Predictors and Clinical Characteristics of Relapses in LGI1-Antibody Encephalitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Relapses occur in 15%-25% of patients with leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 antibody (LGI1-Ab) autoimmune encephalitis and may cause additional disability. In this study, we clinically characterized the relapses and identified factors predicting their occurrence.

METHODS

This is a retrospective chart review of patients with LGI1-Ab encephalitis diagnosed at our center between 2005 and 2022. Relapse was defined as worsening of previous or appearance of new symptoms after at least 3 months of clinical stabilization.

RESULTS

Among 210 patients, 30 (14%) experienced a total of 33 relapses. The median time to first relapse was 23.9 months (range: 4.9-110.1, interquartile range [IQR]: 17.8). The CSF was inflammatory in 11/25 (44%) relapses, while LGI1-Abs were found in the serum in 16/24 (67%) and in the CSF in 12/26 (46%); brain MRI was abnormal in 16/26 (62%) relapses. Compared with the initial episode, relapses manifested less frequently with 3 or more symptoms (4/30 patients, 13% vs 28/30, 93%; p < 0.001) and had lower maximal modified Rankin scale (mRS) score (median 3, range: 2-5, IQR: 1 vs 3, range: 2-5, IQR: 0; p = 0.001). The median mRS at last follow-up after relapse (2, range: 0-4, IQR: 2) was significantly higher than after the initial episode (1, range: 0-4, IQR: 1; p = 0.005). Relapsing patients did not differ in their initial clinical and diagnostic features from 85 patients without relapse. Nevertheless, residual cognitive dysfunction after the initial episode (hazard ratio:13.8, 95% confidence interval [1.5; 129.5]; p = 0.022) and no administration of corticosteroids at the initial episode (hazard ratio: 4.8, 95% confidence interval [1.1; 21.1]; p = 0.036) were significantly associated with an increased risk of relapse.

DISCUSSION

Relapses may occur years after the initial encephalitis episode and are usually milder but cause additional disability. Corticosteroid treatment reduces the risk of future relapses, while patients with residual cognitive dysfunction after the initial episode have an increased relapse risk.

Dysautonomia in anti-Hu paraneoplastic neurological syndromes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Dysautonomia has been associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS)-related mortality in anti-Hu PNS, but its frequency and spectrum remain ill-defined. We describe anti-Hu patients with dysautonomia, estimate its frequency, and compare them to patients without dysautonomia.

METHODS

Patients with anti-Hu antibodies diagnosed in the study centre (1990-2022) were retrospectively reviewed; those with autonomic signs and symptoms were identified.

RESULTS

Among 477 anti-Hu patients, 126 (26%) had dysautonomia (the only PNS manifestation in 7/126, 6%); gastrointestinal (82/126, 65%), cardiovascular (64/126, 51%), urogenital (24/126, 19%), pupillomotor/secretomotor (each, 11/126, 9%), and central hypoventilation (10/126, 8%). Patients with isolated CNS involvement less frequently had gastrointestinal dysautonomia than those with peripheral (alone or combined with CNS) involvement (7/23, 30% vs. 31/44, 70% vs. 37/52, 71%; P = 0.002); while more frequently central hypoventilation (7/23, 30% vs. 1/44, 2.3% vs. 2/52, 4%; P < 0.001) and/or cardiovascular alterations (18/23, 78% vs. 20/44, 45% vs. 26/52, 50%; P = 0.055). Median [95% CI] overall survival was not significantly different between patients with (37 [17; 91] months) or without dysautonomia (28 [22; 39] months; P = 0.78). Cardiovascular dysautonomia (HR: 1.57, 95% CI [1.05; 2.36]; P = 0.030) and central hypoventilation (HR: 3.51, 95% CI [1.54; 8.01]; P = 0.003) were associated with a higher risk of death, and secretomotor dysautonomia a lower risk (HR: 0.28, 95% CI [0.09; 0.89]; P = 0.032). Patients with cardiovascular dysautonomia dying ≤ 1 year from clinical onset had severe CNS (21/27, 78%), frequently brainstem (13/27, 48%), involvement.

DISCUSSION

Anti-Hu PNS dysautonomia is rarely isolated, frequently gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and urogenital. CNS dysfunction, particularly brainstem, associates with lethal cardiovascular alterations and central hypoventilation, while peripheral involvement preferentially associates with gastrointestinal or secretomotor dysautonomia, being the latest more indolent.

HLA-DQB1*05 subtypes and not DRB1*10:01 mediates risk in anti-IgLON5 disease

Anti-IgLON5 disease is a rare and likely underdiagnosed subtype of autoimmune encephalitis. The disease displays a heterogeneous phenotype that includes sleep, movement, and bulbar-associated dysfunction. Presence of IgLON5-antibodies in CSF/serum, together with a strong association with HLA-DRB1*10:01∼DQB1*05:01, support an autoimmune basis. In this study, a multicentric HLA study of 87 anti-IgLON5 patients revealed a stronger association with HLA-DQ than HLA-DR. Specifically, we identified a predisposing rank-wise association with HLA-DQA1*01:05∼DQB1*05:01, HLA-DQA1*01:01∼DQB1*05:01 and HLA-DQA1*01:04∼DQB1*05:03 in 85% of patients. HLA sequences and binding cores for these three DQ heterodimers were similar, unlike those of linked DRB1 alleles, supporting a causal link to HLA-DQ. This association was further reflected in an increasingly later age of onset across each genotype group, with a delay of up to 11 years, while HLA-DQ-dosage dependent effects were also suggested by reduced risk in the presence of non-predisposing DQ1 alleles. The functional relevance of the observed HLA-DQ molecules was studied with competition binding assays. These proof-of-concept experiments revealed preferential binding of IgLON5 in a post-translationally modified, but not native, state to all three risk-associated HLA-DQ receptors. Further, a deamidated peptide from the Ig2-domain of IgLON5 activated T cells in two patients, compared to one control carrying HLA-DQA1*01:05∼DQB1*05:01. Taken together, these data support a HLA-DQ-mediated T cell response to IgLON5 as a potentially key step in the initiation of autoimmunity in this disease.

Different Genetic Signatures of Small-Cell Lung Cancer Characterize Anti-GABAB R and Anti-Hu Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes

OBJECTIVE

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the malignancy most frequently associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) and can trigger different antibody responses against intracellular (Hu) or neuronal surface (GABAB R) antigens. Our aim was to clarify whether the genomic and transcriptomic features of SCLC are different in patients with anti-GABAB R or anti-Hu PNS compared with SCLC without PNS.

METHODS

A total of 76 SCLC tumor samples were collected: 34 anti-Hu, 14 anti-GABAB R, and 28 SCLC without PNS. The study consisted of 4 steps: (1) pathological confirmation; (2) next generation sequencing using a panel of 98 genes, including those encoding the autoantibodies targets ELAVL1-4, GABBR1-2, and KCTD16; (3) genome-wide copy number variation (CNV); and (4) whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing.

RESULTS

CNV analysis revealed that patients with anti-GABAB R PNS commonly have a gain in chromosome 5q, which contains KCTD16, whereas anti-Hu and control patients often harbor a loss. No significantly different number of mutations regarding any onconeural genes was observed. Conversely, the transcriptomic profile of SCLC was different, and the differentially expressed genes allowed effective clustering of the samples into 3 groups, reflecting the antibody-based classification, with an overexpression of KCTD16 specific to anti-GABAB R PNS. Pathway analysis revealed that tumors of patients with anti-GABAB R encephalitis were enriched in B-cell signatures, as opposed to those of patients with anti-Hu, in which T-cell- and interferon-γ-related signatures were overexpressed.

INTERPRETATION

SCLC genetic and transcriptomic features differentiate anti-GABAB R, anti-Hu, and non-PNS tumors. The role of KCTD16 appears to be pivotal in the tumor immune tolerance breakdown of anti-GABAB R PNS. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1102-1115.

Peripheral nervous system involvement accompanies central nervous system involvement in anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody-related disease

BACKGROUND

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), but also by immature and regenerative Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). GFAP antibodies (GFAP-Abs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been mainly described in patients with meningoencephalomyelitis. We aimed to study PNS symptoms in patients with CSF GFAP-Abs.

METHODS

We retrospectively included all patients tested positive for GFAP-Abs in the CSF by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by cell-based assay expressing human GFAPα since 2017, from two French reference centers.

RESULTS

In a cohort of 103 CSF GFAP-Abs patients, 25 (24%) presented with PNS involvement. Among them, the median age at onset was 48 years and 14/25 (56%) were female. Abnormal electroneuromyography was observed in 11/25 patients (44%), including eight isolated radiculopathies, one radiculopathy associated with polyneuropathy, one radiculopathy associated with sensory neuronopathy, and one demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Cranial nerve involvement was observed in 18/25 patients (72%). All patients except one had an associated CNS involvement. The first manifestation of the disease concerned the PNS in three patients. First-line immunotherapy was administered to 18/24 patients (75%). The last follow-up modified Rankin Scale was ≤ 2 in 19/23 patients (83%). Patients with PNS involvement had significantly more bladder dysfunction than patients with isolated CNS involvement (68 vs 40.3%, p = 0.031).

CONCLUSIONS

PNS involvement in GFAP-Abs autoimmunity is heterogeneous but not rare and is mostly represented by acute or subacute cranial nerve injury and/or lower limb radiculopathy. Rarely, PNS involvement can be the first manifestation revealing the disease.

Revisiting anti-Hu paraneoplastic autoimmunity: phenotypic characterization and cancer diagnosis

Anti-Hu are the most frequent antibodies in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, mainly associated with an often limited stage small cell lung cancer. The clinical presentation is pleomorphic, frequently multifocal. Although the predominant phenotypes are well characterized, how different neurological syndromes associate is unclear. Likewise, no specific study assessed the performance of new-generation CT and PET scanners for cancer screening in these patients. Herein, we aimed to describe the clinical pattern and cancer screening in a retrospective cohort of 466 patients with anti-Hu autoimmunity from the French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes registry. Clinical presentation, cancer screening and diagnosis were analysed. Among the 466 patients, 220 (54%) had multifocal neurological involvement. A hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the patients into (i) mainly limbic encephalitis, (ii) predominantly peripheral neuropathy and (iii) broad involvement of the nervous system (mixed group). Compared with limbic encephalitis and mixed groups, patients in the neuropathy group more frequently had a chronic onset of symptoms (29 versus 13 and 17%), elevated CSF proteins (83 versus 47 and 67%) and died from cancer progression (67 versus 15 and 28%; all P < 0.05). No significant difference in overall survival was observed between groups. Dysautonomia and brainstem signs were associated with a higher risk of death from the neurological cause; cancer diagnosis was the main predictor of all-cause death, especially when diagnosed within 2 years from clinical onset (all P < 0.05). Three hundred and forty-nine (75%) patients had cancer: in 295 (84%) neurological symptoms preceded tumour diagnosis, being lung cancer in 262 (89%), thereof small cell lung cancer in 227 (87%). First CT scan revealed lung cancer in 205/241 (85%), and PET scan shortened the interval to diagnosis when the initial CT scan was negative [7 months (1-66) in 27 patients versus 14 months (2-45) in 6; P < 0.001]. Although cancer diagnosis mostly occurred within 2 years from clinical onset, 13/295 (4%) patients exceeded that threshold. Conversely, 33 patients (7%) were 'cancer-free' after 2 years of follow-up. However, 13/33 (39%) had initial suspicious imaging findings that spontaneously regressed. In conclusion, although anti-Hu autoimmunity clinical presentation is mostly multifocal, we observed patients with a predominant limbic syndrome or isolated sensory neuropathy. Early implementation of PET scan shortens the interval to cancer diagnosis, which was the strongest predictor of death, especially if diagnosed ≤2 years from clinical onset. As cancer was diagnosed >2 years after clinical onset in few patients, screening should be extended up to 5 years. In addition, tumour regression was suspected in a substantial proportion of 'cancer-free' patients.

Spatial and Ecological Factors Modulate the Incidence of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis-A Systematic Review

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis has been associated with multiple antigenic triggers (i.e., ovarian teratomas, prodromal viral infections) but whether geographic, climatic, and environmental factors might influence disease risk has not been explored yet. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of all published papers reporting the incidence of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a definite country or region. We performed several multivariate spatial autocorrelation analyses to analyze the spatial variations in the incidence of anti-NMDA encephalitis depending on its geographical localization and temperature. Finally, we performed seasonal analyses in two original datasets from France and Greece and assessed the impact of temperature using an exposure-lag-response model in the French dataset. The reported incidence of anti-NMDAR encephalitis varied considerably among studies and countries, being higher in Oceania and South America (0.2 and 0.16 per 100,000 persons-year, respectively) compared to Europe and North America (0.06 per 100,000 persons-year) (p < 0.01). Different regression models confirmed a strong negative correlation with latitude (Pearson's R = -0.88, p < 0.00001), with higher incidence in southern hemisphere countries far from the equator. Seasonal analyses showed a peak of cases during warm months. Exposure-lag-response models confirmed a positive correlation between extreme hot temperatures and the incidence of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in France (p = 0.03). Temperature analyses showed a significant association with higher mean temperatures and positive correlation with higher ultraviolet exposure worldwide. This study provides the first evidence that geographic and climatic factors including latitude, mean annual temperature, and ultraviolet exposure, might modify disease risk.

Anti-Hu Antibodies in Patients With Neurologic Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

To clinically characterize post-immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) Hu antibody (Ab) neurologic disorders, we analyzed Hu-Ab-positive patients with neurologic immune-related adverse events (n-irAEs) and compared them with patients with other n-irAEs, ICI-naive patients with Hu-Ab paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNSs) identified in the same study center, and those with Hu-Ab n-irAEs reported elsewhere.

METHODS

Patients whose samples were sent to the French reference center for a suspicion of n-irAE (2015-2021) were identified; those with a final diagnosis of n-irAE and Hu-Ab were included. Control groups included patients with a final diagnosis of n-irAE occurring during the same period as the patients included (2018-2021) but without Hu-Ab, and ICI-naive patients with Hu-Ab PNS diagnosed during the same period; a systematic review was performed to identify previous reports.

RESULTS

Eleven patients with Hu-Ab and n-irAEs were included (median age, 66 years, range 44-76 years; 73% men). Ten patients had small cell lung cancer, and 1 had lung adenocarcinoma. The median follow-up from onset was 3 months (range 0.5-18 months). Compared with those with other n-irAEs (n = 63), Hu-Ab-positive patients had more frequently co-occurring involvement of both central and peripheral nervous systems (36% vs 8%, p = 0.02) and limbic (54% vs 14%, p < 0.01), brainstem (27% vs 5%, p = 0.02), and dorsal root ganglia (45% vs 5%, p < 0.01) involvement. The proportion of patients with severe disability (modified Rankin Scale score >3) at diagnosis was higher among Hu-Ab n-irAEs (91% vs 52%, p = 0.02). Patients with Hu-Ab had also poorer outcome (100% vs 28%, p < 0.01) and higher mortality (91% vs 46%, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in terms of clinical features between Hu-Ab n-irAEs and ICI-naive Hu-Ab PNS (n = 92), but there was a poorer outcome (56/78, 71%, p < 0.01) and higher mortality (26%, p < 0.01) among the former. No significant difference was found between the patients reported herein and those in the literature.

DISCUSSION

The presence of Hu-Ab identifies a subgroup of n-irAEs that consistently reproduce the phenotypes of Hu-Ab-related PNS, supporting the hypothesis of ICI triggering or unmasking PNS. As these patients show high disability and mortality, further studies are required to investigate the underlying immunopathogenic mechanisms and to improve the outcome of Hu-Ab n-irAEs.

Long-term outcome of paediatric anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis

AIM

To study long-term clinical and cognitive outcomes of patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDAR-E), an acute autoimmune neurological disease with severe acute presentations.

METHOD

In this French multicentre retrospective observational cohort study, patients no older than 18 years with a follow-up of at least 2 years were included. Data from clinical and cognitive assessments were collected.

RESULTS

Eighty-one patients were included (57 females, 24 males; median age 10 years 7 months [range 1-18 years], median follow-up 40 months [range 25-53 months]). At last follow-up, 35 patients (45%) had cognitive impairment, 48 (70%) had academic difficulties, and 65 (92%) needed rehabilitation. Seventy-one patients (88%) had a modified Rankin Scale score of no more than 2. A higher number of symptoms at diagnosis was associated with cognitive impairment (p = 0.01), while an abnormal electroencephalogram at diagnosis increased the risk of academic difficulties (p = 0.03).

INTERPRETATION

Although most children with NMDAR-E seemed to recover from motor disabilities, more than 45% had cognitive and academic difficulties. The initial severity of symptoms seems to have an impact on cognition and academic performances.

Immune and Genetic Signatures of Breast Carcinomas Triggering Anti-Yo–Associated Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration

Background and Objectives

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) with anti-Yo antibodies is a cancer-related autoimmune disease directed against neural antigens expressed by tumor cells. A putative trigger of the immune tolerance breakdown is genetic alteration of Yo antigens. We aimed to identify the tumors' genetic and immune specificities involved in Yo-PCD pathogenesis.

Methods

Using clinicopathologic data, immunofluorescence (IF) imaging, and whole-transcriptome analysis, 22 breast cancers (BCs) associated with Yo-PCD were characterized in terms of oncologic characteristics, genetic alteration of Yo antigens, differential gene expression profiles, and morphofunctional specificities of their in situ antitumor immunity by comparing them with matched control BCs.

Results

Yo-PCD BCs were invasive carcinoma of no special type, which early metastasized to lymph nodes. They overexpressed human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) but were hormone receptor negative. All Yo-PCD BCs carried at least 1 genetic alteration (variation or gain in copy number) on CDR2L, encoding the main Yo antigen that was found aberrantly overexpressed in Yo-PCD BCs. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes found 615 upregulated and 54 downregulated genes in Yo-PCD BCs compared with HER2-driven control BCs without PCD. Ontology enrichment analysis found significantly upregulated adaptive immune response pathways in Yo-PCD BCs. IF imaging confirmed an intense immune infiltration with an overwhelming predominance of immunoglobulin G–plasma cells.

Discussion

These data confirm the role of genetic alterations of Yo antigens in triggering the immune tolerance breakdown but also outline a specific biomolecular profile in Yo-PCD BCs, suggesting a cancer-specific pathogenesis.

Contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging to distinguish herpetic encephalitis from auto-immune encephalitis at an early stage

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can help to distinguish early stage autoimmune (AI) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitides.

METHODS

This case-control study included patients from a multi-center cohort of AI encephalitides whose initial MRI including DWI was performed within ten days after symptoms onset. They were compared with patients with HSV encephalitis enrolled prospectively in a single-center from June, 2020 to December, 2020. The final diagnosis of AI encephalitis required a positive autoantibody assay, and that of HSV encephalitis required a positive HSV polymerase chain reaction based on cerebrospinal fluid. Brain MRI were evaluated for restricted diffusion, fluid-inversion recovery (FLAIR) abnormalities, lesion topography, hemorrhagic changes, and contrast enhancement.

RESULTS

Forty-nine patients were included of which, 19 (38.8%) had AI encephalitis. Twenty-seven patients (55.1%) were males and the median age was 46.0 years (interquartile range (IQR):[22.0; 65.0]). Brain MRI were performed after a median of 4 days (IQR:[2.0; 7.0]) of symptom onset and time between symptom onset and MRI was not significantly different (p=0.60). Twenty-six patients had restricted diffusion lesions in the medial temporal lobe, including 25/30 in the HSV encephalitis group (p<0.001). FLAIR abnormalities were observed in 36 patients, including 29/30 in the HSV encephalitis group (p<0.001). Lesion topography, hemorrhagic changes, and contrast enhancement did not differ significantly between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that restricted diffusion lesions in the medial temporal lobe are a hallmark of HSV encephalitis and may help distinguish it from early-stage AI encephalitis.

Long-term evolution and prognostic factors of epilepsy in limbic encephalitis with LGI1 antibodies

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the evolution of epilepsy in patients with leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 antibody-associated (LGI1ab) limbic encephalitis, including factors associated with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of patients with LGI1 encephalitis managed at two tertiary epilepsy centers between 2005 and 2019 and whose samples were confirmed by the French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes. Raw clinical, biological, EEG, and MRI data were reviewed. Two endpoints were defined: (i) Epilepsy remission: patients seizure free and in whom anti-seizure medications (ASM) have been stopped for at least 1 year at the last follow-up visit (ii) DRE: patients with persistent seizures at the last follow-up despite at least two ASM used at efficacious daily dose.

RESULTS

39 patients with LGI1 encephalitis were included with a median follow-up duration of 42 months (range 13-169). All of them reported seizures at the acute phase, with faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS) in 23 (59%) and other focal seizures in 38 (97%), including 4 patients (10%) with de novo status epilepticus. At the last follow-up visit, 11 patients (28%) achieved epilepsy remission. Among the 28 patients with persistent epilepsy, eight (29%) fulfilled criteria of DRE. The only factor significantly associated with epilepsy remission was the time from clinical onset of the encephalitis to initiation of the first immunomodulatory treatment, with longer delay in patients with persistent epilepsy (7.5 ± 8.9 vs 2.4 ± 1.7 months, p = 0.006). Evolution to DRE was only driven by MRI evolution. Eight of the 15 patients (53%) who developed hippocampal atrophy (p = 0.007) also suffered from drug-resistant seizures at the last follow-up.

SIGNIFICANCE

In patients with LGI1 encephalitis, rapid initiation of immunomodulatory treatment favors long-term epilepsy remission. Evolution to DRE might primarily reflect the anatomical lesion of limbic structures. Determining what modalities of immune treatment may alter these outcomes requires prospective studies with long-term follow-up.

Immunopathogenesis and proposed clinical score for identifying Kelch-like protein-11 encephalitis

In this study, we report the clinical features of Kelch-like protein 11 antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndrome, design and validate a clinical score to facilitate the identification of patients that should be tested for Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies, and examine in detail the nature of the immune response in both the brain and the tumour samples for a better characterization of the immunopathogenesis of this condition. The presence of Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies was retrospectively assessed in patients referred to the French Reference Center for paraneoplastic neurological syndrome and autoimmune encephalitis with (i) antibody-negative paraneoplastic neurological syndrome [limbic encephalitis (n = 105), cerebellar degeneration (n = 33)] and (ii) antibody-positive paraneoplastic neurological syndrome [Ma2-Ab encephalitis (n = 34), antibodies targeting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis with teratoma (n = 49)]. Additionally, since 1 January 2020, patients were prospectively screened for Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies as new usual clinical practice. Overall, Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies were detected in 11 patients [11/11, 100% were male; their median (range) age was 44 (35-79) years], 9 of them from the antibody-negative paraneoplastic neurological syndrome cohort, 1 from the antibody-positive (Ma2-Ab) cohort and 1 additional prospectively detected patient. All patients manifested a cerebellar syndrome, either isolated (4/11, 36%) or part of a multi-system neurological disorder (7/11, 64%). Additional core syndromes were limbic encephalitis (5/11, 45%) and myelitis (2/11, 18%). Severe weight loss (7/11, 64%) and hearing loss/tinnitus (5/11, 45%) were common. Rarer neurologic manifestations included hypersomnia and seizures (2/11, 18%). Two patients presented phenotypes resembling primary neurodegenerative disorders (progressive supranuclear palsy and flail arm syndrome, respectively). An associated cancer was found in 9/11 (82%) patients; it was most commonly (7/9, 78%) a spontaneously regressed ('burned-out') testicular germ cell tumour. A newly designed clinical score (MATCH score: male, ataxia, testicular cancer, hearing alterations) with a cut-off ≥4 successfully identified patients with Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies (sensitivity 78%, specificity 99%). Pathological findings (three testicular tumours, three lymph node metastases of testicular tumours, one brain biopsy) showed the presence of a T-cell inflammation with resulting anti-tumour immunity in the testis and one chronic, exhausted immune response-demonstrated by immune checkpoint expression-in the metastases and the brain. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Kelch-like protein 11 antibody paraneoplastic neurological syndrome is a homogeneous clinical syndrome and its detection can be facilitated using the MATCH score. The pathogenesis is probably T-cell mediated, but the stages of inflammation are different in the testis, metastases and the brain.

Transient Neurological Symptoms Preceding Cerebellar Ataxia with Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies

A prompt diagnosis and treatment of patients with autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (CA) with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-Abs) may lead to a better prognosis. Herein, we report prodromal transient neurological symptoms that should raise clinical suspicion of CA with GAD-Abs. We initially identified a 70-year-old man who presented a first acute episode of vertigo, diplopia, and ataxia lasting 2 weeks. Two months later, he experienced a similar episode along with new-onset gaze-evoked nystagmus. After 4 months, downbeat nystagmus, left limb dysmetria, and gait ataxia progressively appeared, and an autoimmune CA was diagnosed based on the positivity of GAD-Abs in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We searched retrospectively for similar presentations in a cohort of 31 patients diagnosed with CA and GAD-Abs. We found 11 (35.4%) patients (all women, median age 62 years; 8/11 [72.7%] with autoimmune comorbidities) with transient neurological symptoms antedating CA onset by a median of 3 months, including vertigo in 9 (81.8%; described as paroxysmal in 8) and fluctuating diplopia in 3 (27.3%) patients. The identification of transient neurological symptoms of unknown etiology, such as paroxysmal vertigo and fluctuating diplopia, should lead to GAD-Abs testing in serum and CSF, especially in patients with autoimmune comorbidities.

Core cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profile in anti-LGI1 encephalitis

OBJECTIVE

To compare CSF biomarkers' levels in patients suffering from anti-Leucine-rich Glioma-Inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis to neurodegenerative [Alzheimer's disease (AD), Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease (CJD)] and primary psychiatric (PSY) disorders.

METHODS

Patients with LGI1 encephalitis were retrospectively selected from the French Reference Centre database between 2010 and 2019 and enrolled if CSF was available for biomarkers analysis including total tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau (P-tau), amyloid-beta Aβ1-42, and neurofilaments light chains (Nf L). Samples sent for biomarker determination as part of routine practice, and formally diagnosed as AD, CJD, and PSY, were used as comparators.

RESULTS

Twenty-four patients with LGI1 encephalitis were compared to 39 AD, 20 CJD and 20 PSY. No significant difference was observed in T-tau, P-tau, and Aβ1-42 levels between LGI1 encephalitis and PSY patients. T-Tau and P-Tau levels were significantly lower in LGI1 encephalitis (231 and 43 ng/L) than in AD (621 and 90 ng/L, p < 0.001) and CJD patients (4327 and 55 ng/L, p < 0.001 and p < 0.01). Nf L concentrations of LGI1 encephalitis (2039 ng/L) were similar to AD (2,765 ng/L) and significantly higher compared to PSY (1223 ng/L, p < 0.005), but significantly lower than those of CJD (13,457 ng/L, p < 0.001). Higher levels of Nf L were observed in LGI1 encephalitis presenting with epilepsy (3855 ng/L) compared to LGI1 without epilepsy (1490 ng/L, p = 0.02). No correlation between CSF biomarkers' levels and clinical outcome could be drawn.

CONCLUSION

LGI encephalitis patients showed higher Nf L levels than PSY, comparable to AD, and even higher when presenting epilepsy suggesting axonal or synaptic damage linked to epileptic seizures.

Clinical and Prognostic Value of Immunogenetic Characteristics in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis

Objective

Antibodies against leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1-Abs) characterize a limbic encephalitis (LE) strongly associated with HLA-DRB1*07:01, although some patients lack LGI1-Abs in CSF or do not carry this allele. Whether they represent a different subtype of disease or have different prognoses is unclear.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of clinical features, IgG isotypes, and outcome according to LGI1-Ab CSF positivity and DRB1*07:01 in a cohort of anti-LGI1 LE patients.

Results

Patients with LGI1-Abs detected in both CSF and serum (105/134, 78%) were compared with those who were CSF negative (29/134, 22%). Both groups had similar clinical features and serum levels, but CSF-positive patients had shorter diagnostic delay, more frequently hyponatremia, inflammatory CSF, and abnormal MRI (p < 0.05). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping was performed in 72/134 (54%) patients and 63/72 (88%) carried DRB1*07:01. Noncarriers (9/72, 12%) were younger, more commonly women, and had less frequently psychiatric and frontal symptoms (p < 0.05). No difference in IgG isotypes according to CSF positivity or HLA was found (p > 0.05). HLA and IgG isotypes were not associated with poor outcome (mRS >2 at last follow-up) in univariate analyses; CSF positivity was only identified as a poor outcome predictor in the multivariate analysis including the complete follow-up, whereas age and female sex also remained when just the first year was considered.

Conclusions

LE without CSF LGI1-Abs is clinically indistinguishable and likely reflects just a lesser LGI1-Ab production. HLA association is sex and age biased and presents clinical particularities, suggesting subtle differences in the immune response. Long-term outcome depends mostly on demographic characteristics and the intensity of the intrathecal synthesis.

Cranial Nerve Disorders Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

OBJECTIVE

To describe the spectrum, treatment, and outcome of cranial nerve disorders associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (Cn-ICI).

METHODS

This nationwide retrospective cohort study on Cn-ICI (2015-2019) was conducted using the database of the French Refence Center. In addition, a systematic review of the literature (MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) for records published between 2010 and 2019 was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using the search terms cranial nerve or neuropathy or palsy and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

RESULTS

Among 67 cases with ICI-related neurologic toxicities diagnosed in our reference center, 9 patients with Cn-ICI were identified (7 men, 78%, median age 62 years [range 26-82 years]). Patients were receiving a combination of anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (n = 5, 56%) or anti-PD-1 antibodies alone (n = 4, 44%). Cn-ICI involved optic (n = 3), vestibulocochlear (n = 3), abducens (n = 2), facial (n = 2), and oculomotor (n = 1) nerves. Two patients had involvement of 2 different cranial nerves. Treatment comprised corticosteroids (n = 8, 89%), ICI permanent discontinuation (n = 7, 78%), plasma exchange (n = 2, 22%), and IV immunoglobulin (n = 1, 11%). Median follow-up was 11 months (range 1-41 months). In 3 cases (33%), neurologic deficit persisted/worsened despite treatment: 2 optic and 1 vestibulocochlear. Among cases from the literature and the present series combined (n = 39), the most commonly affected cranial nerves were facial (n = 13, 33%), vestibulocochlear (n = 8, 21%), optic (n = 7, 18%), and abducens (n = 4, 10%). Trigeminal, oculomotor, and glossopharyngeal nerves were less frequently affected (total n = 7).

CONCLUSION

Cranial nerve disorders can complicate treatment with ICIs. Approximately one-third of the patients had persisting deficits, most frequently involving hearing and vision loss.

Anti-CASPR2 clinical phenotypes correlate with HLA and immunological features

OBJECTIVE

Antibodies against contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2-Abs) have been described in acquired neuromyotonia, limbic encephalitis (LE) and Morvan syndrome (MoS). However, it is unknown whether these constitute one sole spectrum of diseases with the same immunopathogenesis or three distinct entities with different mechanisms.

METHODS

A cluster analysis of neurological symptoms was performed in a retrospective cohort of 56 CASPR2-Abs patients. In parallel, immunological features and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) were studied.

RESULTS

Cluster analysis distinguished patients with predominant limbic symptoms (n=29/56) from those with peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH; n=27/56). In the limbic-prominent group, limbic features were either isolated (LE/-; 18/56, 32.1%), or combined with extralimbic symptoms (LE/+; 11/56, 19.6%). Those with PNH were separated in one group with severe PNH and extralimbic involvement (PNH/+; 16/56, 28.6%), resembling historical MoS descriptions; and one group with milder and usually isolated PNH (PNH/-; 11/56, 19.6%). LE/- and LE/+ patients shared immunogenetic characteristics demonstrating a homogeneous entity. HLA-DRB1*11:01 was carried more frequently than in healthy controls only by patients with LE (94.1% vs 18.3%; p=1.3×10^-10). Patients with LE also had serum titres (median 1:40 960) and rates of cerebrospinal fluid positivity (93.1%) higher than the other groups (p<0.05). Conversely, DRB1*11:01 association was absent in PNH/+ patients, but only they had malignant thymoma (87.5%), serum antibodies against leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 protein (66.7%) and against netrin-1 receptor deleted in colorectal carcinoma (53.8%), and myasthenia gravis (50.0%).

INTERPRETATION

Symptoms' distribution supports specific clinical phenotypes without overlap between LE and MoS. The distinct immunogenetic characteristics shared by all patients with LE and the particular oncological and autoimmune associations of MoS suggest two very different aetiopathogenesis.

Epidemiology of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes and autoimmune encephalitides in France

OBJECTIVE

To determine the observed and expected incidence rates of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNSs) and autoimmune encephalitides (AEs) diagnosed in France between 2016 and 2018, we conducted a population-based epidemiologic study.

METHODS

Observed incidence rates were stratified by sex, age groups, region of care, year of diagnosis, and disease subgroups. National expected incidence rates were calculated based on rates obtained in the area directly adjacent to the Reference Center using a mixed Poisson model and compared with observed incidence rates.

RESULTS

Six hundred thirty-two patients with definite PNS or AE met the inclusion criteria. The observed incidence rate of definite PNS and AE in France was 3.2 per million person-years (CI_95%: 2.9-3.4) compared with an expected incidence rate of 7.1 per million person-years (CI_95%: 3.9-11.4). The national observed incidence rate for the antibody-positive AE subgroup increased from 1.4 per million person-years (CI_95%: 1.2-1.7) in 2016 to 2.1 per million person-years (CI_95%: 1.7-2.4) in 2018, thus surpassing the incidence rate of classical PNS (1.2 per million person-years [CI_95%: 1.0-1.5]) of 2018.

CONCLUSIONS

There was a significant widespread year-to-year increase in the incidence of diagnoses registered with the Reference Center for all subgroups of PNS and AE studied. The national observed incidence rate is likely underestimated due to underdiagnosis and underreporting.

Long-term outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy with glutamate decarboxylase antibodies

OBJECTIVE

To assess the long-term outcomes of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and CSF anti-glutamate decarboxylase antibodies (GAD65-Abs).

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 35 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and CSF GAD65-Abs, collected from January 1993 to December 2016 and assessed cognitive impairment and seizure activity at last visit. Cognitive impairment was considered significant if impacting on daily life activities. Immunohistochemistry on rat brain slices and ELISA were used for antibody detection and titration.

RESULTS

Median age was 30 years (range 2-63), 32/35 (91%) patients were female, and median follow-up was 68 months (range 7-232). At presentation, 20 patients had isolated temporal lobe epilepsy and 15 patients had other limbic symptoms, including anterograde amnesia (n = 10) and behavioral disturbances (n = 5). Progressive clinical deterioration over follow-up was reported in 28/35 patients (80%), including gradual increase of memory impairment (n = 25), and apparition of behavioral disturbances (n = 4) or mood disorders (n = 18). At last follow-up, 24/35 (69%) patients had cognitive disturbances with an impact on patient's daily life activities, and 28/35 (80%) still had active seizures.

CONCLUSION

Most patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and CSF GAD65-Abs develop a chronic disease with progressive cognitive impairment and refractory epilepsy regardless of the presence of additional limbic symptoms at onset.

Clinical spectrum and diagnostic pitfalls of neurologic syndromes with Ri antibodies

Objective

To describe the main syndrome and clinical course in a large cohort of patients with anti–Ri-associated paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome (Ri-PNS).

Methods

Twenty-year retrospective nationwide study and systematic review of the literature.

Results

Thirty-six patients with complete clinical information were identified (median age 66 years, range: 47–87 years). In this French cohort, the majority were women (78%). At onset, 4 main patterns were observed: cerebellar syndrome (39%), isolated tremor (24%), oculomotor disturbances (17%), and other symptoms (19%). Course was multistep for 78% of cases. At the time the disease reached the plateau phase (median 12 weeks, range: 1–64 weeks; 28% >3 months), 24 (67%) showed an overt cerebellar syndrome, which was isolated in 3 patients, and was most frequently (21/24 cases) part of a multisystem neurologic disease. Patients manifested a variety of movement disorders, including myoclonus (33%), dystonia (17%), either cervical or oromandibular, and parkinsonism (17%). Most patients had cancer (92%), mainly breast cancer (n = 22). Misdiagnoses concerned 22% of patients (n = 8) and included atypical parkinsonism (n = 2), MS (n = 2), Bickerstaff encephalitis (n = 1), hyperekplexia (n = 1), vestibular neuritis (n = 1), and functional neurologic disorder (n = 1). Survival at 12 months was 73% (95% CI [0.54–0.85]), at 24 months 62% (95% CI [0.41–0.78]), and at 36 months 47% (95% CI [0.25–0.65]). There was no major clinical difference between cases retrieved from the systematic review of the literature (n = 55) and the French cohort.

Conclusions

Ri-PNS is a multisystem neurologic syndrome with prominent cerebellum/brainstem involvement. Opsoclonus-myoclonus is less common than expected, and the disorder can mimic neurodegenerative diseases.

Diagnostic yield of commercial immunodots to diagnose paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the diagnostic yield of commercial immunodots to detect onconeural antibodies associated with paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNSs), we analyzed the proportion of confirmed positive results using alternative techniques.

METHODS

Sera (n = 5,300) of patients with suspected PNS were tested by PNS+2 blot (Ravo Diagnostika; January 2016-May 2017) or EUROLINE PNS 12 Ag (Euroimmun; July 2017-November 2018). Positive samples were further explored by in-house indirect immunofluorescence and a third in-house technique (Western blot or cell-based assay) using recombinant protein. Those found negative by these 2 techniques were considered as nonconfirmed. We analyzed the relationship between band intensity and final confirmation. Clinical data were collected for all confirmed results and nonconfirmed EUROLINE immunodots.

RESULTS

PNS+2 blot was positive in 128/1,658 (7.7%) sera and confirmed in 47/128 (36.7%). EUROLINE was positive in 186/3,626 (5.1%) and confirmed in 56/186 (30.1%). Confirmation was highly variable among the antibodies tested, from 7.2% (PNS+2 blot) and 5.8% (EUROLINE) for anti-Yo to 88.2% (PNS+2 blot) and 65.0% (EUROLINE) for anti-Hu. None of the 27 weak positive sera by EUROLINE was confirmed. Band intensity in confirmed cases was variable among the antibodies from strong positive for all anti-Yo (n = 3) and anti-Hu (n = 11) to positive (n = 19) or strong positive (n = 9) for anti-SOX1. Among patients with a nonconfirmed EUROLINE result and available clinical information, all had an alternative diagnosis, and only 6.7% had cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Immunodots may be useful for PNS screening, but a threshold should be established for each antibody, and clinical information and confirmation by other techniques are essential.

CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE

The study provides Class IV evidence that immunodot assays for onconeural antibodies accurately identify patients with paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes.

JS1.1 Specific genetic alterations of breast tumors lead to Yo paraneoplastic cerebellar syndromes

BACKGROUND

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degenerations with anti-Yo antibodies (Yo-PCD) are rare syndromes associated with ovarian or breast cancers and caused by an auto-immune response against neuronal antigens expressed by tumor cells. We previously demonstrated in Yo-PCD ovarian cancers an association between massive infiltration of ovarian tumors by activated immune effector cells and recurrent gains and/or mutations of onconeural Yo genes (CDR2L and CDR2), suggesting that such genetic alterations in ovarian tumor cells may trigger immune tolerance breakdown and initiation of the auto-immune reaction against Purkinje cells.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We pursued the characterization of Yo-PCD tumors and specifically studied breast cancer by IHC, FISH, CGH array and RNA sequencing analysis of 17 breast Yo-PCD tumors and by comparing their genetic characteristics with 10 sporadic breast tumors and public databases.

RESULTS

We confirmed that specific genetic alterations were also present in breast cancers associated with Yo-PCD. Moreover, this study provides additional evidence for a role of tumor cell specificities in PCD immunopathology by revealing peculiarities in Yo-PCD breast tumors compared to Yo-PCD ovarian cancer. Indeed, not only the CDR2L Yo gene was amplified in 8/9 breast Yo-PCD cancers but also the Erb2/Her2 gene in 15/16 (both genes are on chromosome 17q). In addition to this original Her2 and Yo antigen amplification confirmed by FISH, we observed an overexpression of these proteins by IHC analysis. These Yo-PCD breast cancers are also all negative for hormone receptors (HR). Thus, Yo-PCD breast tumors seem to belong to the molecularly and clinically distinct class of HR-negative and Her2-enriched breast cancers, which represents less than 10 % of breast cancers in the general population. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed that breast Yo-PCD tumors differ by their expression programs from classical breast cancers molecular subtypes.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the tumor genetic features leading to the immune breakdown and anti-tumor immune response as well as nervous tissue attack remains challenging and seems to be specific according to the tumor subtypes. Herein, our results suggest that, despite sharing common genetic alterations (copy number variations and mutations affecting Yo genes), the Yo-PCD immunopathogenesis of breast and ovarian cancers differ by involving different tumor-specific molecular pathways.

JS1.2 Increased frequency of paraneoplastic encephalitis with anti-Ma2 antibodies in the cancer immunotherapy era

BACKGROUND

Given the mechanism of action of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a possible association with the development of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) has been hypothesized. We sought to determine if ICI treatment might trigger anti-Ma2 antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (Ma2-PNS).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We performed a retrospective nationwide study of all patients with Ma2-PNS developed during ICI treatment between 2017–2018. The frequency of neuronal-antibody detection before and after ICI implementation was also analyzed.

RESULTS

Our series of patients included 5 men and 1 woman (median age, 63 years). The patients were receiving either nivolumab (n = 3), pembrolizumab (n = 2) or a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab (n=1), for treatment of neoplasms that included lung (n=4) and kidney (n=1) cancers, and pleural mesothelioma (n=1). Median delay between ICI introduction and onset of the neurological syndrome was 4 months. Clinical syndromes included a combination of limbic encephalitis and diencephalitis (n=3), isolated limbic encephalitis (n=2) and a syndrome characterized by opthalmoplegia and head-drop (n=1). Patients with diencephalitis manifested hyperphagia, weight gain and somnolence. Post-ICI Ma2-PNS accounted for 35% of the total 17 Ma2-PNS diagnosed in our center over the 2017–2018 biennium. Eight cases had been detected in the preceding biennium 2015–2016, corresponding to a 112% increase of Ma2-PNS frequency since the implementation of ICIs in France. No other neuronal-antibody demonstrated a similar increment.

CONCLUSION

We show a clear association between ICI use and increased frequency of Ma2-PNS. Physicians need to be aware that ICIs can trigger Ma2-PNS since clinical presentation can be challenging.

Increased frequency of anti-Ma2 encephalitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

OBJECTIVE

To report the induction of anti-Ma2 antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome (Ma2-PNS) in 6 patients after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We also analyzed (1) patient clinical features compared with a cohort of 44 patients who developed Ma2-PNS without receiving ICI treatment and (2) the frequency of neuronal antibody detection before and after ICI implementation.

METHODS

Retrospective nationwide study of all patients with Ma2-PNS developed during ICI treatment between 2017 and 2018.

RESULTS

Our series of patients included 5 men and 1 woman (median age, 63 years). The patients were receiving nivolumab (n = 3), pembrolizumab (n = 2), or a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab (n = 1) for treatment of neoplasms that included lung (n = 4) and kidney (n = 1) cancers and pleural mesothelioma (n = 1). Clinical syndromes comprised a combination of limbic encephalitis and diencephalitis (n = 3), isolated limbic encephalitis (n = 2), and a syndrome characterized by ophthalmoplegia and head drop (n = 1). No significant clinical difference was observed between our 6 patients and the overall cohort of Ma2-PNS cases. Post-ICI Ma2-PNS accounted for 35% of the total 17 Ma2-PNS diagnosed in our center over the 2017-2018 biennium. Eight cases had been detected in the preceding biennium 2015-2016, corresponding to a 112% increase of Ma2-PNS frequency since the implementation of ICIs in France. Despite ICI withdrawal and immunotherapy, 4/6 patients died, and the remaining 2 showed a moderate to severe disability.

CONCLUSIONS

We show a clear association between ICI use and increased diagnosis of Ma2-PNS. Physicians need to be aware that ICIs can trigger Ma2-PNS because clinical presentation can be challenging.

Immunopathological characterization of ovarian teratomas associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis

Encephalitis with anti-NMDAR antibodies (NMDAR-E) is a severe autoimmune neurological disorder, defined by a clinical presentation of encephalitis and the presence of IgG targeting the GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors in the CSF. An underlying ovarian teratoma is commonly associated with this autoimmune disease suggesting a role of the tumor in immunopathogenesis. In this study, we characterized the salient histopathological features of 27 ovarian teratomas associated with NMDAR-E (3 immature and 24 mature teratomas) and 40 controls without associated encephalitis. All but one NMDAR-E-associated teratomas contained a nervous tissue component, while less than 40% of control teratomas did (p < 0.001). GluN1 expression by teratomatous nervous tissue seemed to be more often glial in NMDAR-E teratomas than in control teratomas (73% vs. 29%, p < 0.05). Strikingly, 3 out of 24 NMDAR-E-associated mature teratomas contained neuroglial tissue exhibiting histopathological features of central nervous system neuroglial tumor, while such glioma-like features are exceptionally described in the literature on ovarian teratomas. Moreover, NMDAR-E associated teratomas differed from sporadic ovarian teratomas by consistent and prominent infiltration of the nervous tissue component by immune cells, comprised of T- and B-cells and mature dendritic cells organized in tertiary lymphoid structures, with IgG and IgA deposits and plasma cells in close contact to the neuroglial tissue.

These data demonstrate an association between massive infiltration of NMDAR-E-associated teratomas by immune cells and particular glial features of its neuroglial component, suggesting that this glial tissue might be involved in triggering or sustaining the anti-tumor response associated with the auto-immune neurological disease.

Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis in Adult Patients Requiring Intensive Care

RATIONALE

Encephalitis caused by anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies is the leading cause of immune-mediated encephalitis. There are limited data on intensive care unit (ICU) management of these patients.

OBJECTIVES

To identify prognostic factors of good neurologic outcome in patients admitted to an ICU with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

METHODS

This was an observational multicenter study of all consecutive adult patients diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis at the French National Reference Centre, admitted to an ICU between 2008 and 2014. The primary outcome was a good neurologic outcome at 6 months after ICU admission, defined by a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Seventy-seven patients were included from 52 ICUs. First-line immunotherapy consisted of steroids (n = 61/74; 82%), intravenous immunoglobulins (n = 71/74; 96%), and plasmapheresis (n = 17/74; 23%). Forty-five (61%) patients received second-line immunotherapy (cyclophosphamide, rituximab, or both). At 6 months, 57% of patients had a good neurologic outcome. Independent factors of good neurologic outcome were early (≤8 d after ICU admission) immunotherapy (odds ratio, 16.16; 95% confidence interval, 3.32-78.64; for combined first-line immunotherapy with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins vs. late immunotherapy), and a low white blood cell count on the first cerebrospinal examination (odds ratio, 9.83 for <5 vs. >50 cells/mm³; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-90.65). Presence of nonneurologic organ failures at ICU admission and occurrence of status epilepticus during ICU stay were not associated with neurologic outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

The prognosis of adult patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis requiring intensive care is good, especially when immunotherapy is initiated early, advocating for prompt diagnosis and early aggressive treatment.

Autoimmune episodic ataxia in patients with anti-CASPR2 antibody-associated encephalitis

Objective:

To report paroxysmal episodes of cerebellar ataxia in a patient with anti–contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-related autoimmune encephalitis and to search for similar paroxysmal ataxia in a cohort of patients with anti–CASPR2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis.

Methods:

We report a patient with paroxysmal episodes of cerebellar ataxia observed during autoimmune encephalitis with anti-CASPR2 antibodies. In addition, clinical analysis was performed in a retrospective cohort of 37 patients with anti-CASPR2 antibodies to search for transient episodes of ataxia. Paroxysmal symptoms were further specified from the referral physicians, the patients, or their relatives.

Results:

A 61-year-old man with limbic encephalitis and anti-CASPR2 antibodies developed stereotyped paroxysmal episodes of cerebellar ataxia, including gait imbalance, dysarthria, and dysmetria, 1 month after the onset of the encephalitis. The ataxic episodes were specifically triggered by orthostatism and emotions. Both limbic symptoms and transient ataxic episodes resolved after treatment with steroids and IV cyclophosphamide. Among 37 other patients with anti-CASPR2 antibodies, we identified 5 additional cases with similar paroxysmal ataxic episodes that included gait imbalance (5 cases), slurred speech (3 cases), limb dysmetria (3 cases), and nystagmus (1 case). All had concomitant limbic encephalitis. Paroxysmal ataxia was not observed in patients with neuromyotonia or Morvan syndrome. Triggering factors (orthostatism or anger) were reported in 4 patients. Episodes resolved with immunomodulatory treatments in 4 patients and spontaneously in 1 case.

Conclusions:

Paroxysmal cerebellar ataxia must be added to the spectrum of the anti-CASPR2 antibody syndrome.

Neuroleptic intolerance in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis

Objective:

To precisely describe the initial psychiatric presentation of patients with anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antibodies encephalitis (anti-NMDAR encephalitis) to identify potential clues enhancing its early diagnosis.

Methods:

We retrospectively studied the French Reference Centre medical records of every adult patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis to specify the patients' initial psychiatric symptoms leading to hospitalization in a psychiatric department and the reasons underlying the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Results:

The medical records of 111 adult patients were reviewed. Psychiatric features were the initial presentation in 65 patients (59%). Among them, several psychiatric manifestations were observed, including visual and auditory hallucinations (n = 26, 40%), depression (n = 15, 23%), mania (n = 5, 8%), acute schizoaffective episode (n = 15, 23%), and eating disorder or addiction (n = 4; 6%). Forty-five patients (40% of total cohort) were first hospitalized in a psychiatric institution (91% women), with a median duration of stay of 9 days (range 0.25–239 days). Among them, 24 patients (53%) had associated discreet neurologic signs at the first evaluation, while 17 additional patients (38%) developed neurologic signs within a few days. Twenty-one patients (47%) were transferred to a medical unit for a suspicion of antipsychotic intolerance characterized by high temperature, muscle rigidity, mutism or coma, and biological results suggesting rhabdomyolysis.

Conclusions:

Several psychiatric presentations were observed in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, although none was specific; however, patients, mostly women, also had discreet neurologic signs that should be carefully assessed as well as signs of antipsychotic intolerance that should raise suspicion for anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

CSF IgA NMDAR antibodies are potential biomarkers for teratomas in anti-NMDAR encephalitis

Objective:

To evaluate the presence of immunoglobulin A (IgA) subtype of anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antibodies (IgA-NMDAR-Abs) in the CSF of patients with immunoglobulin G (IgG)-NMDAR-Ab encephalitis and to describe the potential association with a specific clinical pattern.

Methods:

The retrospective analysis for the presence of IgA-NMDAR-Abs in 94 CSF samples from patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis diagnosed between October 2007 and February 2014 was conducted at the French Reference Centre on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome. This observational study compared 39 patients with both IgA- and IgG-NMDAR-Abs to 55 patients with only IgG-NMDAR-Abs.

Results:

In the retrospective cohort, 41% of the patients with NMDAR-Ab encephalitis had both CSF IgG- and IgA-NMDAR-Abs. Approximately half of the IgA-NMDAR-Ab-positive patients (18/38, 49%) definitively possessed associated tumors, primarily ovarian teratomas (17/18, 94%), compared with only 5% (3/55) of the patients in the IgA-NMDAR-Ab-negative group (p < 0.001). In the adult female population at risk for ovarian teratoma, the detection of CSF IgA-NMDAR-Ab positivity showed 85% sensitivity, 70% specificity, a 57% positive predictive value, and a 90% negative predictive value for the diagnosis of ovarian teratoma. No other specific clinical features or clinical outcome were associated with CSF IgA-NMDAR-Ab positivity.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that in patients with IgG-NMDAR-Ab encephalitis, CSF IgA-NMDAR-Abs could be used as a biological marker for the presence of an ovarian teratoma.

Assessment of in vitro pharmacological effect of Neotropical Piperaceae in GABAergic bioassays in relation to plants traditionally used for folk illness by the Yanesha (Peru)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

A previous pilot ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological study with the Q'echi׳ Maya identified the family Piperaceae, as an important taxonomic group traditionally used for the treatment of epileptic and culture-bound anxiety disorders and possessing activity in the GABA system. Following that lead, a botanical survey was conducted in Peru, where 47 species of Piperaceae were collected including 21 plants traditionally used for folk illnesses by the Yanesha of Peru, an indigenous Amazonian group.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two high throughput bioassays were used to quantify the in vitro activity of botanical extracts on the GABA system.

RESULTS

Plant extracts demonstrated moderate to high affinity to the γ-aminobutyric acid benzodiazepine (GABA-BZD) receptor. In addition, extracts demonstrated low to moderate activity in the inhibition of the GABA-transaminase, with select plants exhibiting significant activity. Plants indicated by the Yanesha showed comparable activity to the other Piperaceae plants collected. Piper cremii was the most active plant in the GABA-BZD receptor assay, and Drymaria cordata (Caryophyllaceae) in the GABA-T assay.

CONCLUSION

The study provides evidence that there is a pharmacological basis behind the use of plants in the treatment of susto and mal aire in both Central and South America, and we propose that the possible mechanism of action includes an interaction with the GABA-T enzyme and/or the GABAA-BZD receptor.

Clinical specificities of adult male patients with NMDA receptor antibodies encephalitis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features and specificities of adult male patients with NMDA receptor antibodies (NMDAr-Abs) encephalitis.

METHODS

Observational study of 13 adult male patients who were diagnosed with NMDAr-Abs encephalitis at the French Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome Reference Center.

RESULTS

Adult male patients frequently presented initially with a seizure (8/13, 61.5%). Seizures were partial in 5/8 patients and were followed only a few days later (median 12 days; range 2-17 days) by psychiatric or cognitive symptoms. Conversely, adult female patients rarely presented with a seizure initially (8/58, 14%, p < 0.001), and most of their seizures were generalized and were rapidly followed (median 2 days; range 1-7 days) by behavioral and psychiatric features. Additionally, in male patients the disease was rarely associated with a tumor (1/13 or 8%, a perineal schwannoma); in contrast, 41% of female patients had an associated tumor (95% of which were ovarian teratomas; p = 0.02 male vs female association with tumor). The incidences of abnormalities in ancillary tests, treatment modalities, clinical evolution, and outcome were equal for both subgroups.

CONCLUSION

Adult male patients who have partial seizures, normal MRI results, and no clear etiology should be tested for NMDAr-Abs to avoid any delays in treatment initiation. Adult female patients who had a seizure as the first symptom are infrequent when NMDAr-Abs encephalitis is diagnosed; additionally, their clinical pattern is different from male patients, with more generalized seizures and rapid development of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms. The differences in hormonal influence could contribute to this difference in clinical pattern.

Cellulose nanocrystal iridescence: a new model

A homogeneous aqueous dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) that is left to evaporate in a Petri dish self-organizes into smectic liquid crystals that are actually liquid multilamellar structures. As evaporation proceeds, the liquid multilamellar structures solidify to become a solid multilamellar film. Each solid lamella is in the submicrometer range, and its iridescence is easily explained by classical light interference. A careful inspection of each solid lamella revealed long, oriented arrays of colloids. Interestingly, the array orientation is generally the same for each superposed layer. This is exceptional because the stratification appears first in the liquid, and the solid colloids are formed in each stratum at the very end of the process. Our findings are supported by optical, atomic force, and electron microscope observations and by laser diffraction observations. The multilamellar solid film model is easier to engineer than the helical model currently used to explain the iridescence and optical activities of CN solid films. This new understanding should promote the industrial production of colorful CN coatings and inks as a green alternative for decades to come.

Constraining the Sheffield dynamic global vegetation model using stream-flow measurements in the United Kingdom

The biospheric water and carbon cycles are intimately coupled, so simulating carbon fluxes by vegetation also requires modelling of the water fluxes, with each component influencing the other. Observations of river streamflow integrate information at the catchment scale and are widely available over a long period; they therefore provide an important source of information for validating or calibrating vegetation models. In this paper, we analyse the performance of the Sheffield dynamic global vegetation model (SDGVM) for predicting river streamflow and quantifying how this information helps to constrain carbon flux predictions. The SDGVM is run for 29 large catchments in the United Kingdom. Annual streamflow estimates are compared with long time-series observations. In 23 out of the 29 catchments, the bias between model and observations is less than 50 mm, equivalent to less than 10% of precipitation. In the remaining catchments, larger errors are because of combinations of unpredictable causes, in particular various human activities and measurement issues and, in two cases, unidentified causes. In one of the catchments, we assess to what extent a knowledge of annual streamflow can constrain model parameters and in turn constrain estimates of gross primary production (GPP). For this purpose, we assume the model parameters are uncertain and constrain them by the streamflow observations using the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation method. Comparing the probability density function of GPP with and without constraint shows that streamflow effectively constrains GPP, mainly by setting a low probability to GPP values below about 1100 g C^-1  m²  yr^-1 . In other words, streamflow observations allow the rejection of low values of GPP, so that the potential range of possible GPP values is almost halved.