use as a biofertilizer on soil and plant before and after its anaerobic (co-)digestion with food waste

The increase in food waste generation has resulted in significant challenges for its sustainable management. Anaerobic digestion coupled with microalgae-based ponds for digestate treatment can be used as a low-cost eco-friendly technology approach. In this case, microalgal biomass harvested from the ponds may be valorized into bioenergy (biogas) and soil conditioner and/or biofertilizers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the microalgal biomass produced from a food waste digestate treatment ponds as agricultural fertilizer. For this purpose, microalgal biomass was tested before and after anaerobic digestion and co-digestion with food waste, exploring its potential for valorization. The inorganic fertilizer urea and soil with no fertilization were also used as treatments. The experimental design consisted of applying the treatments in pots cultivated with hybrid grass Brachiaria cv. Sabiá and distributed in randomized blocks in a controlled greenhouse. Microalgal biomass was mainly composed by Scenedesmus sp.. The assessed parameters showed comparable results on plant growth (i.e. number of tillers, fresh and dry matter and Chlorophyll content index) for fresh and digested microalgal biomass and inorganic fertilizer. Furthermore, it was observed that fresh microalgae provided the highest Phosphorus content in the leaf (21 %). Additionally, there were increases of 9 % in Nitrogen and 12 % in organic matter in the soil after applying digested microalgae compared to the control group without any fertilization. Finally, experimental data obtained suggests that microalgae-based biofertilizer holds the potential to replace inorganic fertilizer as a nutrient source. Moreover, it contributes to the valorization of by-products from organic waste treatment.

Fibrous Structures: An Overview of Their Responsiveness to External Stimuli towards Intended Application

In recent decades, the interest in responsive fibrous structures has surged, propelling them into diverse applications: from wearable textiles that adapt to their surroundings, to filtration membranes dynamically altering selectivity, these structures showcase remarkable versatility. Various stimuli, including temperature, light, pH, electricity, and chemical compounds, can serve as triggers to unleash physical or chemical changes in response. Processing methodologies such as weaving or knitting using responsive yarns, electrospinning, as well as coating procedures, enable the integration of responsive materials into fibrous structures. They can respond to these stimuli, and comprise shape memory materials, temperature-responsive polymers, chromic materials, phase change materials, photothermal materials, among others. The resulting effects can manifest in a variety of ways, from pore adjustments and altered permeability to shape changing, color changing, and thermal regulation. This review aims to explore the realm of fibrous structures, delving into their responsiveness to external stimuli, with a focus on temperature, light, and pH.

Evaluating differences in milk production, reproductive performance, and survival associated with vaginal discharge characteristics and fever in postpartum dairy cows

The objective was to assess differences in productive and reproductive performance, and survival associated with vaginal discharge characteristics and fever in postpartum dairy cows located in Western and Southern states of the U.S.A. This retrospective cohort study included data from 3 experiments conducted in 9 dairies. Vaginal discharge was evaluated twice within 12 DIM and scored on a 5-point scale. The highest score observed for each cow was used for group assignment (VD group) as follows: VD 1 and 2 (VD 1/2; n = 1,174) = clear mucus/lochia with or without flecks of pus; VD 3 (n = 1,802) = mucopurulent with < 50% pus; VD 4 (n = 1,643) = mucopurulent with ≥50% of pus or non-fetid reddish/brownish mucous, n = 1,643; VD 5 = fetid, watery, and reddish/brownish, n = 1,800. All VD 5 cows received treatment according to each herd's protocol. Rectal temperature was assessed in a subset of VD 5 cows, and subsequently divided into Fever (rectal temperature ≥39.5°C; n = 334) and NoFever (n = 558) groups. A smaller proportion of cows with VD 5 (67.6%) resumed ovarian cyclicity compared with VD 1/2 (76.2%) and VD 4 (72.9%) cows; however, a similar proportion of VD5 and VD 3 (72.6%) cows resumed ovarian cyclicity. A smaller proportion of VD 5 (85.8%) cows received at least one artificial insemination (AI) compared with VD 1/2 (91.5%), VD 3 (91.0%), or VD 4 (91.6%) cows. Although we did not detect differences in pregnancy at first AI according to VD, fewer cows with VD 5 (64.4%) were pregnant at 300 DIM than cows with VD 1/2 (76.5%), VD 3 (76.2%), or VD 4 (74.7%). Hazard of pregnancy by 300 DIM was smaller for VD 5 compared with VD 1/2, VD 3, or VD 4 cows. A greater proportion of VD 5 cows were removed from the herd within 300 DIM compared with other VD groups. There was 760 kg lesser milk production within 300 DIM for VD 5 compared with VD 2, VD 3, and VD 4, whereas VD 2, VD 3, and VD 4 had similar milk production. We did not detect an association between fever at diagnosis of VD 5 and reproductive performance or milk production. A greater proportion of VD 5 cows without fever were removed from the herd by 300 DIM compared with VD 5 cows with fever. Differences in productive and reproductive performance, and removal of the herd were restricted to fetid, watery, and reddish/brownish vaginal discharge, which was independent of fever.

Molecular profiling in bee venom allergy: clinical and therapeutic characterization in a Portuguese cohort

Summary

Background. Bee venom allergy (BVA) can trigger local and systemic allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Recently, the molecular sensitization profile has gained importance in the reaction's stratification and venom immunotherapy (VIT). Methods. Retrospective analysis of patients with hypersensitivity to BVA, confirmed by specific sIgE to Apis mellifera ≥0.35 kU/L and/or positive skin tests to bee venom commercial extract, evaluated in specialized consultation. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data (including molecular Api m 1, 4, and 10) were analyzed, looking for risk factors associated with the severity of the index reaction and reactions during VIT. Results. 93 patients were included (55.9% male; median age of 46 years), 57.3% with atopic comorbidities, and 23.4% with cardiovascular comorbidities. The median specific IgE to Apis mellifera was 6.7 kU/L (IQR 1.0-20.3) kU/L. Regarding the molecular profile, the median IgE to Api m 1 was 0.5 kU/L (57.5% positive out of all measurements); Api m 4 - 0.01 kU/L (11.9% positive), and Api m 10 - 0.3 kU/L (50.0% positive). No patient was monosensitized to Api m 4. The median age of the most severe sting reaction was 36 (IQR 26-48) years, with a median severity (Müeller scale) of 3 (IQR 2-3). Forty-seven patients (50.5%) underwent VIT, with 35.6% of reactions recorded. Allergic reactions during VIT were recorded in 35.6% of cases. The severity of the index reaction correlated positively with older ages (p=0.040; r=0.249), in contrast to monosensitization to Api m 1, which was an independent predictor of milder reactions (p=0.015). Sensitization to Api m 10 was associated with a higher likelihood of reactions during VIT (p=0.038) but potentially less systemic reactions at re-stings (p=0.097). Conclusions. Molecular sensitization profile appears to be relevant not only to the severity of index reactions but also during VIT. Studies of a large cohort of patients with molecular profiles are essential to validate these results and improve the clinical and therapeutic approach to BVA.

H2S-Synthesizing Enzymes Are Putative Determinants in Lung Cancer Management toward Personalized Medicine

Lung cancer is a lethal disease with no truly efficient therapeutic management despite the progresses, and metabolic profiling can be a way of stratifying patients who may benefit from new therapies. The present study is dedicated to profiling cysteine metabolic pathways in NSCLC cell lines and tumor samples. This was carried out by analyzing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ATP levels, examining mRNA and protein expression patterns of cysteine catabolic enzymes and transporters, and conducting metabolomics analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Selenium-chrysin (SeChry) was tested as a therapeutic alternative with the aim of having an effect on cysteine catabolism and showed promising results. NSCLC cell lines presented different cysteine metabolic patterns, with A549 and H292 presenting a higher reliance on cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) to maintain H2S levels, while the PC-9 cell line presented an adaptive behavior based on the use of mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST) and cysteine dioxygenase (CDO1), both contributing to the role of cysteine as a pyruvate source. The analyses of human lung tumor samples corroborated this variability in profiles, meaning that the expression of certain genes may be informative in defining prognosis and new targets. Heterogeneity points out individual profiles, and the identification of new targets among metabolic players is a step forward in cancer management toward personalized medicine.

The importance of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase on the release of 6-nitrodopamine from mouse isolated atria and ventricles and their role on chronotropism

6-nitrodopamine (6-ND) is released from rat isolated atria, where it acts as a potent positive chronotropic agent. The release of 6-ND from rat isolated atria and ventricles is significantly reduced when pre-incubated with l-NAME, and the release was not affected by tetrodotoxin pre-treatment, indicating that in the heart, the origin of 6-ND is not neurogenic. Since l-NAME inhibits all three isoforms of NO synthase, it was investigated the basal release of 6-ND from isolated atria and ventricles from nNOS-/-, iNOS-/- and eNOS-/- mice of either sex. The release of 6-ND was measured by LC-MS/MS. There were no significant differences in the 6-ND basal release from isolated atria and ventricles from male control mice, as compared to female control mice. The 6-ND release from atria obtained from eNOS-/- mice was significantly reduced when compared to atria obtained from control mice. The 6-ND release in nNOS-/- mice was not significantly different compared to control animals whereas the 6-ND release from atria obtained from iNOS-/- mice was significantly higher when compared to control group. Incubation of the isolated atria with l-NAME caused a significant decrease in the basal atrial rate of control, nNOS-/-, and iNOS-/- mice, but not in eNOS-/- mice. The results clearly indicate that eNOS is the isoform responsible for the synthesis of 6-ND in the mice isolated atria and ventricles and supports the concept that 6-ND is the major mechanism by which endogenous NO modulates heart rate.

Comparison of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Integration into Non-Woven Fabrics Using Different Functionalisation Methods for Prospective Application as Active Facemasks

The development of advanced facemasks stands out as a paramount priority in enhancing healthcare preparedness. In this work, different polypropylene non-woven fabrics (NWF) were characterised regarding their structural, physicochemical and comfort-related properties. The selected NWF for the intermediate layer was functionalised with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) 0.3 and 1.2wt% using three different methods: electrospinning, dip-pad-dry and exhaustion. After the confirmation of ZnO NP content and distribution within the textile fibres by morphological and chemical analysis, the samples were evaluated regarding their antimicrobial properties. The functionalised fabrics obtained via dip-pad-dry unveiled the most promising data, with 0.017 ± 0.013wt% ZnO NPs being mostly located at the fibre's surface and capable of total eradication of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli colonies within the tested 24 h (ISO 22196 standard), as well as significantly contributing (**** p < 0.0001) to the growth inhibition of the bacteriophage MS2, a surrogate of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (ISO 18184 standard). A three-layered structure was assembled and thermoformed to obtain facemasks combining the previously chosen NWF, and its resulting antimicrobial capacity, filtration efficiency and breathability (NP EN ISO 149) were assessed. The developed three-layered and multiscaled fibrous structures with antimicrobial capacities hold immense potential as active individual protection facemasks.

NSCLC presents metabolic heterogeneity, and there is still some leeway for EGF stimuli in EGFR-mutated NSCLC

BACKGROUND

Metabolic remodeling is crucial in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Oncogenic mutations may promote metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells to support their energy and biomass requirements. EGFR mutations are commonly found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and may induce NSCLC metabolic rewiring. Whether EGFR-driven metabolic reprogramming triggers cell vulnerabilities with therapeutic potential remains unknown.

METHODS

The role of EGFR signaling activation by EGF was investigated using NSCLC cell lines with different EGFR and KRAS status: A549 (EGFR WT and KRAS c.34G > A), H292 (EGFR WT and KRAS WT) and PC-9 (EGFR exon 19 E746-A750 deletion and KRAS WT). The effect of EGF on NSCLC cell death and cell cycle was evaluated using flow cytometry, and cell migration was assessed through wound healing. EGFR, HER2, MCT1, and MCT4 expression was analyzed through immunofluorescence or western blotting. We explored the impact of glucose and lactate bioavailability on NSCLC cells' metabolic profile using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Moreover, the expression of several relevant metabolic genes in NSCLC cells or patient samples was determined by RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

We showed that cell lines presented different metabolic profiles, and PC-9 cells were the most responsive to EGF stimulus, as they showed higher rates of cell proliferation and migration, together with altered metabolic behavior. By inhibiting EGFR with gefitinib, a decrease in glucose consumption was observed, which may be related to the fact that despite PC-9 harbor EGFR mutation, they still express the EGFR WT allele. The analysis of NSCLC patients' RNA showed a correlation between MCT1/MCT4 and GLUT1 expression in most cases, indicating that the metabolic information can serve as a reference in patients' follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Together, this study shows that NSCLC cell lines have heterogeneous metabolic profiles, which may be underlaid by different genetic profiles, revealing an opportunity to identify and stratify patients who can benefit from metabolism-targeted therapies.

Halochromic Textiles for Real-Time Sensing of Hazardous Chemicals and Personal Protection

Chemical protective clothing (CPC) has become mandatory when performing various tasks to ensure user protection and prevent chemicals from contacting the skin and causing severe injuries. In addition to protection, there is a need to develop a simple mechanism that can be attached to CPC and be capable of detecting and alerting the user to the presence of harmful chemical agents. In this study, a double-sensor strategy was investigated, using six different pH indicators stamped on cotton and polyester knits to detect acidic and alkaline substances, both liquid and gaseous. Functionalized knits underwent microscopic characterization, air permeability and contact angle evaluation. All samples exhibited hydrophobic behavior (contact angle > 90°) and air permeability values above 2400 L/min/cm²/bar, with the best condition demonstrating a contact angle of 123° and an air permeability of 2412.5 L/min/cm²/bar when the sensor methyl orange and bromocresol purple (MO:BP) was stamped on polyester. The performed tests proved the functionality of the sensors and showed a visible response of all knits when contacting with different chemicals (acids and bases). Polyester functionalized with MO:BP showed the greatest potential, due to its preeminent color change. Herein, the fiber coating process was optimized, enabling the industrial application of the sensors via a stamping method, an alternative to other time- and resource-consuming techniques.

Prussian Blue Sensor for Bacteria Detection in Personal Protection Clothing

Biological hazards can be defined as substances that endanger the life of any living organism, most notably humans, and are often referred to as biohazards. Along with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), early detection of contact is essential for the correct management and resolution of a biological threat, as well as lower mortality rates of those exposed. Herein, Prussian blue (PB) was evaluated as a functional compound applied on polyester knits to act as an on-site sensor for bacteria detection. In order to study the best compound concentration for the intended application, polymeric solutions of 0.5, 1 and 2 g/L were developed. The three conditions tested displayed high abrasion resistance (>2000 cycles). The bacterial sensing capacity of the coated knits was assessed in liquid and solid medium, with the functionalised substrates exhibiting the capability of detecting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and changing colours from blue to white. Evaluation of water repellence and chemical penetration resistance and repellence was also performed in polyester functionalised with PB 0.5 and 1 g/L. Both knits showed a hydrophobic behaviour and a capacity to resist to penetration of chemicals and level 3 repellence effect for both acid and base chemicals.

A Promising Biomolecule Able to Degrade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: CdcPDE, a Rattlesnake Phosphodiesterase

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are an important mechanism for defense against pathogens. Their overproduction can be harmful since excessive NET formation promotes inflammation and tissue damage in several diseases. Nucleases are capable to degrade NET on basis of their DNA hydrolysis activity, including the CdcPDE, a nuclease isolated from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake venom. Here, we report a new finding about CdcPDE activity, demonstrating its efficiency in degrading cell-free DNA from NETs, being a potential candidate to assist in therapies targeting inflammatory diseases.

Halochromic Inks Applied on Cardboard for Food Spoilage Monitorization

Control of food spoilage is a critical concern in the current world scenario, not only to ensure the quality and safety of food but also to avoid the generation of food waste. This paper evaluates a dual-sensor strategy using six different pH indicators stamped on cardboard for the detection of spoilage in three different foods: beef, salmon, and strawberries. After function validation and formulation optimizations in the laboratory, the halochromic sensors methyl orange and bromocresol purple 2% (w/v) were stamped on cardboard and, in contact with the previously mentioned foods, were able to produce an easily perceptible signal for spoilage by changing color. Additionally, when it comes to mechanical characterization the inks showed high abrasion (>100 cycles) and adhesion resistance (>91%).

Low-Velocity Impact Response of Auxetic Seamless Knits Combined with Non-Newtonian Fluids

Low-velocity impact can cause serious damage to the person or structure that is hit. The development of barriers that can absorb the energy of the impact and, therefore, protect the other side of the impact is the ideal solution for the pointed situation. Auxetic materials and shear thickening fluids are two types of technologies that have great capabilities to absorb high levels of energy when an impact happens. Accordingly, within this study, the combination of auxetic knits with shear thickening fluids by the pad-dry-cure process was investigated. It was observed that, by applying knits with auxetic patterns produced with denser materials and combined with the shear thickening fluids, high performance in terms of absorbed energy from puncture impact is obtained. The increment rates obtained are higher than 100% when comparing the structures with and without shear thickening fluids.

Study of the Filtration Performance of Multilayer and Multiscale Fibrous Structures

As the incidence of small-diameter particles in the air has increased in recent decades, the development of efficient filtration systems is both urgent and necessary. Nanotechnology, more precisely, electrospun nanofibres, has been identified as a potential solution for this issue, since it allows for the production of membranes with high rates of fibres per unit area, increasing the probability of nanoparticle collision and consequent retention. In the present study, the electrospinning technique of polyamide nanofibre production was optimized with the variation of parameters such as polymer concentration, flow rate and needle diameter. The optimized polyamide nanofibres were combined with polypropylene and polyester microfibres to construct a multilayer and multiscale system with an increased filtration efficiency. We observed that the penetration value of the multilayer system with a PA membrane in the composition, produced for 20 min in the electrospinning, is 2.7 times smaller than the penetration value of the system with the absence of micro and nano fibers.

55 Baseline glycolytic tumor burden predicts response and survival in NSCLC and melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

Background

Tumor metabolic remodeling is considered one of the hallmarks of cancers and has been implicated in immune evasion. Highly glycolytic tumors can lead to immune suppression by both nutrient competition and toxic metabolite accumulation. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are essential in treating melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, but novel predictive biomarkers can significantly contribute to clinical practice. Herein we analyzed the predictive and prognostic value of baseline metabolic tumor volumes in NSCLC and melanoma patients treated with ICIs.

Methods

This retrospective, single-center study includes patients with metastatic NSCLC or melanoma and a baseline 18F-FDG-PET/CT (PET) performed before ICI. PET studied parameters were SUV (maximum standardized uptake value), wMTV (whole metabolic tumor value), and wTLG (whole total lesion glycolysis). Best response rates were analyzed through RECIST. High or low glycolytic tumor burden (GTB) patients were defined according to SUV, wMTV, and wTLG cut-offs that best discriminate progressive disease. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and curves were compared with log-rank.

Results

Among 151 patients included, 107 had NSCLC and 44 melanoma. Regarding NSCLC patients, there was a significant correlation between GTB and responses among all PET parameters (figure 1). Noteworthily, only one patient with a low wTLG (<146) showed progressive disease after ICIs (figure 2C). In regard to the potential in predicting response to ICIs, the area under the curve (AUC) obtained for each glycolytic parameter was higher than that for PD-L1 expression (figure 2D-H). Furthermore, when patients were categorized according to ICI exposure (1st or ≥ 2nd line), AUC for glycolytic parameters was higher in ≥ 2nd line versus 1st line (figure 3). Lastly, a low GTB was associated with improved PFS (figure 4) and OS (figure 5).Regarding melanoma patients, wMTV and wTLG were significantly associated with response (figure 6), and a low GTB was significantly associated with improved PFS and OS (figure 7).

Abstract 55 Figure 1Abstract 55 Figure 2Abstract 55 Figure 3Abstract 55 Figure 4Abstract 55 Figure 5Abstract 55 Figure 6Abstract 55 Figure 7

Conclusions

GTB accessed through a baseline PET is associated with survival and response to ICIs in NSCLC and melanoma patients, suggesting that the tumor metabolism might impact immune responses and be a promising predictive tool.

Ethics Approval

The study obtained ethics approval by Sírio-Libanês Hospital institutional review board. Study participants were not required to give an informed consent before taking part.

A Review of Multiple Scale Fibrous and Composite Systems for Heating Applications

Different types of heating systems have been developed lately, representing a growing interest in both the academic and industrial sectors. Based on the Joule effect, fibrous structures can produce heat once an electrical current is passed, whereby different approaches have been followed. For that purpose, materials with electrical and thermal conductivity have been explored, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metallic nanostructures, intrinsically conducting polymers, fibers or hybrids. We review the usage of these emerging nanomaterials at the nanoscale and processed up to the macroscale to create heaters. In addition to fibrous systems, the creation of composite systems for electrical and thermal conductivity enhancement has also been highly studied. Different techniques can be used to create thin film heaters or heating textiles, as opposed to the conventional textile technologies. The combination of nanoscale and microscale materials gives the best heating performances, and some applications have already been proven, even though some effort is still needed to reach the industry level.

Key elements in hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapy: experience with rapid drug desensitization in gynaecological cancer in a tertiary hospital

Summary

Rapid drug desensitization (RDD) is a procedure performed when no alternative drug is considered equally effective. The aim of our study is to describe the experience with RDD to cytostatics in patients being treated for gynaecological cancer in a tertiary hospital, over a period of 5 years. In this paper, we review 22 cases and 107 episodes of RDD; 86.3% of patients had advanced disease and the mortality rate at the time of data collection was 50.0%. RDD was performed on 81.8% patients for platinum, 13.6% for taxanes, and 4.5% for anthracyclines. The reintroduction of antineoplastic drugs in all patients with a previous history of immediate hypersensitivity reaction demonstrated the safety and efficacy of this procedure. There was serious complication (anaphylaxis) in only one case.

Economic comparison between ceftiofur-treated and nontreated dairy cows with metritis

The objective was to investigate the economic effect of treating dairy cows with metritis using ceftiofur-free acid or leaving them untreated at the time of diagnosis. Cows with a fetid, watery, red-brownish vaginal discharge were diagnosed with metritis (d 0). Data from 875 dairy cows (506 primiparous and 369 multiparous) from 1 herd in northern Florida that had been part of a larger study evaluating different treatments for metritis were used for the economic analysis. Holstein cows with metritis had been randomly assigned to: Ceftiofur (CEF, n = 239) = subcutaneous injection of 6.6 mg/kg of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in the base of the ear at d 0 and d 3; Untreated (UNT, n = 233) = no treatment applied at metritis diagnosis. Both groups could receive escape therapy if condition worsened. A group of nonmetritic healthy cows (NMET; n = 403) from the same cohort was randomly selected for comparison. Continuous outcomes such as 300-d milk production (kg/cow), milk sales ($/cow), cow sales ($/cow), treatment cost by 60 days in milk ($/cow), reproduction cost ($/cow), replacement cost ($/cow), feeding cost ($/cow), and gross profit per cow ($/cow) were analyzed using the ANOVA (MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4). Dichotomous outcomes such as pregnancy and culling by 300 d were analyzed using logistic regression (GLIMMIX procedure of SAS). Models included the fixed effects of treatment, parity, and the interaction between treatment and parity. A stochastic analysis was performed with 10,000 iterations using the observed results from each group. The CEF treatment resulted in greater treatment cost by 60 DIM than UNT ($112 vs. $37), but resulted in a greater proportion of pregnant cows (71 vs. 61%) and decreased culling by 300 DIM (29 vs. 39%) compared with UNT. Gross profit was lesser for UNT than NMET ($2,969 vs. $3,426), and CEF was intermediate ($3,219). The stochastic analysis showed that the mean difference in gross profit between UNT and NMET was -$457; saleable milk (49%) and replacement cost (24%) accounted for most of the variation. The mean difference in gross profit between CEF and NMET group was -$207; saleable milk (82%) and initial metritis treatment cost (9%) accounted for most of the variation. The mean difference in gross profit between the UNT and the CEF group was -$250; replacement cost (41%) and cow sales (31%) accounted for most of the variation. In summary, metritis caused large economic losses when left untreated, and CEF reduced those losses by improving fertility, reducing culling and replacement cost, and reducing milk yield losses.

Are neutrophil extracellular traps the link for the cross-talk between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis physiopathology?

OBJECTIVES

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it remains poorly understood whether NETs participate in the cross-talk between periodontitis and RA. Herein, we investigated the production of NETs in individuals with periodontitis and RA and its association with clinical parameters. The impact of periodontal therapy on RA and NET release was also assessed.

METHODS

The concentration of NETs and cytokines was determined in the saliva and plasma of individuals with early RA (n = 24), established RA (n = 64), and individuals without RA (n = 76). The influence of periodontitis on the production of NETs and cytokines was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Individuals with early RA had a higher concentration of NETs in saliva and plasma than individuals with established RA or without RA. Periodontitis resulted in an increase in the concentration of NETs of groups of individuals without RA and with early RA. The proportion of individuals with high concentrations of IL-6, IL-10 and GM-CSF was higher among individuals with periodontitis than among individuals without periodontitis. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17/IL-25, and IL-28A were particularly high in individuals with early RA. Worse periodontal clinical parameters, RA onset and RA activity were significantly associated with circulating NETs. Periodontal therapy was associated with a reduction in the concentration of NETs and inflammatory cytokines and amelioration in periodontitis and RA.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals that NETs are a possible link between periodontitis and RA, with periodontal therapy resulting in a dramatic switch in circulating NET levels.

The economic cost of metritis in dairy herds

The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of metritis in dairy herds. Data from 11,733 dairy cows from 16 different farms located in 4 different regions of the United States were compiled for up to 305 d in milk, and 11,581 cows (2,907 with and 8,674 without metritis) were used for this study. Metritis was defined as fetid, watery, red-brownish vaginal discharge that occurs ≤21 d in milk. Continuous outcomes such as 305-d milk production, milk sales ($/cow), cow sales ($/cow), metritis treatment costs ($/cow), replacement costs ($/cow), reproduction costs ($/cow), feeding costs ($/cow), and gross profit per cow ($/cow) were analyzed using mixed effect models using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Gross profit was also compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Dichotomous outcomes such as pregnant and culling by 305 d in milk were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Time to pregnancy and culling were analyzed using the PHREG procedure of SAS. Models included the fixed effects of metritis, parity, and the interaction between metritis and parity, and farm as the random effect. Variables were considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. Metritis cost was calculated by subtracting the gross profit of cows with metritis from the gross profit of cows without metritis. A stochastic analysis was performed with 10,000 iterations using the observed results from each group. Milk yield and proportion of cows pregnant were lesser for cows with metritis than for cows without metritis, whereas the proportion of cows leaving the herd was greater for cows with metritis than for cows without metritis. Milk sales, feeding costs, residual cow value, and gross profit were lesser for cows with metritis than for cows without metritis. Cow sales and replacement costs were greater for cows with metritis than for cows without metritis. The mean cost of metritis from the study herds was $511 and the median was $398. The stochastic analysis showed that the mean cost of a case of metritis was $513, with 95% of the scenarios ranging from $240 to $884, and that milk price, treatment cost, replacement cost, and feed cost explained 59%, 19%, 12%, and 7%, respectively, of the total variation in cash flow differences. In conclusion, metritis caused large economic losses to dairy herds by decreasing milk production, reproduction, and survival in the herd.

Using chitosan microparticles to treat metritis in lactating dairy cows

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intrauterine administration of chitosan microparticles (CM) in curing metritis in dairy cows. A secondary objective was to evaluate the effects of metritis treatments on milk yield, survival, and reproductive performance. Cows with a fetid, watery, red-brownish vaginal discharge were diagnosed with metritis. Holstein cows (n = 826) with metritis from 3 dairies located in northern Florida were blocked by parity (primiparous or multiparous) and, within each block, randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: CM (n = 276) = intrauterine infusion of 24 g of CM dissolved in 40 mL of sterile distilled water at the time of metritis diagnosis (d 0), 2 (d 2), and 4 (d 4) d later; ceftiofur (CEF; n = 275) = subcutaneous injection of 6.6 mg/kg ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in the base of the ear at d 0 and d 3; Control (CON; n = 275) = no treatment applied at metritis diagnosis. All groups could receive escape therapy if condition worsened. Cure was considered when vaginal discharge became mucoid and not fetid. A group of nonmetritic (NMET; n = 2,436) cows was used for comparison. Data were analyzed by generalized linear mixed and Cox's proportional hazard models. Cows in CM and CON had lesser risk of metritis cure on d 12 than cows in CEF (58.6 ± 5.0 vs. 61.9 ± 4.9% vs. 77.9 ± 3.9, respectively). The proportion of cows culled within 60 days in milk (DIM) was greater for cows in CM than for cows in CEF and CON (21.5 ± 2.7 vs. 9.7 ± 1.9 vs. 11.3 ± 2.0%, respectively). Treatment did not affect rectal temperature or plasma nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and haptoglobin concentrations. Milk yield in the first 60 DIM differed for all treatments, and it was lowest for CM (35.8 ± 0.3 kg/d), followed by CON (36.8 ± 0.3 kg/d) and CEF (37.9 ± 0.3 kg/d). The hazard of pregnancy up to 300 DIM was lesser for CM than CEF (hazard ratio = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.50-0.76), for CM than CON (hazard ratio = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62-0.95) and for CON than CEF (hazard ratio = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.65-0.99). Culling was greater, and milk yield and fertility were lesser for CEF than NMET. In summary, CM did not improve the cure of metritis, and was detrimental to milk yield, survival, and fertility compared with CON. In contrast, CEF increased the cure of metritis, milk yield, and fertility compared with CM and CON. Finally, the negative effects of metritis on milk yield culling and fertility could not be completely reversed by CEF.

Typical and atypical carcinoid tumors of the lung: a clinicopathological correlation of 783 cases with emphasis on histological features

We present 783 surgical resections of typical and atypical carcinoid tumors of the lung identified in the pathology files of 20 different pathology departments. All cases were critically reviewed for clinical and pathological features and further correlated with clinical outcomes. Long-term follow-up was obtained in all the patients and statistically analyzed to determine significance of the different parameters evaluated. Of the histopathological features analyzed, the presence of mitotic activity of 4 mitoses or more per 2 mm², necrosis, lymphatic invasion, and lymph node metastasis were identified as statistically significant. Tumors measuring 3 cm or more were also identified as statistically significant and correlated with clinical outcomes. Based on our analysis, we consider that the separation of low- and intermediate-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung needs to be readjusted in terms of mitotic count as the risk of overgrading these neoplasms exceeds 10% under the current criteria. We also consider that tumor size is an important feature to be considered in the assessment of these neoplasms and together with the histological grade of the tumor offers important features that can be correlated with clinical outcomes.

TLR4 abrogates Th1 immune response against L. infantum infection through IRF1 and IFN-β-dependent mechanism preventing immunopathology

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are thought to be among the most ancient pathogen recognition systems, and these receptors directly interact with Leishmania species during the initial sensing of these parasites and mount the subsequent adaptive immune response. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the role of TLR4 during visceral leishmaniasis (VL) induced by Leishmania infantum. Initially, we observed that tlr4 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was detected only the later stage of infection in target organs of VL, suggesting that TLR4 contributes significantly during the chronic phases of the disease. We have shown that Tlr4-deficient mice harbor fewer parasites in the spleen and liver than wild-type mice. TLR4 deficiency enhanced the Th1 immune response against the parasite, correlating with the increased activation of dendritic cells (DCs). Transcription analysis demonstrated that IRF1 and IFN-β are downstream of TLR4 after infection. Accordingly, IRF1- and IFNAR-genetically deficient mice harbored fewer parasites in the target organs than wild-type mice due to the increased Th1 response. The absence of TLR4 or IFNAR increases the serum transaminase level of infected mice. In addition, IFN-β acts directly on Th1 cells to limit IFN-γ production, without affecting the cell proliferation. Importantly, TLR4 and type I IFN (IFN-I) were positively modulated in asymptomatic subjects compared to VL patients. Thus, the TLR4-IRF1 pathway culminates in IFN-β production as a mechanism for dampening the chronic inflammatory process and preventing immunopathology development.

Expanding the genetic spectrum of ANOS1 mutations in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

STUDY QUESTION

What is the prevalence and functional consequence of ANOS1 (KAL1) mutations in a group of men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH)?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Three of forty-two (7.1%) patients presented ANOS1 mutations, including a novel splice site mutation leading to exon skipping and a novel contiguous gene deletion associated with ichthyosis.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

CHH is characterized by lack of pubertal development and infertility, due to deficient production, secretion or action of GnRH, and can be associated with anosmia/hyposmia (Kallmann syndrome, KS) or with a normal sense of smell (normosmic CHH). Mutations in the anosmin-1 (ANOS1) gene are responsible for the X-linked recessive form of KS.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

This cross-sectional study included 42 unrelated men with CHH (20 with KS and 22 with normosmic CHH).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Patients were screened for mutations in the ANOS1 gene by DNA sequencing. Identified mutations were further investigated by RT-PCR analysis and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Hemizygous mutations were identified in three (7.1%) KS cases: a novel splice acceptor site mutation (c.542-1G>C), leading to skipping of exon 5 in the ANOS1 transcript in a patient with self-reported normosmia (but hyposmic upon testing); a recurrent nonsense mutation (c.571C>T, p.Arg191*); and a novel 4.8 Mb deletion involving ANOS1 and eight other genes (VCX3B, VCX2, PNPLA4, VCX, STS, HDHD1, VCX3A and NLGN4X) in KS associated with ichthyosis.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Objective olfactory testing was not performed in all cases of self-reported normosmia and this may have underestimated the olfactory deficits.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

This study further expands the spectrum of known genetic defects associated with CHH and suggests that patients with self-reported normal olfactory function should not be excluded from ANOS1 genetic testing.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

This study was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. The authors have no conflicts of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Predictive Value of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors for Mortality in Septic Patients: A Cohort Study

Purpose:

Over 170 biomarkers are being investigated regarding their prognostic and diagnostic accuracy in sepsis in order to find new tools to reduce morbidity and mortality. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors have been recently studied as promising new prognostic biomarkers in patients with sepsis. This study is aimed at determining the utility of several cutoff points of these biomarkers to predict mortality in patients with sepsis.

Materials and Methods:

A multicenter, prospective, analytic cohort study was performed in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Colombia. A total of 289 patients with sepsis and septic shock were included. MMP-9, MMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2, TIMP-1/MMP-9 ratio, and TIMP-2/MMP-2 ratio were determined in blood samples. Value ranges were correlated with mortality to estimate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and area under the receiving operating characteristic curve.

Results:

Sensitivity ranged from 33.3% (MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio) to 60.6% (TIMP-1) and specificity varied from 38.8% (MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio) to 58.5% (TIMP-1). As for predictive values, positive predictive value range was from 17.5% (MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio) to 70.4% (MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio), whereas negative predictive values were between 23.2% (MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio) and 80.9% (TIMP-1). Finally, area under the curve scores ranged from 0.31 (MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio) to 0.623 (TIMP-1).

Conclusion:

Although TIMP-1 showed higher sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value, with a representative population sample, we conclude that none of the evaluated biomarkers had significant predictive value for mortality.

TIMP1 and MMP9 are predictors of mortality in septic patients in the emergency department and intensive care unit unlike MMP9/TIMP1 ratio: Multivariate model

INTRODUCTION

Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases could be promising biomarkers for establishing prognosis during the development of sepsis. It is necessary to clarify the relationship between matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors. We conducted a cohort study with 563 septic patients, in order to elucidate the biological role and significance of these inflammatory biomarkers and their relationship to the severity and mortality of patients with sepsis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A multicentric prospective cohort was performed. The sample was composed of patients who had sepsis as defined by the International Conference 2001. Serum procalcitonin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, C-Reactive protein, TIMP1, TIMP2, MMP2 and MMP9 were quantified; each patient was followed until death or up to 30 days. A descriptive analysis was performed by calculating the mean and the 95% confidence interval for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed by the method of intentional selection of covariates with mortality at 30 days as dependent variable and all the other variables as predictors.

RESULTS

Of the 563 patients, 68 patients (12.1%) died within the first 30 days of hospitalization in the ICU. The mean values for TIMP1, TIMP2 and MMP2 were lower in survivors, MMP9 was higher in survivors. Multivariate logistic regression showed that age, SOFA and Charlson scores, along with TIMP1 concentration, were statistically associated with mortality at 30 days of septic patients; serum MMP9 was not statistically associated with mortality of patients, but was a confounder of the TIMP1 variable.

CONCLUSION

It could be argued that plasma levels of TIMP1 should be considered as a promising prognostic biomarker in the setting of sepsis. Additionally, this study, like other studies with large numbers of septic patients does not support the predictive value of TIMP1 / MMP9.

Acute Hypotensive Response to Continuous and Accumulated Isocaloric Aerobic Bouts

Evidence indicates that chronic reductions in blood pressure (BP) due to aerobic exercise depend on the ability to induce post-exercise hypotension (PEH) after each training bout. The purpose of this study was to investigate PEH after isocaloric bouts of continuous and accumulated running. 10 healthy pre-hypertensive men (aged 27.6±3.5 years) performed the following bouts of exercise: a) A continuous bout (CONT) expending a total of 400 kcal; and b) An accumulated bout split into 2×200 kcal (INTER1 and INTER2) to total 400 kcal at 75% of oxygen uptake reserve. BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate variability were monitored 10 min before and 60 min after control and all exercise conditions. The decrease in MAP over time after continuous (400 kcal) and accumulated (2×200 kcal) bouts of exercise was more pronounced than during control (mean diff between 1.6 and 5.4 mmHg, P≤0.01), although the magnitude of change was similar between continuous and accumulated bouts (mean diff=0.1 mmHg, P=0.79). Concomitant to the PEH, sympathovagal balance was inversely related to changes in MAP after isocaloric bouts performed continuously and cumulatively (r=- 0.72 and-0.85, P=0.019 and 0.002, respectively). In conclusion, BP decreased to similar levels after continuous and accumulated acute aerobic exercise matched for total energy expenditure. Our findings also indicate that the recovery pattern of cardiac autonomic activity may have an important role in eliciting PEH.

The phosphatase and tensin homolog PTEN improves murine polymicrobial sepsis outcome by decreasing MyD88 expression. (P1344)

Sepsis is systemic inflammatory response caused by an infectious agent and may progress to multiple organ dysfunction and death. Therapeutic strategies to inhibit excessive inflammation in sepsis are needed. The lipid and protein phosphatase PTEN is a well-known tumor suppressor, but its role in host defense is poorly studied. Here, we investigated whether PTEN activation is involved in TLR activation in vivo and in vitro. PTEN expression is decreased in cells from the peritoneal cavity 24 h after cecum ligation and puncture (CLP). In vivo pretreatment with the PTEN inhibitor bpV(HOpic) 150 ug/Kg for 1 hour before cecum and ligation puncture decreases animals survival, associated with high bacterial number in the peritoneal cavity when compared to untreated mice. In vivo PTEN inhibition increases expression of the TLR adaptor MyD88 during sepsis. In vitro, LPS (TLR4) and PAM3Cys (TLR2) increase PTEN phosphorylation in thyoglicolate-elicited macrophages (MΦs). PTEN mRNA silencing further enhances MyD88 expression and TLR-2 and -4-induced IRAK and NFkB p65 phosphorylation. Transfection of MΦs with adenovirus expressing constitutively active PTEN decreases MyD88 expression. Together, our data show that PTEN is a key determinant of macrophage TLR activation by decreasing MyD88 expression, leading to reduced systemic inflammatory response and therefore improving sepsis outcome.

In vivo PPAR-gamma activation inhibits MyD88 expression to protect mice from polymicrobial sepsis. (P4425)

Sepsis is a disorder characterized by systemic inflammatory response caused by an infectious agent and may progress to multiple organ dysfunction and death. Overwhelming inflammatory response is believed to underlie tissue damage and preceding multiple organ disfunction syndrome. Thus, therapeutic strategies to inhibit excessive inflammation in sepsis is needed. The nuclear receptor peroxisossome proliferating factor (PPAR)-g exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in different immune cells. We hypothesize that prolonged PPAR-g activation decreases systemic inflammatory responses, improving sepsis outcome. We employed a model of polymicrobial sepsis (cecum and ligation puncture-CLP) to evaluate whether prolonged PPAR-g activation inhibits inflammation and improves animal survival. PPAR-g mRNA expression is increased in both peritoneal and lung cells at 6 h after CLP. Our data show that the PPAR-g agonist pioglitazone treatment for 18 h enhances bacterial clearance in the peritoneal cavity; which was associated with enhanced neutrophil migration to the infectious focus. These data correlates with lower expression of the TLR adaptor MyD88 in pioglitazone in vivo and peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Together, our findings suggest that PPAR-g activation impairs TLR responses, by inhibiting expression of MyD88 and preventing overwhelming inflammatory response.

The role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2) in initiation of rheumatoid arthritis. (68.7)

The etiology of several inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown. Some studies including data from our group, report that the receptor NOD2, a member of NLR family, is overexpressed in synovial fibroblasts of patients with RA. Since NOD2 activation might contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of chronic destructive inflammation in RA, we decided to investigate the role of this receptor in arthritis. Initially, WT and NOD2-/- mice were immunized with mBSA, and arthritis was induced by an i.a. injection of mBSA. Our data shows that knockout NOD2 mice did not develop arthritis, as evidenced by the low number of infiltrating cells into the articular cavity, and that transfer of wild type neutrophils into NOD2-/- mice did not restored the inflammatory status. Additionally, to assess if synovial fluid of RA patients could activate NOD2 in vitro, HEK293-Luciferase-NF-κB cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding the NOD2 receptor, 24 hours later these cells were stimulated with MDP or synovial fluid in different concentrations, osteoarthritis synovial fluid were used as control. Luciferase activity was measured 8 hours after stimulation. We observed that stimulation of NOD2 transfected cells with synovial fluid from RA patients leads to increased luciferase activity, suggesting the NF-κB activation dependent of NOD2 signaling in HEK293 cells. Together, these results suggest that NOD2 receptor has an important role in the pathogenesis of RA.

Evaluation of immune response in dorsal root ganglion of mice infected with Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) (76.8)

Herpes Zoster (HZ) is a disease caused by reactivation of latent herpesvirus Varicella Zoster in the sensory ganglion, characterized by dermal rash and severe pain. A model of mice infected with HSV-1 on the skin of the hind paw has been used to study the pathophysiology of HZ, since they develop HZ-like skin lesions and pain-related responses. There are no data available about the immune response in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of these mice. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate cells and inflammatory mediators present in DRGs and its relationship with hypernociception during HSV-1 cutaneous infection. Mice developed hypernociception from day 3 to 7 post inoculation in the ipsilateral (Ips) paws, but not in the contralateral (Cl) paws. A higher viral load, measured by qPCR, was detected in DRGs L3, L4 and L5 of infected mice, when compared to control mice or naïve mice. By flow citometry analysis, we observed an inflammatory infiltrate composed by CD4+, CD8+, CD11b and Gr1+ cells in DRGs L3, L4 and L5, but not in spinal cord, that correlated with virus presence previously found. A higher expression of COX-2, IFN-γ, GFAP and IL-22 was detected in the same DRGs of Ips paws from infected mice, when compared to the same ganglion of Cl paws or ganglion from naïve mice. Our results show the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate in DRGs of infected mice and the expression of inflammatory mediators which might contribute for the development of hypernociception.

Th17/Th1 axis polarization is mediated by IL-1 receptor in type 1 diabetes murine model (123.13)

Introduction: Autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1D) are thought to have a Th1/Th17 bias, but the underlying mechanisms driving the differentiation and activation of these pathogenic T cells has been investigated. Recently, the IL-1beta has been shown to regulate Th17 cell differentiation through of the expression of the transcription factor RORγt. Objective: For this reason, we addressed the respective IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) role in the TD1. Methods: IL-1R deficient mice and their wild-type (C57BL/6) were inoculated intraperitoneally with 40mg/Kg of streptozotocin for 5 consecutive days. Blood glucose levels and body weight were monitored weekly. The pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) were removed to assess the Th17 and Th1 frequency by flow cytometry. Results: Diabetic IL-1R deficient mice developed lower hyperglycemia with only 50% of mice becoming diabetic. In agreement, mice lacking IL-1R have reduced inflammatory infiltrate (insulitis) and augmented insulin content into pancreatic islets by second week. In addition, the IL-1R deficiency caused a decrease in IL-17 and IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cell population in pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN). The IL-17, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ levels were not altered, but IL-10 and IL-4 levels were higher in pancreatic tissue of diabetic IL-1R deficient mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that IL-1receptor promotes the Th17/Th1 skewing in the PLN and possibly contributes to pancreatic islet damage during the T1D onset.

Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii potentiates the immune response against polymicrobial infection in an IFN-gamma and TNF - mediated pathway, which can be harmful to the host (164.18)

Introduction: The majority of studies regarding host-pathogen interactions have focused on a single pathogen. However, host organisms in a natural environment are commonly exposed to multiple pathogens, such as T. gondii infection, which induces a strong immune response by Th1 pathway, that can persists throughout the life of the host. Therefore, we hypothesized that chronic infection with T. gondii could alter the course of host response against bacterial infection. Methodology: C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with 5 cysts of ME-49 strain of T. gondii and 40 days post infection, subjected infection by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis model. Results: Our data showed that, 12 and 24 hours after of CLP, the group of mice infected with T. gondii exhibited decreased bacterial count, increased inflammation characterized by an increase in myeloperoxidase content in lung and increase in IFN-γ and TNF cytokines levels, as compared mice subjected to the same stimulus infectious without previous T. gondii infection. Moreover, after CLP, these animals showed a significantly increase in mortality rate, which was reduced in mice TLR-2 knockout or treated with low concentrations of anti-IFN-γ or anti-TNF antibodies. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that T. gondii infection potentiates the host response against polymicrobial infection, which can be harmful to the host. The mechanism by which this happens seems to be mediated via the overproduction of IFN-γ and TNF.

Divergent role of heme oxygenase inhibition in the pathogenesis of sepsis (111.7)

The reduction of neutrophil migration to an infectious focus is associated with high mortality in severe sepsis. The present study was designed to determine the role of heme oxygenase (HO) in sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. We demonstrated that pre-treatment, but not the combination of pre- plus post-treatment with ZnPP IX, a HO inhibitor, prevented the reduction of CXCR2 on circulating neutrophils and the failure of intraperitoneal neutrophil migration to site of infection. Consequently, bacterial dissemination, systemic inflammatory response and organ injury were prevented. In addition, pre-treatment with the HO inhibitor avoided hypotension and consequently increased survival. Moreover, in mice subjected to Severe-CLP, the pre-treatment, but not the combination of pre- plus post-treatment with ZnPP IX, prevented the increase of plasmatic free heme observed in non-treated Severe-CLP. The administration of exogenous hemin to mice subjected to moderate sepsis consistently increased the mortality rate. Furthermore, hemin resulted in a reduction of neutrophil migration both in vivo and in vitro. Altogether, our results demonstrated that pre-treatment with the HO inhibitor prevents the pathological findings in Severe-CLP. However, the combination of pre- plus post-treatment with ZnPP IX enhances sepsis severity due to an increase in circulating levels of heme, which is deleterious to the host tissues and also inhibits neutrophil migration.

15d-PGJ2 ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis by convergence of Th17 to induced-Tregs (83.1)

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are CD4+T subtype cells with a critical role in inhibiting autoimmunity. Several works reported efficacy therapeutic of 15d-PGJ2 in autoimmune models as well in vitro is able to generate the differentiation of naïve T lymphocytes to the regulatory profile. However, this prostanoid use and its interrelationship with Tregs during the arthritis rheumatoid are unknown. In view of a therapeutic perspective, we investigate the potential role of 15d-PGJ2 in a model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and its interplay with Tregs-induced anti-inflammatory mechanism. CIA was elicited in DBA male mice by collagen-emulsion injection and then treated with 15-PGJ2 daily during 7 days. 15d-PGJ2 administration at the disease onset attenuated the severity of CIA, reducing clinical score, pain and edema. Furthermore, while the mRNA expression of ROR-γt was reduced, FOXP3 expression was up-regulated in draining lymph nodes cells from 15d-PGJ2-treated mice. In vitro, 15-PGJ2 increased the expression of FOXP3, GITR and CTLA-4, Tregs makers, on CD4+CD25- population, suggesting the induction of Tregs on effector cells. Coculture of Th17 cells with 15d-PGJ2-induced Treg reduced significantly the IL-17 production by collagen and α-CD3 stimuli whereas IL-10 production was enhanced. 15d-PGJ2 converge Th17 lymphocytes to regulatory profile, reducing the number of pathogenic T cells and consequently suppressing the inflammatory immune response. FAPEMIG 097/09