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Muñoz-Troncoso F, Halberstadt A, Cuadrado-Gordillo I, Riquelme-Mella E, Miranda-Zapata E, Legaz-Vadímisrkaya E, Sepúlveda-Bernales V, Salamanca-Aroca C, Muñoz-Troncoso G. Validation of the questionnaire to measure Chilean teachers' perception of school violence and coexistence management (VI+GEC). Front Psychol 2024; 15:1352399. [PMID: 38737954 PMCID: PMC11085254 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1352399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present the development and validation of a psychometric scale that measures the teacher's perception in the Chilean school system with respect to elements of school violence and coexistence management. The novelty lies in the incorporation of factors that address violence from teachers to students, from students to teachers and coexistence management. A total of 1072 teachers from the Northern, Central, Southern and Metropolitan macro-zones of Chile participated, with ages between 22 and 76 years (M=44.56; SD=10.52) and from 1 to 54 years of work (M=17.14; SD=10.38). 76.3% identify with the female gender and 23.7% with the male gender. Of the teachers, 78.4% worked mainly in the classroom and the rest performed managerial or administrative functions outside the classroom in the school. The school violence and coexistence management questionnaire for teachers (VI+GEC) was used. The validity of the scale was demonstrated by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, convergent validity analysis and discriminant validity. Reliability was demonstrated by means of McDonald's omega coefficient in all the factors of the scale. An analysis with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) found a mean, and statistically significant influence of the perception of coexistence management on the perception of school violence. The findings are discussed in terms of previous research on school violence and coexistence management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Muñoz-Troncoso
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Artes, Universidad Mayor, Temuco, Chile
- Department of Psychology and Anthropology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Amy Halberstadt
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Isabel Cuadrado-Gordillo
- Department of Psychology and Anthropology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Edgardo Miranda-Zapata
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ekaterina Legaz-Vadímisrkaya
- Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Faculty of Education, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
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Muñoz-Troncoso F, Cuadrado-Gordillo I, Riquelme-Mella E, Muñoz-Troncoso G, Miranda-Zapata E, Bizama-Colihuinca K, Legaz-Vladímirskaya E. Validation of an Abbreviated Scale of the CENVI Questionnaire to Evaluate the Perception of School Violence and Coexistence Management of Chilean Students: Differences between Pandemic and Post-Pandemic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:686. [PMID: 37622826 PMCID: PMC10451708 DOI: 10.3390/bs13080686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to specify an abbreviated model of the school coexistence questionnaire for non-violence (CENVI) for students from 5th to 8th grade (9 to 14 years old), in order to determine the perception of violence and management of school coexistence, and the differences between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students. A total of 1870 students from schools in the city of Temuco (Chile) responded to the CENVI questionnaire. There were two samples: (1) Pandemic, with online, face-to-face and hybrid classes; and (2) Post-pandemic, with face-to-face classes. Sample 1 consisted of 848 students aged 9 to 15 years (M = 11.90; SD = 1.27). Sample 2 consisted of 1022 students aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.46; SD = 1.14). The questionnaire was validated using expert inter-judgment and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A good fit of the proposed model to the data and good internal consistency measured according to the composite reliability were found, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Mapuche students perceived more physical violence and social exclusion. Cut-off points were proposed for the interpretation of the results. In the data, the effect of Coexistence Management on School Violence was null. The discussion approaches the findings from the literature on education in spaces of socio-cultural diversity in a Mapuche context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Muñoz-Troncoso
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4810296, Chile;
- Facultad de Educación y Psicología, Departamento de Psicología y Antropología, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain;
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de Artes, Universidad Mayor, Temuco 4801043, Chile
| | - Isabel Cuadrado-Gordillo
- Facultad de Educación y Psicología, Departamento de Psicología y Antropología, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain;
| | | | - Gerardo Muñoz-Troncoso
- Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (G.M.-T.); (E.L.-V.)
| | - Edgardo Miranda-Zapata
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile;
- Laboratorio de Aprendizaje Basado en la Comunidad, Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago 8330226, Chile
| | | | - Ekaterina Legaz-Vladímirskaya
- Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (G.M.-T.); (E.L.-V.)
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia 5110693, Chile
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Muñoz-Troncoso F, Cuadrado-Gordillo I, Riquelme-Mella E, Miranda-Zapata E, Ortiz-Velosa E. Perception of School Violence: Indicators of Normalization in Mapuche and Non-Mapuche Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:24. [PMID: 36612344 PMCID: PMC9819544 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The current social and political scenario in Chile has opened up the debate on two centuries of usurpation and discrimination towards the Mapuche people. Educational centers are not oblivious to the social exclusion faced by indigenous children and young people, and this forms part of the phenomenon of school violence. This study explores the differences in perception between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students regarding school violence. The issue is the lack of knowledge regarding cultural variations in the perception of school violence in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context. This study describes the characteristics of school violence perceived by students in relation to differences based on ancestry and characterizes the variations in perception. A total of 1404 students participated from urban schools in the city of Temuco, Chile, aged 10 to 13 (M = 11.4; SD = 1.1) who completed the CENVI questionnaire. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the total sample and categories provides indexes that fit the proposed model. The omega coefficients provide internal reliability guarantees. This study tests configural, metric and scalar invariance for all the categories explored, and statistically significant differences are found between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students in the perception of physical and verbal violence, where the Mapuche student perceives more violence. Results are discussed based on existing research on education in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context, with research into elements that can help explain the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Muñoz-Troncoso
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4810296, Chile
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Department of Psychology and Anthropology, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
- Universidad Mayor, Temuco 4801043, Chile
| | - Isabel Cuadrado-Gordillo
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Department of Psychology and Anthropology, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | - Eliana Ortiz-Velosa
- Faculty of Architecture, Art and Design, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4810296, Chile
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