1
|
Mandas D, Salati F, Polinas M, Sanna MA, Zobba R, Burrai GP, Alberti A, Antuofermo E. Histopathological and Molecular Study of Pacific Oyster Tissues Provides Insights into V. aestuarianus Infection Related to Oyster Mortality. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060492. [PMID: 32575736 PMCID: PMC7350300 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer preference for healthy and sustainable food products has been steadily increasing in recent years. Bivalve mollusks satisfy these characteristics and have captured ever-increasing market shares. However, the expansion of molluscan culture in worldwide and global trade have favored the spread of pathogens around the world. Combined with environmental changes and intensive production systems this has contributed to the occurrence of mass mortality episodes, thus posing a threat to the production of different species, including the Pacific oyster Crassotrea gigas. In the San Teodoro lagoon, one of the most devoted lagoons to extensive Pacific oyster aquaculture in Sardinia, a mortality outbreak was observed with an estimated 80% final loss of animal production. A study combining cultural, biomolecular and histopathological methods was conducted: (1) to investigate the presence of different Vibrio species and OsHV-1 in selected oyster tissues (digestive gland, gills, and mantle); (2) to quantify Vibrio aestuarianus and to evaluate the severity of hemocyte infiltration in infected tissues; (3) to produce post-amplification data and evaluating ToxR gene as a target for phylogenetic analyses. Results provide new insights into V. aestuarianus infection related to oyster mortality outbreaks and pave the way to the development of tools for oyster management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mandas
- Fish Diseases and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Oristano, 09170 Oristano, Italy; (D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Fulvio Salati
- Fish Diseases and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Oristano, 09170 Oristano, Italy; (D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Marta Polinas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Marina Antonella Sanna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pietro Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (E.A.); Tel.: +39-3209225647 (A.A.); +39-3398325369 (E.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (E.A.); Tel.: +39-3209225647 (A.A.); +39-3398325369 (E.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salati F, Roncarati A, Angelucci G, Fenza A, Meluzzi A. Stress and Humoral Innate Immune Response of Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata Cultured in Sea Cages. J Aquat Anim Health 2016; 28:166-172. [PMID: 27485027 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1173604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate and acquired immune responses of Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata was studied under normal culture and short-term stressful conditions for 18 months in offshore sea cages in Alghero Bay, Italy. Every 45 d, 50 fish were sampled and divided into two groups: fish in the first group (normal culture conditions) were bled after harvesting; fish in the second group were put into a tank under stressful conditions (crowding and confinement) and bled after 2 h. Innate humoral immunity, such as complement-like, hemagglutination, and lysozyme activities, was determined in the sera of both groups. Pathogen challenge was not performed, but the specific humoral immune response was assessed against the most common pathogens affecting cultured fish in Sardinia. Stressed fish, compared with the control, showed a lower lysozyme activity against Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum, which was not clearly correlated with temperatures. Complement-like activity differed between the first and second half of the study and, at the end of the trial, a slightly higher activity was recorded in the controls than in the stressed fish. Hemagglutination activity was mainly higher in the stressed fish than in control fish. Confinement, crowding, and cold water temperature caused decreased lysozyme activity in short-term stressed Gilthead Seabream compared with those reared normally. The specific humoral immune response, against V. anguillarum, Tenacibaculum mesophilum, Enterococcus Seriolicida, and Aeromonas sobria, fluctuated during the rearing period, particularly during the first year of culture. Received October 12, 2015; accepted March 24, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Salati
- a Fish Disease and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Sardinia, State Veterinary Institute , Via Parigi, 09170 Oristano , Italy
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- b School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine , University of Camerino , Viale Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica , Italy
| | - Giulia Angelucci
- a Fish Disease and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Sardinia, State Veterinary Institute , Via Parigi, 09170 Oristano , Italy
| | - Alessandra Fenza
- a Fish Disease and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Sardinia, State Veterinary Institute , Via Parigi, 09170 Oristano , Italy
| | - Adele Meluzzi
- c Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences , University of Bologna , Via del Florio 2, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Piccolo G, Bovera F, De Riu N, Marono S, Salati F, Cappuccinelli R, Moniello G. Effect of two different protein/fat ratios of the diet on meagre (Argyrosomus regius) traits. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2008.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Brandas V, Orrù G, Carraro V, Sanna A, Brajon G, Salati F, Sanna C, Ciusa ML, Meloni M, Coroneo V. Recovery of Staphylococcus aureus in Gray Mugil cephalus Roe (Bottarga): Investigation by an Integrated Cultural/Molecular Approach. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M1285-90. [PMID: 25944563 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean area, salted and dried roe from the gray Mugil cephalus "bottarga" represent a speciality food with great commercial value. Bottarga is currently produced by a traditional handmade process and, the risk of human bacterial contamination during its manufacturing is still unknown; in this perspective the foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus could potentially contaminate this product due to poor sanitation or bad handling during processing. The aim of this work is: to evaluate the contamination level of foodborne pathogens at different product manufacturing stages and, in addition, to describe a fast and realizable method for the rapid detection of S. aureus in bottarga samples in the field. A cultural procedure was initially used to investigate the occurrence of S. aureus and the other main foodborne pathogens in bottarga samples at the different manufacturing stages (from roe to final product). In addition, a molecular approach was used to rapidly determine the presence of total bacteria, S. aureus, and its potential toxigenicity. Of the 194 specimens analyzed, we identified: Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae. However, some samples resulted as being contaminated with S. aureus (4% in roe and 8.7% in the final product). During the bottarga manufacturing process, we observed an increase in pathogen levels (from 10(2) to 10(5) CFU/g) in contaminated samples, and entA and entB genotypes were identified. Reconstruction experiments suggest that the fresh roe and the bottarga (not completely dried) could represent a risk for the contamination and growth of pathogen bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Germano Orrù
- IDNA Sequencing Service (DSS), Univ. di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Sanna
- Public Health Dept, Univ. di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Brajon
- IZS of Lazio-Tuscany, State Veterinary Inst, Florence, Italy
| | - Fulvio Salati
- Fish Disease and Aquaculture Centre, IZS of Sardinia State Veterinary Inst., Oristano, Italy
| | - Clara Sanna
- Fish Disease and Aquaculture Centre, IZS of Sardinia State Veterinary Inst., Oristano, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Meloni
- Dipt. di Scienze degli Alimenti, Univ. degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salati F, Meloni M, Cau M, Angelucci G. Presence of Contracaecum spp. in teleosts cultured and fished in Sardinia. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:382-7. [PMID: 23597773 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the results of the finding of Contracaecum spp. during a survey on endoparasites isolated from cultured and wild fish and also from some cephalopods caught in Sardinian waters. Contracaecum spp. is a nematode belonging to the Anisakidae, and is reported to cause zoonosis in humans. Nematodes were detected after visual inspection and enzymatic digestion and then identified by morphologic observation, which was confirmed by PCR. The results show that Contracaecum spp. were found in both fish caught from sea or lagoon, and in both cultured and wild fish: 33 of the parasitized samples were wild fish (24 caught in the sea and 9 in lagoons) and 11 were cultured ones. The prevalence of Contracaecum spp. was higher in Diplodus spp. (16.0%), Sparus aurata (15.8%) and Mullus spp. (14.6%). Larvae were also found by enzymatic digestion at muscular level in 5 species, with the highest prevalence in S. aurata (10.5%). The results of this study indicate that Contracaecum spp. was present in cultured fish such as S. aurata, Diplodus spp. and Dicentrarchus labrax. All cultured fish with parasites were collected from land-based semi-intensive tanks whose water came from an adjacent lagoon. Finally, the evidence that this parasite is found in both cultured and wild fish leads us to re-consider the zoonotic potential of Contracaecum spp., in particular when one bears in mind its dimensions at the L3 stage, when it is barely visible to the human eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Salati
- Fish Disease and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Sardinia, State Veterinary Institute, Via Parigi s.n., Oristano, 09170 Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meloni M, Angelucci G, Merella P, Siddi R, Deiana C, Orrù G, Salati F. Molecular Characterization of Anisakis Larvae from Fish Caught Off Sardinia. J Parasitol 2011; 97:908-14. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2742.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
7
|
Angelucci G, Meloni M, Merella P, Sardu F, Madeddu S, Marrosu R, Petza F, Salati F. Prevalence of Anisakis spp. and Hysterothylacium spp. larvae in teleosts and cephalopods sampled from waters off Sardinia. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1769-75. [PMID: 22004829 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out on the presence of Anisakis and Hysterothylacium larvae in fish and cephalopods caught in Sardinian waters. A total of 369 specimens of 24 different species of teleosts and 5 species of cephalopods were collected from different fishing areas of Sardinia. Larvae were detected and isolated by both visual inspection and enzymatic digestion. These methods allowed Anisakis type I and type II third-stage larvae and Hysterothylacium third- and fourth-stage larvae to be detected. The prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance were calculated. The results obtained showed the highest prevalence of Anisakidae in Zeus faber (100%) and of Anisakis in Micromesistius poutassou (87.5%). The highest prevalence of Anisakis type I larvae was in M. poutassou (81.2%), and that of Anisakis type II larvae was in Todarodes sagittatus (20%). The highest values for prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance for Hysterothylacium were found in Z. faber. These prevalences and the mean intensity and abundance were higher than those reported by different authors in other Mediterranean areas. This may be because the enzymatic digestive method used in this research resulted in higher recovery levels. The data suggest that Sardinia may be a high-risk area for zoonotic diseases and that measures such as information campaigns, aimed at both sanitary service personnel and consumers, should be employed to limit the spread of such zoonosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Angelucci
- Fish Disease and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Sardinia, State Veterinary Institute, Via Parigi s.n., 09170 Oristano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Addis MF, Cappuccinelli R, Tedde V, Pagnozzi D, Viale I, Meloni M, Salati F, Roggio T, Uzzau S. Influence of Moraxella sp. colonization on the kidney proteome of farmed gilthead sea breams (Sparus aurata, L.). Proteome Sci 2010; 8:50. [PMID: 20939867 PMCID: PMC2964643 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, presence of Moraxella sp. in internal organs of fish is not considered detrimental for fish farming. However, bacterial colonization of internal organs can affect fish wellness and decrease growth rate, stress resistance, and immune response. Recently, there have been reports by farmers concerning slow growth, poor feed conversion, and low average weight increase of fish farmed in offshore floating sea cages, often associated with internal organ colonization by Moraxella sp. Therefore, presence of these opportunistic bacteria deserves further investigations for elucidating incidence and impact on fish metabolism. Results A total of 960 gilthead sea breams (Sparus aurata, L.), collected along 17 months from four offshore sea cage plants and two natural lagoons in Sardinia, were subjected to routine microbiological examination of internal organs throughout the production cycle. Thirteen subjects (1.35%) were found positive for Moraxella sp. in the kidney (7), brain (3), eye (1), spleen (1), and perivisceral fat (1). In order to investigate the influence of Moraxella sp. colonization, positive and negative kidney samples were subjected to a differential proteomics study by means of 2-D PAGE and mass spectrometry. Interestingly, Moraxella sp. infected kidneys displayed a concerted upregulation of several mitochondrial enzymes compared to negative tissues, reinforcing previous observations following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in fish. Conclusions Presence of Moraxella sp. in farmed sea bream kidney is able to induce proteome alterations similar to those described following LPS challenge in other fish species. This study revealed that Moraxella sp. might be causing metabolic alterations in fish, and provided indications on proteins that could be investigated as markers of infection by Gram-negative bacteria within farming plants.
Collapse
|
9
|
Salati F, Meloni M, Fenza A, Angelucci G, Colorni A, Orrù G. A sensitive FRET probe assay for the selective detection of Mycobacterium marinum in fish. J Fish Dis 2010; 33:47-56. [PMID: 19912457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium marinum is the causative agent of mycobacteriosis in wild and cultured fish and of atypical infection in humans. For the diagnosis of M. marinum, cultural and traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are currently used. However, these protocols, although able to discriminate within Mycobacterium spp., have proved to be time-consuming or difficult to carry out. For this reason, the aim of this study was to obtain a rapid and specific diagnostic tool to quantify fish Mycobacterium spp. or to discriminate M. marinum from other mycobacteria. A primary PCR amplification with SYBR Green had a detection limit (dl) of 10(2)Mycobacterium DNA copies with a log-linear quantification range up to 10(4) (R(2) = 0.99). The second PCR using FRET probes, flanking a region containing species specific nucleotide variations, was designed and validated with synthetic erp gene fragments corresponding to different mycobacterial species, different whole mycobacteria suspensions, experimentally infected fish tissues, tissues from experimentally infected fish, and samples of cultured fish. The results show that the FRET probes demonstrate a high specificity as the melting curve analysis allowed efficient discrimination of M. marinum from Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii, Mycobacterium shottsii and Mycobacterium ulcerans. The kidney is the organ with the strongest detection signal and using fish tissues the method has a mean sensitivity of 50 DNA copies/PCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Salati
- Fish Disease and Aquaculture Centre, IZS of Sardinia, State Veterinary Institute, 09170 Oristano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Merella P, Cherchi S, Garippa G, Fioravanti ML, Gustinelli A, Salati F. Outbreak of Sciaenacotyle panceri (Monogenea) on cage-reared meagre Argyrosomus regius (Osteichthyes) from the western Mediterranean Sea. Dis Aquat Organ 2009; 86:169-173. [PMID: 19902846 DOI: 10.3354/dao02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two different batches of meagre Argyrosomus regius were stocked in the same floating cage located in north-eastern Sardinia (western Mediterranean Sea). After 4 mo, the fish started showing non-specific disease signs, such as lethargy, emaciation, gill anaemia and mortality. In total 65 specimens of meagre of both stocks were sampled for parasitological and microbiological analysis, and only 1 species of parasite, the microcotylid monogenean Sciaenacotyle panceri, was found on the gills of caged meagre. No protozoan or other metazoan parasites were found and no bacteria or viruses were isolated. After the outbreak, a total mortality rate of 5 to 10% was estimated for the older fish stock, while no noteworthy mortality was recorded in younger fish (<2%). This is the first account of S. panceri on the gills of cultured meagre as causative agent of disease and mortality. The effects of the presence of this parasite emphasise the need for disease control strategies of cultured meagre, and investigating the transfer of microcotylids from wild to caged fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Merella
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitological Diseases, Department of Animal Biology, Sassari University, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The properties and taxonomic position of bacterial strains isolated from diseased specimens of cultured yellowtail and eels were examined. The isolates were gram-positive, short-chain-forming, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic cocci. Growth at 10 and 45 degrees C in 6.5% NaCl (pH 9.6) with 40% bile and in 0.1% methylene blue-milk were both positive. The isolates could be distinguished from other species of the genus Enterococcus by several biochemical characteristics and by Lancefield's group antigen. Guanine-plus-cytosine content of DNA was 44 mol% as determined by the thermal melting temperature. The value for DNA-DNA hybridization was sufficiently low to warrant distinguishing this species from reported. Enterococcus species. The name Enterococcus seriolicida is proposed. The type strain is YT-3 (=ATCC 49156).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kusuda
- Fish Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|