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Tieri S, Morsella C, Méndez L, Vasini B, Garro C, Paolicchi F. Comparison of two serological diagnosis tests for bovine paratuberculosis. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2645-2650. [PMID: 38575801 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causal agent of paratuberculosis (PTBC), a chronic infectious granulomatous enteritis of ruminants. The PTBC diagnosis with commercial ELISA has limitations in sensitivity and specificity, and its results depend on the state of progress of the disease. This research aimed to evaluate two different ELISAs: (a) an "in-house" ELISA with a sonicated antigen obtained from a MAP I47 strain, and (b) a commercial ELISA. In total, the evaluated sample consisted of 394 bovine serum samples from 12 farms in Argentina with high (5-9%) and low (≤ 0.05%) prevalence of PTBC. The evaluation of the new antigen (2.5 µg/mL) was against a 1:50 dilution of the M. phlei faced sera. The cut-off point, sensitivity, and specificity determinations of both techniques were by ROC curve analysis. The area under the curve for the I47 ELISA was 0.9 (CI 95%, 0.93-0.97). With a cut-off point of 8.8%, the sensitivity was 84.3% and the specificity 96.6%. The agreement between both techniques was 0.7 (CI 95%, 0.6-0.8). These results indicate a high discriminative capacity to differentiate positive and negative bovine sera of MAP infection with the I47 ELISA. This result would represent an advantage to dispense with the imported kit.
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Tieri S, Cirone K, Morsella C, Méndez L, Mundo S, Fernández B, Paolicchi F. Evaluation of ELISA in raw milk for detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy herd. VETERINARIA ITALIANA 2024; 60. [PMID: 38577845 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.2948.18971.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTBC) is a chronic intestinal disease of animals caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP infection is diagnosed through indirect tests based on the immune response. The aims of this study were to compare the performance of two milk ELISA for the diagnosis of PTBC and to assess the bulk tank milk (BTM) MAP exposure in dairy cattle in Argentina. A total of 357 fecal, serum, and milk samples were collected. The fecal samples were processed by culture for MAP isolation, while both, serum and milk samples were used for the detection of antibodies by two different ELISA tests, "in-house" and commercial kit. MAP was isolated in 3.9% of fecal samples. For milk ELISA, poor concordances were obtained. Optimized cut-off points were calculated. The highest sensitivity and specificity values (64% and 80% respectively) were obtained with the combination of MAP isolation and commercial milk ELISA. The results indicate that the combination of different techniques to identify of dairy cattle infected with MAP increases the efficiency of diagnosis. In addition, BTM samples (n=98) were evaluated to determine herd status using the commercial kit during two seasons, identifying 33.3% of positive samples in autumn and 35.4% in spring.
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Barca P, Paolicchi F, Aringhieri G, Palmas F, Marfisi D, Fantacci M, Caramella D, Giannelli M. An in-depth assessment of variability in image quality across five different CT scanners as clinically used for routine head examinations. Phys Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1120-1797(22)00254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Delpiazzo R, Barcellos M, Barros S, Betancor L, Fraga M, Gil J, Iraola G, Morsella C, Paolicchi F, Pérez R, Riet-Correa F, Sanguinetti M, Silva A, da Silva Silveira C, Calleros L. Accurate and fast identification of Campylobacter fetus in bulls by real-time PCR targeting a 16S rRNA gene sequence. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 11:100163. [PMID: 33490713 PMCID: PMC7807152 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus is an important animal pathogen that causes infectious infertility, embryonic mortality and abortions in cattle and sheep flocks. There are two recognized subspecies related with reproductive disorders in livestock: Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) and Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv). Rapid and reliable detection of this pathogenic species in bulls is of upmost importance for disease control in dairy and beef herds as they are asymptomatic carriers. The aim of the present work was to assess the performance a real-time PCR (qPCR) method for the diagnosis of Campylobacter fetus in samples from bulls, comparing it with culture and isolation methods. 520 preputial samples were both cultured in Skirrow's medium and analyzed by qPCR. The estimated sensitivity of qPCR was 90.9% (95% CI, 69.4%–100%), and the specificity was 99.4% (95% CI, 98.6% - 100%). The proportion of C. fetus positive individuals was 2.1% by isolation and 2.5% by qPCR. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests as Cfv (n = 9) and Cff (n = 2). Our findings support the use of qPCR for fast and accurate detection of C. fetus directly from field samples of preputial smegma of bulls. The qPCR method showed to be suitable for massive screenings because it can be performed in pooled samples without losing accuracy and sensitivity.
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Aringhieri G, Vitali S, Marletta M, Paolicchi F, Zampa V, Caramella D. Potential Role of Diffusion-weighted Imaging in Postsurgery Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vasini Rosell B, Lagleyze B, Morsella C, Mendez L, Bresky F, Gioffré A, Paolicchi F. Evidence of in utero infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using Multiple-Locus Variable-number tandem-repeat Analysis:. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH AND ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2020.161653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A pregnant heifer with an advanced clinical stage of paratuberculosis was reported in a herd in Argentina. Thus, the animal was euthanized and samples of organs of the cow and its fetus was taken and cultured for bacteriology in specific medium. Tissues were analyzed by histopathology (hematoxylin-eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen staining). Histopathological analysis of the cow’s samples revealed the presence of lesions consistent with paratuberculosis, and Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed the presence of acid-fast bacilli, whereas the fetal tissues showed absence of lesions but the presence of acid-fast bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. After growing in specific medium, colonies in tissues from both cow and fetus were positive for IS900-PCR, confirming the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Finally, the isolates were typed by Multiple-Locus Variable-number tandem-repeat Analysis (MLVA), which confirmedthe epidemiological link between them. This study is the first in Argentina to report the detection of MAP that shares an identical MLVA type in a pregnant cow and its fetus. The results of this study are consistent with previous reports and highlight the intra-uterine transmission of MAP as an important source of infection within herds.
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Eirin M, Carignano H, Shimizu E, Pando MA, Zumárraga M, Magnano G, Macías A, Garbaccio S, Huertas P, Morsella C, Ferrara Muñiz X, Cataldi A, Paolicchi F, Poli M. BoLA-DRB3 exon2 polymorphisms among tuberculous cattle: Nucleotide and functional variability and their association with bovine tuberculosis pathology. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:118-125. [PMID: 32172000 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis and disseminated worldwide. In Argentina, the highest prevalence occurs in dairy areas. BoLA DRB3.2 is related to the adaptive immunity in mycobacterial infections. Genetic polymorphisms of this marker have been associated with resistance or susceptibility to bovine diseases. We evaluated the association between BoLA DRB3.2 polymorphisms and bTB pathology scores in dairy and beef cattle breeds of Argentina. Most bovines exhibited visible lesions compatible with tuberculosis and, furthermore, 150 (85.7%) were also positive by bacteriology. A pathology index showed a variable degree of disease, from 3 to 76 (median pathology score = 9 (IQR: 7-15)). Thirty-five BoLA DRB3.2 alleles were identified with an associated frequency from 16% to 0.3%, distributed 73% (n = 128) in heterozygosis and 27% (n = 47) in homozygosis, with 12 BoLA DRB3.2 alleles (*0101, *1101, *1501, *0201, *2707 *1001, *1002, *1201, *14011, *0501 *0902 and *0701) representing the 74.7% of the population variability. A functional analysis grouped them in 4 out of 5 clusters (A-D), suggesting a functional overlapping. Among the 90 identified genotypes, *1101/*1101, *1101/*1501 and *0101/*0101 were the most frequent (10%, 8.9% and 8.9%, respectively). No association was detected between the pathology scores and a specific DRB3.2 allele (p > .05). Animals infected with M. bovis spoligotype SB0153 showed a significantly higher pathology score than those affected by the spoligotype SB0145 (p = .018). Furthermore, the Aberdeen Angus breed exhibited highest pathological scores (p < .0001), which were associated with disseminated lesion, thus suggesting that the host component could be important to the disease progression.
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Whittington R, Donat K, Weber MF, Kelton D, Nielsen SS, Eisenberg S, Arrigoni N, Juste R, Sáez JL, Dhand N, Santi A, Michel A, Barkema H, Kralik P, Kostoulas P, Citer L, Griffin F, Barwell R, Moreira MAS, Slana I, Koehler H, Singh SV, Yoo HS, Chávez-Gris G, Goodridge A, Ocepek M, Garrido J, Stevenson K, Collins M, Alonso B, Cirone K, Paolicchi F, Gavey L, Rahman MT, de Marchin E, Van Praet W, Bauman C, Fecteau G, McKenna S, Salgado M, Fernández-Silva J, Dziedzinska R, Echeverría G, Seppänen J, Thibault V, Fridriksdottir V, Derakhshandeh A, Haghkhah M, Ruocco L, Kawaji S, Momotani E, Heuer C, Norton S, Cadmus S, Agdestein A, Kampen A, Szteyn J, Frössling J, Schwan E, Caldow G, Strain S, Carter M, Wells S, Munyeme M, Wolf R, Gurung R, Verdugo C, Fourichon C, Yamamoto T, Thapaliya S, Di Labio E, Ekgatat M, Gil A, Alesandre AN, Piaggio J, Suanes A, de Waard JH. Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:198. [PMID: 31196162 PMCID: PMC6567393 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.
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Bilbao GN, Malena R, Passucci JA, Pinto de Almeida Castro AM, Paolicchi F, Soto P, Cantón J, Monteavaro CE. [Detection of serovars of Salmonella in artificially reared calves in Mar y Sierras Dairy Basin, Argentina]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2019; 51:241-246. [PMID: 30638637 PMCID: PMC7115763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
La salmonelosis es una de las enfermedades bacterianas que afectan el tracto digestivo de los terneros y provocan en ellos diarrea. Con el objetivo de estudiar la prevalencia de los distintos serovares de Salmonella en terneros de crianza artificial y determinar la asociación con signos diarreicos, se realizó un estudio epidemiológico con diseño transversal en la región lechera Mar y Sierras, ubicada en la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Mediante hisopado de mucosa rectal, se muestrearon 726 terneros en período de crianza distribuidos en 50 establecimientos lecheros de dicha zona, se incluyeron animales con signos diarreicos y sin estos. Los aislamientos identificados como Salmonella spp. fueron tipificados utilizando antisueros poli- y monovalentes dirigidos contra antígenos somáticos, flagelares y capsulares (Vi). Salmonella spp. se detectó en el 36% de los establecimientos y los serovares hallados fueron S. Mbandaka, S. Anatum, S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Montevideo, S. Meleagridis, S. Newport, S. Seftemberg, S. subesp.16,7:z1, S. Infantis y S. Give. El 5,5% de los terneros fueron positivos y aquellos terneros con signología diarreica presentaron 5,9 veces más probabilidad de estar infectados con Salmonella spp. que aquellos que no tuvieron signos. La edad de los terneros positivos osciló desde un día hasta 53 días de vida; la mayor frecuencia se detectó al segundo día de nacidos. Se concluye que 11 serovares de Salmonella están presentes en más de un tercio de los establecimientos lecheros de la región lechera Mar y Sierras y que estos serovares mostraron estar asociados a la existencia de signos diarreicos en los terneros, sobre todo a la presencia de moco en las heces. La prevalencia de Salmonella fue mayor en terneros de menos de 21 días de vida.
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Morrell EL, Campero CM, Cantón GJ, Odeón AC, Moore DP, Odriozola E, Paolicchi F, Fiorentino MA. Current trends in bovine abortion in Argentina. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Bovine abortion is an important cause of significant economic losses in beef and dairy herds. This syndrome is usually difficult to diagnose. The aim of this study was to characterize bovine abortion causes in Argentina by standard diagnosis procedures (histology, bacterial and viral isolation) and other diagnostic tests like direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT), fetal serology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and PCR, showing their specific advantages and limitations. Necropsies were performed in 150 aborted bovine fetuses submitted to the diagnostic laboratories of Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Balcarce, Argentina. Etiological diagnosis was confirmed in 78 fetuses (52% of the cases). Most causes of abortion were of infectious origin, being Neospora caninum (14.67%), Campylobacter fetus sp. (9.33%), Leptospira spp. (7.33%) and Brucella abortus (6.65%) the main microorganisms identified. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus (BHV) were diagnosed in 2 (1.33%) and 3 (2%) cases, respectively. This study showed a better characterization of bovine abortion compared with previous researches done on this topic.
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Encinas M, Marfil M, Garbaccio S, Barandiaran S, Huertas P, Morsella C, Macías A, Magnano G, Zapata L, Bigi F, Cataldi A, Paolicchi F, Zumárraga M, Eirin M. Mycobacterium bovis ESAT-6, CFP-10 and EspC antigens show high conservation among field isolates. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:143-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Iraola G, Forster SC, Kumar N, Lehours P, Bekal S, García-Peña FJ, Paolicchi F, Morsella C, Hotzel H, Hsueh PR, Vidal A, Lévesque S, Yamazaki W, Balzan C, Vargas A, Piccirillo A, Chaban B, Hill JE, Betancor L, Collado L, Truyers I, Midwinter AC, Dagi HT, Mégraud F, Calleros L, Pérez R, Naya H, Lawley TD. Distinct Campylobacter fetus lineages adapted as livestock pathogens and human pathobionts in the intestinal microbiota. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1367. [PMID: 29118316 PMCID: PMC5678084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus is a venereal pathogen of cattle and sheep, and an opportunistic human pathogen. It is often assumed that C. fetus infection occurs in humans as a zoonosis through food chain transmission. Here we show that mammalian C. fetus consists of distinct evolutionary lineages, primarily associated with either human or bovine hosts. We use whole-genome phylogenetics on 182 strains from 17 countries to provide evidence that C. fetus may have originated in humans around 10,500 years ago and may have "jumped" into cattle during the livestock domestication period. We detect C. fetus genomes in 8% of healthy human fecal metagenomes, where the human-associated lineages are the dominant type (78%). Thus, our work suggests that C. fetus is an unappreciated human intestinal pathobiont likely spread by human to human transmission. This genome-based evolutionary framework will facilitate C. fetus epidemiology research and the development of improved molecular diagnostics and prevention schemes for this neglected pathogen.
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Iraola G, Pérez R, Betancor L, Marandino A, Morsella C, Méndez A, Paolicchi F, Piccirillo A, Tomás G, Velilla A, Calleros L. A novel real-time PCR assay for quantitative detection of Campylobacter fetus based on ribosomal sequences. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:286. [PMID: 27978826 PMCID: PMC5159996 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter fetus is a pathogen of major concern for animal and human health. The species shows a great intraspecific variation, with three subspecies: C. fetus subsp. fetus, C. fetus subsp. venerealis, and C. fetus subsp. testudinum. Campylobacter fetus fetus affects a broad range of hosts and induces abortion in sheep and cows. Campylobacter fetus venerealis is restricted to cattle and causes the endemic disease bovine genital campylobacteriosis, which triggers reproductive problems and is responsible for major economic losses. Campylobacter fetus testudinum has been proposed recently based on genetically divergent strains isolated from reptiles and humans. Both C. fetus fetus and C. fetus testudinum are opportunistic pathogens for immune-compromised humans. Biochemical tests remain as the gold standard for identifying C. fetus but the fastidious growing requirements and the lack of reliability and reproducibility of some biochemical tests motivated the development of molecular diagnostic tools. These methods have been successfully tested on bovine isolates but fail to detect some genetically divergent strains isolated from other hosts. The aim of the present study was to develop a highly specific molecular assay to identify and quantify C. fetus strains. Results We developed a highly sensitive real-time PCR assay that targets a unique region of the 16S rRNA gene. This assay successfully detected all C. fetus strains, including those that were negative for the cstA gene-based assay used as a standard for molecular C. fetus identification. The assay showed high specificity and absence of cross-reactivity with other bacterial species. The analytical testing of the assay was determined using a standard curve. The assay demonstrated a wide dynamic range between 102 and 107 genome copies per reaction, and a good reproducibility with small intra- and inter-assay variability. Conclusions The possibility to characterize samples in a rapid, sensitive and reproducible way makes this assay a good option to establish a new standard in molecular identification and quantification of C. fetus species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0913-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Calleros L, Betancor L, Iraola G, Méndez A, Morsella C, Paolicchi F, Silveyra S, Velilla A, Pérez R. Assessing the intra-species genetic variability in the clonal pathogen Campylobacter fetus: CRISPRs are highly polymorphic DNA markers. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 132:86-94. [PMID: 27867047 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that infects animals and humans. The subspecies Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) affects a broad range of vertebrate hosts and induces abortion in cows and sheep. Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv) is restricted to cattle and causes the endemic disease bovine genital campylobacteriosis, which triggers reproductive problems and is responsible for major economic losses. Campylobacter fetus subsp. testudinum (Cft) has been isolated mostly from apparently healthy reptiles belonging to different species but also from ill snakes and humans. Genotypic differentiation of Cff and Cfv is difficult, and epidemiological information is scarce because there are few methods to study the genetic diversity of the strains. We analyze the efficacy of MLST, ribosomal sequences (23S gene and internal spacer region), and CRISPRs to assess the genetic variability of C. fetus in bovine and human isolates. Sequences retrieved from complete genomes were included in the analysis for comparative purposes. MLST and ribosomal sequences had scarce or null variability, while the CRISPR-cas system structure and the sequence of CRISPR1 locus showed remarkable diversity. None of the sequences here analyzed provided evidence of a genetic differentiation of Cff and Cfv in bovine isolates. Comparison of bovine and human isolates with Cft strains showed a striking divergence. Inter-host differences raise the possibility of determining the original host of human infections using CRISPR sequences. CRISPRs are the most variable sequences analyzed in C. fetus so far, and constitute excellent representatives of a dynamic fraction of the genome. CRISPR typing is a promising tool to characterize isolates and to track the source and transmission route of C. fetus infections.
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Paolicchi F, Miniati F, Bastiani L, Faggioni L, Ciaramella A, Creonti I, Sottocornola C, Dionisi C, Caramella D. Erratum to: Assessment of radiation protection awareness and knowledge about radiological examination doses among Italian radiographers. Insights Imaging 2016; 7:243-4. [PMID: 26780779 PMCID: PMC4805623 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-015-0458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Paolicchi F, Miniati F, Bastiani L, Faggioni L, Ciaramella A, Creonti I, Sottocornola C, Dionisi C, Caramella D. Assessment of radiation protection awareness and knowledge about radiological examination doses among Italian radiographers. Insights Imaging 2015; 7:233-42. [PMID: 26596570 PMCID: PMC4805619 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-015-0445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate radiation protection basic knowledge and dose assessment for radiological procedures among Italian radiographers Methods A validated questionnaire was distributed to 780 participants with balanced demographic characteristics and geographic distribution. Results Only 12.1 % of participants attended radiation protection courses on a regular basis. Despite 90 % of radiographers stating to have sufficient awareness of radiation protection issues, most of them underestimated the radiation dose of almost all radiological procedures. About 5 % and 4 % of the participants, respectively, claimed that pelvis magnetic resonance imaging and abdominal ultrasound exposed patients to radiation. On the contrary, 7.0 % of the radiographers stated that mammography does not use ionising radiation. About half of participants believed that radiation-induced cancer is not dependent on age or gender and were not able to differentiate between deterministic and stochastic effects. Young radiographers (with less than 3 years of experience) showed a higher level of knowledge compared with the more experienced radiographers. Conclusions There is a substantial need for radiographers to improve their awareness of radiation protection issues and their knowledge of radiological procedures. Specific actions such as regular training courses for both undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as for working radiographers must be considered in order to assure patient safety during radiological examinations. Main messages • Radiographers should improve their knowledge on radiation protection issues. • Only 12.1 % of participants attended radiation protection courses on a regular basis. • Specific actions must be considered in order to increase knowledge and awareness.
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Gioffré A, Correa Muñoz M, Alvarado Pinedo MF, Vaca R, Morsella C, Fiorentino MA, Paolicchi F, Ruybal P, Zumárraga M, Travería GE, Romano MI. Molecular typing of Argentinian Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates by multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:557-64. [PMID: 26273274 PMCID: PMC4507551 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246220140283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of
Mycobacterium avium subspecies
paratuberculosis (MAP) isolates may contribute to the
knowledge of strain diversity in Argentina. Although the diversity of MAP has
been previously investigated in Argentina using IS900-RFLP, a
small number of isolates were employed, and a low discriminative power was
reached. The aim of the present study was to test the genetic diversity among
MAP isolates using an MLVA approach based on 8 repetitive loci. We studied 97
isolates from cattle, goat and sheep and could describe 7 different patterns:
INMV1, INMV2, INMV11, INMV13, INMV16, INMV33 and one incomplete pattern. INMV1
and INMV2 were the most frequent patterns, grouping 76.3% of the isolates. We
were also able to demonstrate the coexistence of genotypes in herds and
co-infection at the organism level. This study shows that all the patterns
described are common to those described in Europe, suggesting an epidemiological
link between the continents.
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Iraola G, Pérez R, Naya H, Paolicchi F, Pastor E, Valenzuela S, Calleros L, Velilla A, Hernández M, Morsella C. Genomic evidence for the emergence and evolution of pathogenicity and niche preferences in the genus Campylobacter. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2392-405. [PMID: 25193310 PMCID: PMC4202331 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Campylobacter includes some of the most relevant pathogens for human and animal health; the continuous effort in their characterization has also revealed new species putatively involved in different kind of infections. Nowadays, the available genomic data for the genus comprise a wide variety of species with different pathogenic potential and niche preferences. In this work, we contribute to enlarge this available information presenting the first genome for the species Campylobacter sputorum bv. sputorum and use this and the already sequenced organisms to analyze the emergence and evolution of pathogenicity and niche preferences among Campylobacter species. We found that campylobacters can be unequivocally distinguished in established and putative pathogens depending on their repertory of virulence genes, which have been horizontally acquired from other bacteria because the nonpathogenic Campylobacter ancestor emerged, and posteriorly interchanged between some members of the genus. Additionally, we demonstrated the role of both horizontal gene transfers and diversifying evolution in niche preferences, being able to distinguish genetic features associated to the tropism for oral, genital, and gastrointestinal tissues. In particular, we highlight the role of nonsynonymous evolution of disulphide bond proteins, the invasion antigen B (CiaB), and other secreted proteins in the determination of niche preferences. Our results arise from assessing the previously unmet goal of considering the whole available Campylobacter diversity for genome comparisons, unveiling notorious genetic features that could explain particular phenotypes and set the basis for future research in Campylobacter biology.
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Shimizu E, Macías A, Paolicchi F, Magnano G, Zapata L, Fernández A, Canal A, Garbaccio S, Cataldi A, Caimi K, Zumárraga M. Genotyping Mycobacterium bovis from cattle in the Central Pampas of Argentina: temporal and regional trends. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:236-45. [PMID: 24676658 PMCID: PMC4015263 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis
(TB), a disease that affects approximately 5% of Argentinean cattle. Among the
molecular methods for genotyping, the most convenient are spoligotyping and variable
number of tandem repeats (VNTR). A total of 378 samples from bovines with visible
lesions consistent with TB were collected at slaughterhouses in three provinces,
yielding 265 M. bovis spoligotyped isolates, which were distributed
into 35 spoligotypes. In addition, 197 isolates were also typed by the VNTR method
and 54 combined VNTR types were detected. There were 24 clusters and 27 orphan types.
When both typing methods were combined, 98 spoligotypes and VNTR types were observed
with 27 clusters and 71 orphan types. By performing a meta-analysis with previous
spoligotyping results, we identified regional and temporal trends in the population
structure of M. bovis. For SB0140, the most predominant spoligotype
in Argentina, the prevalence percentage remained high during different periods,
varying from 25.5-57.8% (1994-2011). By contrast, the second and third most prevalent
spoligotypes exhibited important fluctuations. This study shows that there has been
an expansion in ancestral lineages as demonstrated by spoligotyping. However, exact
tandem repeat typing suggests dynamic changes in the clonal population of this
microorganism.
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Garbaccio S, Macias A, Shimizu E, Paolicchi F, Pezzone N, Magnano G, Zapata L, Abdala A, Tarabla H, Peyru M, Caimi K, Zumárraga M, Canal A, Cataldi A. Association between spoligotype-VNTR types and virulence of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Virulence 2014; 5:297-302. [PMID: 24398919 DOI: 10.4161/viru.27193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a disease that affects approximately 5% of Argentine cattle. The aim of this research was to study if it is possible to infer the degree of virulence of different M. bovis genotypes based on scorified observations of tuberculosis lesions in cattle. In this study, we performed association analyses between several parameters with tuberculosis lesions: M. bovis genotype, degree of progression of tuberculosis, and animal age. For this purpose, the genotype was determined by spoligotyping and the degree of bovine tuberculosis gross lesion was quantified with a score based on clinical observations (number, size, and location of granulomas along with histopathologic features). This study was performed with naturally infected cattle of slaughterhouses from three provinces in Argentina. A total of 265 M. bovis isolates were obtained from 378 pathological lesion samples and 192 spoligotyping and VNTR (based on ETR sequences) typing patterns were obtained. SB0140 was the most predominant spoligotype, followed by SB0145. The spoligotype with the highest lesion score was SB0273 (median score of 27 ± 4.46), followed by SB0520 (18 ± 5.8). Furthermore, the most common spoligotype, SB0140, had a median score of 11 ± 0.74. Finally, the spoligotype with the lowest score was SB0145 (8 ± 1.0). ETR typing of SB0140, SB0145, SB0273, and SB0520 did not subdivide the lesion scores in those spoligotypes. In conclusion, SB0273 and SB0520 were the spoligotypes with the strongest association with hypervirulence and both spoligotypes were only found in Río Cuarto at the south of Córdoba province. Interestingly, there is no other report of any of these spoligotyes in Latin America.
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Cirone K, Huberman Y, Morsella C, Méndez L, Jorge M, Paolicchi F. Growth of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Enteritidis during Preparation and Storage of Yogurt. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 2013:247018. [PMID: 24455399 PMCID: PMC3876911 DOI: 10.1155/2013/247018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the viability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) during preparation and refrigerated storage of yogurt. Three yogurts were prepared using pasteurized commercial milk. Each yogurt was artificially contaminated with (1) MAP, (2) E. coli + S. Enteritidis, and (3) MAP + E. coli + S. Enteritidis. Samples were taken during and after the fermentation process until day 20 after inoculation. MAP was not detected during their preparation and short-term storage but was recuperated after starting at 180 min after inoculation storage. Live bacterial counts of E. coli, and S. Enteritidis increased during the first 24 hours, followed by a slight decrease towards the end of the study. In this study it was shown how MAP, E. coli, and S. Enteritidis resisted the acidic conditions generated during the preparation of yogurt and low storage temperatures. This work contributes to current knowledge regarding survival of MAP, E. coli, and S. Enteritidis during preparation and refrigerated storage of yogurt and emphasizes the need to improve hygiene measures to ensure the absence of these pathogenic microorganisms in dairy products.
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Marraccini P, Mazzarisi A, Carpeggiani C, Schlueter M, Paolicchi F, Bianchi M, Faggioni L, Coppini G, Bartolozzi C, Picano E. Temporal trends in personal radiation dose associated with coronary computed tomography angiography. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht310.p5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Iraola G, Pérez R, Naya H, Paolicchi F, Harris D, Lawley TD, Rego N, Hernández M, Calleros L, Carretto L, Velilla A, Morsella C, Méndez A, Gioffre A. Complete Genome Sequence of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis Biovar Intermedius, Isolated from the Prepuce of a Bull. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:e00526-13. [PMID: 23908278 PMCID: PMC3731832 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00526-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis is the causative agent of bovine genital campylobacteriosis, a sexually transmitted disease distributed worldwide. Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis biovar Intermedius strains differ in their biochemical behavior and are prevalent in some countries. We report the first genome sequence for this biovar, isolated from bull prepuce.
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Iraola G, Hernández M, Calleros L, Paolicchi F, Silveyra S, Velilla A, Carretto L, Rodríguez E, Pérez R. Application of a multiplex PCR assay for Campylobacter fetus detection and subspecies differentiation in uncultured samples of aborted bovine fetuses. J Vet Sci 2013; 13:371-6. [PMID: 23271178 PMCID: PMC3539122 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.4.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter (C.) fetus (epsilonproteobacteria) is an important veterinary pathogen. This species is currently divided into C. fetus subspecies (subsp.) fetus (Cff) and C. fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv). Cfv is the causative agent of bovine genital Campylobacteriosis, an infectious disease that leads to severe reproductive problems in cattle worldwide. Cff is a more general pathogen that causes reproductive problems mainly in sheep although cattle can also be affected. Here we describe a multiplex PCR method to detect C. fetus and differentiate between subspecies in a single step. The assay was standardized using cultured strains and successfully used to analyze the abomasal liquid of aborted bovine fetuses without any pre-enrichment step. Results of our assay were completely consistent with those of traditional bacteriological diagnostic methods. Furthermore, the multiplex PCR technique we developed may be easily adopted by any molecular diagnostic laboratory as a complementary tool for detecting C. fetus subspecies and obtaining epidemiological information about abortion events in cattle.
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Paolicchi F, Perea J, Cseh S, Morsella C. Relationship between Paratuberculosis and the microelements Copper, Zinc, Iron, Selenium and Molybdenum in Beef Cattle. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:153-60. [PMID: 24159298 PMCID: PMC3804192 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the deficiency of minerals and its relationship with Paratuberculosis, blood, serum, and fecal samples were obtained from 75 adult bovines without clinical symptoms of the disease and from two bovines with clinical symptoms of the disease, from two beef herds with a previous history of Paratuberculosis in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Serum samples were processed by ELISA and feces were cultured in Herrolds medium. Copper, zinc and iron in serum were quantified by spectrophotometry and selenium was measured by the activity of glutathione peroxidase. We also determined copper, zinc, iron and molybdenum concentrations in pastures and the concentration of sulfate in water. Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Map) was isolated from 17.3% of fecal samples of asymptomatic animals and from the fecal samples from the two animals with clinical symptoms. All the Map-positive animals were also ELISA-positive or suspect, and among them, 84.6% presented low or marginal values of selenium and 69.2% presented low or marginal values of copper. The two animals with clinical symptoms, and isolation of Map from feces and organs were selenium-deficient and had the lowest activity of glutathione peroxidase of all the animals from both herds. All the animals negative to Map in feces and negative to ELISA had normal values of Se, while 13.8% of animals with positive ELISA or suspect and culture negative presented low levels of Se. Half of the animals that were negative both for ELISA and culture in feces were deficient in copper but none of them presented low values of selenium. The content of molybdenum and iron in pasture was high, 2.5 ppm and 1.13 ppm in one herd and 2.5 ppm and 2.02 ppm in the other, respectively, whereas the copper:molybdenum ratio was 1.5 and 5.2, respectively. These results do not confirm an interaction between imbalances of the micronutrients and clinical Paratuberculosis, but show evidence of the relationship between selenium deficiencies in animals with Map infection and ELISA positive results.
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