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Odell LR, Jones NC, Chau N, Robertson MJ, Ambrus JI, Deane FM, Young KA, Whiting A, Xue J, Prichard K, Daniel JA, Gorgani NN, O'Brien TJ, Robinson PJ, McCluskey A. The sulfonadyns: a class of aryl sulfonamides inhibiting dynamin I GTPase and clathrin mediated endocytosis are anti-seizure in animal models. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1492-1511. [PMID: 37593570 PMCID: PMC10429932 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We show that dansylcadaverine (1) a known in-cell inhibitor of clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME), moderately inhibits dynamin I (dynI) GTPase activity (IC50 45 μM) and transferrin (Tfn) endocytosis in U2OS cells (IC50 205 μM). Synthesis gave a new class of GTP-competitive dynamin inhibitors, the Sulfonadyns™. The introduction of a terminal cinnamyl moiety greatly enhanced dynI inhibition. Rigid diamine or amide links between the dansyl and cinnamyl moieties were detrimental to dynI inhibition. Compounds with in vitro inhibition of dynI activity <10 μM were tested in-cell for inhibition of CME. These data unveiled a number of compounds, e.g. analogues 33 ((E)-N-(6-{[(3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-propen-1-yl]amino}hexyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide)) and 47 ((E)-N-(3-{[3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-propen-1-yl]amino}propyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide)isomers that showed dyn IC50 <4 μM, IC50(CME) <30 μM and IC50(SVE) from 12-265 μM. Both analogues (33 and 47) are at least 10 times more potent that the initial lead, dansylcadaverine (1). Enzyme kinetics revealed these sulfonamide analogues as being GTP competitive inhibitors of dynI. Sulfonadyn-47, the most potent SVE inhibitor observed (IC50(SVE) = 12.3 μM), significantly increased seizure threshold in a 6 Hz mouse psychomotor seizure test at 30 (p = 0.003) and 100 mg kg-1 ip (p < 0.0001), with similar anti-seizure efficacy to the established anti-seizure medication, sodium valproate (400 mg kg-1). The Sulfonadyn™ class of drugs target dynamin and show promise as novel leads for future anti-seizure medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Odell
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital Commercial Road Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Mark J Robertson
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Joseph I Ambrus
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Fiona M Deane
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Kelly A Young
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - Ainslie Whiting
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Jing Xue
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Kate Prichard
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
| | - James A Daniel
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Nick N Gorgani
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital Commercial Road Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia +612 8865 2915
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental & Life Science, The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia +612 4921 5472 +612 4921 6486
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2
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Al Otaibi A, Deane FM, Russell CC, Hizartzidis L, McCluskey SN, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. A methanol and protic ionic liquid Ugi multicomponent reaction path to cytotoxic α-phenylacetamido amides. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7652-7663. [PMID: 35521167 PMCID: PMC9061180 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ugi four component reaction of an aldehyde, amine, isocyanide and an ethanoic acid was effected smoothly in protic ionic liquids ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and propylammonium nitrate (PAN) to afford analogues of α-phenylacetamido amides in good to excellent isolated yields. The corresponding reactions in [BMIM][PF6] and the protic ionic liquid ethanolammonium nitrate (ETAN) failed. Microwave irradiation in EAN facilitated rapid access to three focused libraries, based on the parent isocyanide: cyclohexyl isocyanide, benzyl isocyanide and ethyl isocyanoacetate. Analysis of the structure activity relationship data suggested the presence of a bulky moiety originating from the isocyanide (cyclohexyl and benzyl) enhanced cytotoxicity. Removal of the acetylenic H-atom from the ethanoic acid moiety was detrimental to cytotoxicity. The most active analogues produced, N-(2-cyclohexylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl-N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propiolamide, returned average GI50 values of ≤1 μM across the cancer cell lines evaluated. Combined, these data suggest that analogues of this nature are interesting potential anti-cancer development leads. The Ugi reaction (aldehyde, amine, isocyanide and an ethanoic acid) in the protic ionic liquids ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and propylammonium nitrate (PAN) gave excellent yields of α-phenylacetamido amides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Otaibi
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | - Fiona M. Deane
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | - Cecilia C. Russell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | - Lacey Hizartzidis
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | - Siobhann N. McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
| | | | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences
- The University of Newcastle
- Australia
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3
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Odell LR, Abdel-Hamid MK, Hill TA, Chau N, Young KA, Deane FM, Sakoff JA, Andersson S, Daniel JA, Robinson PJ, McCluskey A. Pyrimidine-Based Inhibitors of Dynamin I GTPase Activity: Competitive Inhibition at the Pleckstrin Homology Domain. J Med Chem 2016; 60:349-361. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Odell
- Chemistry,
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Mohammed K. Abdel-Hamid
- Chemistry,
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- Chemistry,
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury
Road, Westmead New South
Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Kelly A. Young
- Chemistry,
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Fiona M. Deane
- Chemistry,
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Jennette A. Sakoff
- Experimental
Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, 2298, New South Wales Australia
| | - Sofia Andersson
- Department
of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Mälardalens University, Box 325, S-631
05, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - James A. Daniel
- Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury
Road, Westmead New South
Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Phillip J. Robinson
- Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury
Road, Westmead New South
Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry,
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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4
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Robertson MJ, Deane FM, Stahlschmidt W, von Kleist L, Haucke V, Robinson PJ, McCluskey A. Synthesis of the Pitstop family of clathrin inhibitors. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1592-606. [PMID: 24922269 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes the synthesis of two classes of clathrin inhibitors, Pitstop 1 and Pitstop 2, along with two inactive analogs that can be used as negative controls (Pitstop inactive controls, Pitnot-2 and Pitnot-2-100). Pitstop-induced inhibition of clathrin TD function acutely interferes with clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), synaptic vesicle recycling and cellular entry of HIV, whereas clathrin-independent internalization pathways and secretory traffic proceed unperturbed; these reagents can, therefore, be used to investigate clathrin function, and they have potential pharmacological applications. Pitstop 1 is synthesized in two steps: sulfonation of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride and subsequent reaction with 4-amino(methyl)aniline. Pitnot-1 results from the reaction of 4-amino(methyl)aniline with commercially available 4-sulfo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride potassium salt. Reaction of 1-naphthalene sulfonyl chloride with pseudothiohydantoin followed by condensation with 4-bromobenzaldehyde yields Pitstop 2. The synthesis of the inactive control commences with the condensation of 4-bromobenzaldehyde with the rhodanine core. Thioketone methylation and displacement with 1-napthylamine affords the target compound. Although Pitstop 1-series compounds are not cell permeable, they can be used in biochemical assays or be introduced into cells via microinjection. The Pitstop 2-series compounds are cell permeable. The synthesis of these compounds does not require specialist equipment and can be completed in 3-4 d. Microwave irradiation can be used to reduce the synthesis time. The synthesis of the Pitstop 2 family is easily adaptable to enable the synthesis of related compounds such as Pitstop 2-100 and Pitnot-2-100. The procedures are also simple, efficient and amenable to scale-up, enabling cost-effective in-house synthesis for users of these inhibitor classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Robertson
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia. [2]
| | - Fiona M Deane
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia. [2]
| | - Wiebke Stahlschmidt
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa von Kleist
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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McCluskey A, Daniel JA, Hadzic G, Chau N, Clayton EL, Mariana A, Whiting A, Gorgani NN, Lloyd J, Quan A, Moshkanbaryans L, Krishnan S, Perera S, Chircop M, von Kleist L, McGeachie AB, Howes MT, Parton RG, Campbell M, Sakoff JA, Wang X, Sun JY, Robertson MJ, Deane FM, Nguyen TH, Meunier FA, Cousin MA, Robinson PJ. Building a better dynasore: the dyngo compounds potently inhibit dynamin and endocytosis. Traffic 2013; 14:1272-89. [PMID: 24025110 PMCID: PMC4138991 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamin GTPase activity increases when it oligomerizes either into helices in the presence of lipid templates or into rings in the presence of SH3 domain proteins. Dynasore is a dynamin inhibitor of moderate potency (IC₅₀ ~ 15 μM in vitro). We show that dynasore binds stoichiometrically to detergents used for in vitro drug screening, drastically reducing its potency (IC₅₀ = 479 μM) and research tool utility. We synthesized a focused set of dihydroxyl and trihydroxyl dynasore analogs called the Dyngo™ compounds, five of which had improved potency, reduced detergent binding and reduced cytotoxicity, conferred by changes in the position and/or number of hydroxyl substituents. The Dyngo compound 4a was the most potent compound, exhibiting a 37-fold improvement in potency over dynasore for liposome-stimulated helical dynamin activity. In contrast, while dynasore about equally inhibited dynamin assembled in its helical or ring states, 4a and 6a exhibited >36-fold reduced activity against rings, suggesting that they can discriminate between helical or ring oligomerization states. 4a and 6a inhibited dynamin-dependent endocytosis of transferrin in multiple cell types (IC₅₀ of 5.7 and 5.8 μM, respectively), at least sixfold more potently than dynasore, but had no effect on dynamin-independent endocytosis of cholera toxin. 4a also reduced synaptic vesicle endocytosis and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis in cultured neurons and synaptosomes. Overall, 4a and 6a are improved and versatile helical dynamin and endocytosis inhibitors in terms of potency, non-specific binding and cytotoxicity. The data further suggest that the ring oligomerization state of dynamin is not required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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McGeachie AB, Odell LR, Quan A, Daniel JA, Chau N, Hill TA, Gorgani NN, Keating DJ, Cousin MA, van Dam EM, Mariana A, Whiting A, Perera S, Novelle A, Young KA, Deane FM, Gilbert J, Sakoff JA, Chircop M, McCluskey A, Robinson PJ. Pyrimidyn compounds: dual-action small molecule pyrimidine-based dynamin inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1507-18. [PMID: 23642287 DOI: 10.1021/cb400137p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dynamin is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Its GTPase activity is stimulated by phospholipid binding to its PH domain, which induces helical oligomerization. We have designed a series of novel pyrimidine-based "Pyrimidyn" compounds that inhibit the lipid-stimulated GTPase activity of full length dynamin I and II with similar potency. The most potent analogue, Pyrimidyn 7, has an IC50 of 1.1 μM for dynamin I and 1.8 μM for dynamin II, making it among the most potent dynamin inhibitors identified to date. We investigated the mechanism of action of the Pyrimidyn compounds in detail by examining the kinetics of Pyrimidyn 7 inhibition of dynamin. The compound competitively inhibits both GTP and phospholipid interactions with dynamin I. While both mechanisms of action have been previously observed separately, this is the first inhibitor series to incorporate both and thereby to target two distinct domains of dynamin. Pyrimidyn 6 and 7 reversibly inhibit CME of both transferrin and EGF in a number of non-neuronal cell lines as well as inhibiting synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) in nerve terminals. Therefore, Pyrimidyn compounds block endocytosis by directly competing with GTP and lipid binding to dynamin, limiting both the recruitment of dynamin to membranes and its activation. This dual mode of action provides an important new tool for molecular dissection of dynamin's role in endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. McGeachie
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Luke R. Odell
- Centre for Chemical Biology,
Chemistry, The University of Newcastle,
Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Annie Quan
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - James A. Daniel
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- Centre for Chemical Biology,
Chemistry, The University of Newcastle,
Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Nick N. Gorgani
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Damien J. Keating
- Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001,
Australia
| | - Michael A. Cousin
- Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001,
Australia
| | - Ellen M. van Dam
- The Garvan Institute, 384 Victoria Street,
Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anna Mariana
- Centre for Chemical Biology,
Chemistry, The University of Newcastle,
Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Swetha Perera
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Aimee Novelle
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kelly A. Young
- Centre for Chemical Biology,
Chemistry, The University of Newcastle,
Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Fiona M. Deane
- Centre for Chemical Biology,
Chemistry, The University of Newcastle,
Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, NSW 2298,
Australia
| | - Jennette A. Sakoff
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, NSW 2298,
Australia
| | - Megan Chircop
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Centre for Chemical Biology,
Chemistry, The University of Newcastle,
Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Phillip J. Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children’s
Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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Deane FM, O'Sullivan EC, Maguire AR, Gilbert J, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A, McCarthy FO. Synthesis and evaluation of novel ellipticines as potential anti-cancer agents. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1334-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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O'Sullivan EC, Miller CM, Deane FM, McCarthy FO. Emerging Targets in the Bioactivity of Ellipticines and Derivatives. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62615-8.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Deane FM, Miller CM, Maguire AR, McCarthy FO. Modifications to the Vilsmeier-Haack formylation of 1,4-dimethylcarbazole and its application to the synthesis of ellipticines. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Gordon CP, Young KA, Hizartzidis L, Deane FM, McCluskey A. Investigation of the one-pot synthesis of quinolin-2-(1H)-ones and the discovery of a variation of the three-component Ugi reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1419-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Clark RL, Deane FM, Anthony NG, Johnston BF, McCarthy FO, Mackay SP. Exploring DNA topoisomerase I inhibition by the benzo[c]phenanthridines fagaronine and ethoxidine using steered molecular dynamics. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4741-52. [PMID: 17517513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The benzo[c]phenanthridines (BCPs) are a group of compounds that are believed to express their antitumor activity through the inhibition of topoisomerase I. The enzyme is crucial to cell cycle division and progression, and regulates the equilibrium between relaxed and supercoiled DNA that occurs during DNA replication. Over the years, we have prepared a number of BCPs and employed a number of biophysical techniques to explore their mechanism of action and improve their activity against this particular enzyme. The naturally occurring alkaloid fagaronine 1 and the synthetic compound ethoxidine 3 are two of the most active compounds, although their inhibitory mechanisms are different, being a poison and suppressor, respectively. We have modified the approach of steered molecular dynamics to create a torque on the intercalator to comprehensively sample the DNA binding site, and using topoisomerase I crystal structures, have proposed a model to explain the different mechanisms of action for these two BCP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Clark
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
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