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Gubergrits N, Malecka-Panas E, Lehman GA, Vasileva G, Shen Y, Sander-Struckmeier S, Caras S, Whitcomb DC. A 6-month, open-label clinical trial of pancrelipase delayed-release capsules (Creon) in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:1152-61. [PMID: 21418260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is necessary to prevent severe maldigestion and unwanted weight loss associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) due to chronic pancreatitis (CP) or pancreatic surgery (PS). AIM To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of pancrelipase (pancreatin) delayed-release capsules (Creon) in this population. METHODS This was a 6-month, open-label extension of a 7-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolling patients ≥18 years old with confirmed EPI due to CP or PS who were previously receiving PERT. Patients received individualised pancrelipase doses as directed by investigators (administered as Creon 24 000-lipase unit capsules). RESULTS Overall, 48 of 51 patients completed the open-label phase; one withdrew due to the unrelated treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) of cutaneous burns and two were lost to follow-up. The mean age was 50.9 years, 70.6% of patients were male, 76.5% had CP and 23.5% had undergone PS. The mean±s.d. pancrelipase dose was 186960±74640 lipase units/day. TEAEs were reported by 22 patients (43.1%) overall. Only four patients (7.8%) had TEAEs that were considered treatment related. From double-blind phase baseline to end of the open-label period, subjects achieved a mean±s.d. body weight increase of 2.7±3.4 kg (P<0.0001) and change in daily stool frequency of -1.0±1.3 (P<0.001). Improvements in abdominal pain, flatulence and stool consistency were observed. CONCLUSIONS Pancrelipase was well tolerated over 6 months and resulted in statistically significant weight gain and reduced stool frequency in patients with EPI due to CP or PS previously managed with standard PERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gubergrits
- Department of Internal Diseases, Donetsk National Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraine
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2
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Gubergrits N, Malecka-Panas E, Lehman GA, Vasileva G, Shen Y, Sander-Struckmeier S, Caras S, Whitcomb DC. A 6-month, open-label clinical trial of pancrelipase delayed-release capsules (Creon) in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011. [PMID: 21418260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2 036.2011.04631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is necessary to prevent severe maldigestion and unwanted weight loss associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) due to chronic pancreatitis (CP) or pancreatic surgery (PS). AIM To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of pancrelipase (pancreatin) delayed-release capsules (Creon) in this population. METHODS This was a 6-month, open-label extension of a 7-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolling patients ≥18 years old with confirmed EPI due to CP or PS who were previously receiving PERT. Patients received individualised pancrelipase doses as directed by investigators (administered as Creon 24 000-lipase unit capsules). RESULTS Overall, 48 of 51 patients completed the open-label phase; one withdrew due to the unrelated treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) of cutaneous burns and two were lost to follow-up. The mean age was 50.9 years, 70.6% of patients were male, 76.5% had CP and 23.5% had undergone PS. The mean±s.d. pancrelipase dose was 186960±74640 lipase units/day. TEAEs were reported by 22 patients (43.1%) overall. Only four patients (7.8%) had TEAEs that were considered treatment related. From double-blind phase baseline to end of the open-label period, subjects achieved a mean±s.d. body weight increase of 2.7±3.4 kg (P<0.0001) and change in daily stool frequency of -1.0±1.3 (P<0.001). Improvements in abdominal pain, flatulence and stool consistency were observed. CONCLUSIONS Pancrelipase was well tolerated over 6 months and resulted in statistically significant weight gain and reduced stool frequency in patients with EPI due to CP or PS previously managed with standard PERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gubergrits
- Department of Internal Diseases, Donetsk National Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraine
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Khashab MA, Watkins JL, McHenry L, Lazzell-Pannell L, Schmidt S, Sherman S, Lehman GA, Fogel EL. Frequency of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in patients with previously normal sphincter of Oddi manometry studies. Endoscopy 2010; 42:369-74. [PMID: 19967632 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1215374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM), performed at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), is the gold standard for diagnosing sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD). The question remains as to whether the short-term manometric recordings reflect the 24-hour pathophysiology of the sphincter. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of SOD in persistently symptomatic patients with previously normal SOM studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients who underwent ERCP for suspected SOD over a 13-year period (1994 - 2007) were considered for inclusion in the study. Patients with an intact papilla and a previously normal SOM who had a repeat ERCP for persistent symptoms formed the study group. SOM was performed in conventional retrograde fashion. RESULTS In all, 5352 patients without prior papillary intervention underwent SOM during the study period. A total of 1037 patients had normal SOM, and of these, 30 patients (27 female, mean age 40.1 years) underwent repeat ERCP for persistent symptoms. The median duration between the two ERCPs was 493.5 days (range 52-3538 days). In these 30 patients, SOD classification prior to the initial ERCP was: type I in one patient (not treated in 1994), type II in 17 patients, and type III in 12 patients. Of the 30 patients, 12 (40%) had normal SOM at repeat ERCP; SOD was diagnosed in 18/30 (60%) patients. CONCLUSIONS A single SOM study may not represent the day-to-day physiology of the sphincter of Oddi; sphincter pathology may progress over time. One normal exam may not rule out SOD. A repeat ERCP with manometry may be warranted in a subset of patients with persistent debilitating symptoms and a high index of suspicion for SOD. Outcome data are needed to determine whether this approach justifies the potential risks of ERCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Khashab
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Clarian/IU Digestive Diseases Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Blaut U, Alazmi W, Sherman S, Fogel EL, Watkins JL, Bucksot L, Lehman GA. The influence of variable-stiffness guide wires on basal biliary sphincter of Oddi pressure measured at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopy 2010; 42:375-80. [PMID: 20425665 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1244117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guide wires are commonly utilized to facilitate endoscopic procedures. However, their use may adversely influence the results of sphincter of Oddi manometry, thereby leading to erroneous diagnosis and therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of guide wires on the basal pressure of the biliary sphincter of Oddi. METHODS Forty-five consecutive patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction were enrolled. Biliary sphincter of Oddi manometry was performed with and without a guide wire in the conventional retrograde fashion with a low-compliance infusion pump system, an aspirating catheter, and slow station pull-throughs. Three types of guide wires were studied: the Roadrunner (18 patients), the Glidewire (17 patients), and the standard Teflon guide wire (10 patients). The stiffness of the guide wires was tested and reported in Taber Stiffness Units (TSU; higher values represent greater stiffness). RESULTS Biliary sphincter of Oddi manometry performed with a guide wire revealed higher basal pressure than the same measurement performed without a guide wire (52 +/- 33.4 mmHg vs. 34.4 +/- 20.5 mmHg; P = 0.001). Basal pressure changes induced by guide-wire use were highest in the Roadrunner group (32.9 +/- 33.9 mmHg), lowest in the standard Teflon group (11.6 +/- 8 mmHg; Roadrunner vs. standard Teflon: P = 0.02), and intermediate in the Glidewire group (17.1 +/- 22.1 mmHg). The use of a guide wire resulted in crossover from normal to abnormal basal pressure in 11 cases (Roadrunner, 7; Glidewire, 4) and from abnormal to normal in 2 (Roadrunner, 1; Glidewire, 1). Concordance between recordings obtained with and without guide wire was seen in 32 patients (71 %). Guide-wire stiffness was: Roadrunner: 0.74 TSU; Glidewire: 0.153 TSU; standard Teflon guide wire: 0.077 TSU. CONCLUSION The use of guide wires frequently alters the basal biliary sphincter pressure, leading to incorrect diagnoses in approximately 40 % of cases. The basal pressure alterations depend on the stiffness of the guide wire used. Hence, the use of guide wires during sphincter of Oddi manometry is strongly discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Blaut
- Department of Pathophysiology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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Sandrasegaran K, Alazmi WM, Tann M, Fogel EL, McHenry L, Lehman GA. Chemotherapy-induced sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Radiol 2006; 61:670-8. [PMID: 16843750 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To review the computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cholangiographic findings of chemotherapy-induced sclerosing cholangitis (CISC). METHODS Between January 1995 and December 2004, 11 patients in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography database were identified with CISC. Twelve CT, four MRI, 69 endoscopic and nine antegrade cholangiographic studies in these patients were reviewed. Serial change in appearance and response to endoscopic treatment were recorded. RESULTS CISC showed segmental irregular biliary dilatation with strictures of proximal extrahepatic bile ducts. The distal 5cm of common bile duct was not affected in any patient. CT and MRI findings included altered vascular perfusion of one or more liver segments, liver metastases or peritoneal carcinomatosis. Biliary strictures needed repeated stenting in 10 patients (mean: every 4.7 months). Cirrhosis (n=1) or confluent fibrosis (n=0) were uncommon findings. CONCLUSION CISC shares similar cholangiographic appearances to primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Unlike PSC, biliary disease primarily involved ducts at the hepatic porta rather than intrahepatic ducts. Multiphasic contrast-enhanced CT or MRI may show evidence of perfusion abnormalities, cavitary liver lesions, or metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandrasegaran
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Joyce AM, Ahmad NA, Beilstein MC, Kochman ML, Long WB, Baron T, Sherman S, Fogel E, Lehman GA, McHenry L, Watkins J, Ginsberg GG. Multicenter comparative trial of the V-scope system for therapeutic ERCP. Endoscopy 2006; 38:713-6. [PMID: 16810594 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-925446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS A new duodenoscope (the V-scope), with a modified elevator used in combination with a dedicated short guide wire, constitutes the V-system. This system is intended to allow fixation of the guide wire at the elevator lever, thereby enhancing the speed and reliability of accessory exchange over a guide wire during ERCP. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent to which the V-system provides improved efficiency in comparison with conventional duodenoscope and guide wire combinations. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was an industry-sponsored multicenter randomized trial. Patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures in which treatment was anticipated were randomly assigned to the V-system or to a conventional duodenoscope and accessories used routinely in each center. The parameters recorded included the total case time, fluoroscopy time, catheter/guide wire exchange time, guide wire repositioning, loss of guide wire access, and success or failure of guide wire fixation when using the V-system. RESULTS Fifty patients were included, 22 in the conventional group and 28 in the V-system group. A total of 135 exchanges were carried out. The patients had up to six exchanges. The median exchange time was 19.4 s with the V-system and 31.7 s with the conventional systems ( P < 0.001). Guide wire repositioning was required less often in the V-system group ( P = 0.0005). The V-system effectively locked the guide wire in 63 of 71 exchanges (89 %). Loss of guide wire access occurred in two patients in the conventional group and four in the V-system group, attributable to failure to lock the guide wire early during the experience (no significant differences). CONCLUSIONS The V-system can effectively secure the guide wire during accessory exchange in ERCP and reduces the time required to exchange accessories. This may enhance overall efficiency during ERCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Joyce
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Alazmi WM, Fogel EL, Watkins JL, McHenry L, Tector JA, Fridell J, Mosler P, Sherman S, Lehman GA. Recurrence rate of anastomotic biliary strictures in patients who have had previous successful endoscopic therapy for anastomotic narrowing after orthotopic liver transplantation. Endoscopy 2006; 38:571-4. [PMID: 16802268 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-925027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS The development of anastomotic strictures is one of the most common complications of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with choledochocholedochostomy anastomosis. Endoscopic therapy with balloon dilation and/or stent placement is an effective therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the recurrence rate of anastomotic strictures and the features that predict recurrence after previously successful endoscopic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We searched the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database for all patients who had had an OLT who were undergoing ERCP. The study cohort consisted of post-OLT patients who had a recurrence of anastomotic stricture after initial resolution following a course of endoscopic therapy. RESULTS A total of 916 OLT operations were performed during the study period from June 1994 to November 2004. Out of this group, 143 patients (15.6 %) were diagnosed with anastomotic stricture and underwent a total of 423 ERCPs for endoscopic treatment. Twelve patients who are still undergoing endoscopic therapy were excluded from the analysis. The technical success rate was 96.6 %, and the endoscopic therapy was successful in 82 % of patients; 18 % had a recurrence of cholestasis and ERCP revealed a recurrence of the anastomotic stricture that required intervention. The mean time of follow-up after stent removal was 28 months (range 1 - 114 months). The study did not reveal any clinical or endoscopic parameters that could predict recurrence, though the presence of a biliary leak at initial ERCP and a longer time to initial presentation were factors that showed a trend toward an increased likelihood of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Biliary strictures remain a common complication after OLT, and in nearly one in five patients these strictures recur after initially successful endoscopic therapy. There were no clinical or endoscopic parameters identified in this study that predicted recurrence. Further study is needed to determine what type of endoscopic therapy would minimize the risk of stricture recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Alazmi
- Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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8
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Abstract
Some steps of progress have been seen in the area of biliary therapeutic endoscopy, in the understanding and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis, problems relating to liver transplantation, malignant biliary strictures, and complications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, as well as sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. These topics are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Fogel
- Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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9
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Abstract
The role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the diagnosis and management of a giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus in a 46-year-old woman is described here. The fibrovascular polyp was detected at esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and EUS demonstrated that it originated from the submucosa. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed, and cytological examination of the specimen revealed benign fibro-fatty elements. The lesion was resected via a transcervical esophagotomy. The literature on fibrovascular polyps is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Devereaux
- Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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10
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Abstract
Some steps of progress have been seen in the area of biliary therapeutic endoscopy, in the understanding and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis, problems relating to liver transplantation, malignant biliary strictures, complications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, and tissue sampling. The benefits (or lack thereof) of preoperative biliary drainage in the setting of malignant obstructive jaundice have received an extensive review.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Fogel
- Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Fogel EL, Eversman D, Jamidar P, Sherman S, Lehman GA. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy with pancreatic stent placement has a lower rate of pancreatitis than biliary sphincterotomy alone. Endoscopy 2002; 34:280-5. [PMID: 11932782 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-23629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Patients with suspected or documented sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) who undergo standard biliary sphincterotomy have high rates of post-procedure pancreatitis. Approximately 75% of such patients have elevated basal pressures of the pancreatic sphincter. Biliary sphincterotomy (BES) on its own leaves the pancreatic sphincter unablated and may cause transient edema which aggravates the increase in pancreatic sphincter pressure. Combined pancreaticobiliary therapy (PBR), using pancreatic stenting in addition to sphincterotomy may therefore be safer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database was queried for patients with successful double-duct sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) who underwent BES alone or PBR between 1994 and 1997. The endoscopist had decided on the technique to be used. From 1995 to 1997 there was a general trend to do PBR. Pancreatitis was defined according to established criteria. RESULTS The post-ERCP pancreatitis rate among all 436 SOD patients was 19.7%, while 256 patients with normal SOM results had a pancreatitis rate of 12.9%. The use of combined PBR was associated with a lower frequency of pancreatitis compared with BES alone (needle-knife over pancreatic duct stent, 14/131 patients, 10.7 %; pull-type pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy plus pancreatic stent, 15/78 patients, 19.2%; BES alone, 52/184 patients, 28.3%). Episodes of moderate and severe pancreatitis were seen more frequently in the BES group. CONCLUSION In SOD patients, post-ERCP pancreatitis rates remain high, but have improved with the addition of combined pancreaticobiliary sphincter therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Fogel
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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12
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Mason RJ, Hughes M, Lehman GA, Chiao G, Deviere J, Silverman DE, DeMeester TR, Peters JH. Endoscopic augmentation of the cardia with a biocompatible injectable polymer (Enteryx) in a porcine model. Surg Endosc 2002; 16:386-91. [PMID: 11928013 DOI: 10.1007/s004640080189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2001] [Accepted: 09/25/2001] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic approaches to restore the gastroesophageal barrier in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are presently undergoing clinical trial. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility, durability, safety, and antireflux efficacy following augmentation of the cardia with a biocompatible injectable polymer (Enteryx). METHODS Augmentation was performed in 12 Yucatan mini-pigs. The cardia was injected circumferentially with 1-1.5 ml of Enteryx at three or four sites. Four groups of three animals each were killed at 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks following augmentation. Gastrointestinal endoscopy and esophageal manometry were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Competency was determined as the intragastric pressure (yield pressure) and volume (yield volume) needed during gastric distension with air and water to result in equalization of gastric and esophageal pressure. Comparisons were made with a group of noninjected animals (n = 6). RESULTS All animals had a normal eating pattern; none showed any evidence of vomiting or regurgitation. The median injection volume was 4 ml (range, 1-8). At autopsy, implants were found in 83% of the animals. Intramuscular placement of the implant was durable, whereas sloughing occurred if the implant was placed submucosally. The mechanical properties of sphincter length and pressure were unaffected by the injection. The median yield pressure of the animals that survived for >6 weeks (21.4 mmHg) was significantly greater (p = 0.049) than the animals that survived for <6 weeks (4.5 mmHg) and greater (p = 0.054) than the control animals (9.1 mmHg), suggesting that the healing process was associated with reduced distensibility of the cardia. CONCLUSIONS Augmentation of the cardia with an injectable polymer (Enteryx) is simple, safe, and durable. Early studies suggest that alteration in the distensibility and geometry of the gastroesophageal junction may provide antireflux protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Mason
- Center for Heartburn and Esophageal Disorders, Midway Hospital Medical Center, 5901 West Olympic Boulevard, Suite 101, Los Angeles, CA 90036, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitate disease-specific hospital-based medical costs in 34 patients with chronic pancreatitis before and after treatment by either duodenal-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) or pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Pancreatic head resection in selected patients with chronic pancreatitis provides pain relief and improves quality of life, but the effect on healthcare costs is unknown. METHODS This observational cohort study comprised 34 selected patients with chronic pancreatitis followed up exclusively at the authors' institution treated by either DPPHR or PPPD between 1992 and 1997. RESULTS Twenty-one patients had DPPHR and 13 had PPPD. Patients in the PPPD group were slightly older, but other clinical characteristics were similar. Before surgery, the mean number of admissions per patient per year, days in the hospital per patient per year, and disease-specific hospital-based medical costs per patient per year were not significantly different between groups. After surgery, those three variables were similar between the groups but significantly less than preoperative values. Pain control remained significantly improved after 36 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS In selected patients with chronic pancreatitis, DPPHR and PPPD are equally effective in providing long-term pain relief and decreasing disease-specific hospital-based costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Howard
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Sherman S, Lehman GA. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment. JOP 2001; 2:382-400. [PMID: 11880698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Sherman
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Howard TJ, Rhodes GJ, Selzer DJ, Sherman S, Fogel E, Lehman GA. Roux-en-Y internal drainage is the best surgical option to treat patients with disconnected duct syndrome after severe acute pancreatitis. Surgery 2001; 130:714-9; discussion 719-21. [PMID: 11602903 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2001.116675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roux-en-Y (RNY) internal drainage has been our primary surgical strategy to definitively treat disconnected duct syndrome in patients after severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). This study compares the results of internal drainage with the results of distal pancreatectomy-splenectomy (DPS) performed in a contemporaneous group of patients. METHODS For 5 years (June 1995 to June 2000), 27 consecutive patients with disconnected duct syndrome after SAP were identified: 13 treated with internal drainage and 14 with DPS. Fistula characteristics, operative management, and clinical outcome were analyzed. Comparisons between groups were made with the Student t test and Fisher exact test, with statistical significance defined as P <.05. RESULTS Age, sex, etiology of pancreatitis, comorbid diseases, and prior operations were similar between groups. Internal drainage required less operative time (211 +/- 37 vs 269 +/- 88 minutes, P =.04), blood loss (735 +/- 706 vs 2757 +/- 3062 mL, P =.03), and transfusion requirements (0.69 +/- 1.7 vs 4.21 +/- 8.0 units, P =.05). Clinical outcomes--as measured by postoperative complication rate, reoperation rate, fistula recurrence rate, and death rate--were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS RNY internal drainage, when technically feasible, is the best surgical option to treat disconnected duct syndrome after SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Howard
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind, USA
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Filipi CJ, Lehman GA, Rothstein RI, Raijman I, Stiegmann GV, Waring JP, Hunter JG, Gostout CJ, Edmundowicz SA, Dunne DP, Watson PA, Cornet DA. Transoral, flexible endoscopic suturing for treatment of GERD: a multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53:416-22. [PMID: 11275879 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2001.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A totally transoral outpatient procedure for the treatment of GERD would be appealing. METHODS A multicenter trial was initiated that included 64 patients with GERD treated with an endoscopic suturing device. Inclusion criteria were 3 or more heartburn episodes per week while not taking medication, dependency on antisecretory medicine, and documented acid reflux by pH monitoring. Exclusion criteria were dysphagia, grade 3 or 4 esophagitis, obesity, and hiatus hernia greater than 2 cm in length. Patients underwent manometry, endoscopy, 24-hour pH monitoring, and symptom severity scoring before and after the procedure. Patients were randomized to a linear or circumferential plication configuration. Adverse procedural events were recorded. RESULTS Mean 6-month symptom score changes demonstrated procedural efficacy. Heartburn severity and frequency as well as regurgitation all improved (p > 0.0001 for each). Twenty-four-hour pH monitoring showed improvement in number of episodes below pH of 4 at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.0007 and 0.0002) and percentage of total time the pH was less than 4 at 6 months (p < 0.011). Plication configuration did not affect symptoms or pH monitoring results. One patient had a self-contained suture perforation that was successfully treated with antibiotics. CONCLUSION Endoscopic gastroplasty is safe. It is associated with reduced symptoms and medication use at 6 month follow-up in patients with uncomplicated GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Filipi
- Department of Surgery, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA
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Boyce GA, Sivak MV, Rösch T, Classen M, Fleischer DE, Boyce HW, Lightdale CJ, Botet JF, Hawes RH, Lehman GA. Evaluation of submucosal upper gastrointestinal tract lesions by endoscopic ultrasound. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 37:449-54. [PMID: 1916167 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(91)70778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proper diagnosis of submucosal upper gastrointestinal tract mass lesions by endoscopy or barium study is difficult. Differentiation between submucosal tumors, vascular structures, and extrinsic organs is often impossible. We performed endoscopic ultrasound examination of 91 patients with upper gastrointestinal submucosal mass lesions. Endoscopic ultrasound was accurate in determining the site of origin in 48 of 50 cases where pathology or angiography comparison was available. Leiomyoma, lipoma, varices, and carcinoma had characteristic ultrasonographic findings. Endoscopic ultrasound is a useful procedure in the evaluation of upper gastrointestinal submucosal mass lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Boyce
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic measures such as balloon dilation can relieve obstruction and improve symptoms in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). However, the influence of repeated endoscopy to maintain biliary patency on the survival of patients with PSC is unclear. METHODS This study evaluated the impact of endoscopic therapy on the survival of consecutive patients with PSC undergoing endoscopic therapy. During a 6-year period 63 patients underwent endoscopic therapy. After initial therapy, patients were followed for a median of 34 months. Endoscopic therapy primarily consisted of repeated balloon dilation of dominant biliary strictures. The observed survival of this cohort was estimated (Kaplan-Meier). The predicted survival of the cohort was estimated by using the Mayo Clinic survival model based on clinical information obtained within 3 months before first endoscopic therapy. The Mayo Risk Score was calculated by using the equation R = (0.03 Age, years) + (0.54 log(e) Bilirubin mg/dL) + (0.54 log(e) Aspartate aminotransferase U/mL) + (1.24 Bleed history) - (0.84 Albumin gm/dL). RESULTS The observed survival over 5 years was significantly higher than the predicted 5-year survival (83% vs. 65%, respectively; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION These data suggest that repeated endoscopic attempts to maintain biliary patency may improve the survival of patients with PSC and dominant strictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Baluyut
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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21
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Abstract
Therapeutic biliary endoscopy is continuing to evolve; some small but important developments were seen during the last year. Competing techniques are continuing to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Fogel
- Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5000, USA
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Lehman GA. Endoscopic and endoluminal techniques for the control of gastroesophageal reflux: are they ready for widespread clinical application? Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 52:808-11. [PMID: 11115931 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2000.111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND When sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography are performed at the same session, SOM is usually performed immediately before ductography because of concern about the accuracy of the manometric recording after contrast medium injection. However, it would be preferable to inject contrast medium first to identify other causes for a patient's symptoms, allowing selective use of SOM. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cholangiography on sphincter of Oddi (SO) basal pressure. METHODS Twenty-five patients with suspected SO dysfunction were prospectively studied. Conventional station pull-through manometry of the biliary part of the sphincter was performed before and after cholangiography. The intraductal pressure and basal sphincter pressure were evaluated. RESULTS The mean intraductal pressure was 8+/-5.5 mm Hg before and 13.3+/-6.8 mm Hg after contrast medium injection (p< 0.01). However, the basal sphincter pressure was not significantly altered (52.9+/-42.1 mm Hg vs. 55.1+/-38.1 mm Hg, p = 0.52). Concordance (normal vs. abnormal) between the basal sphincter pressure before and after ductography was seen in 24 of 25 patients (96%). CONCLUSIONS Intraductal installation of contrast medium immediately before SOM infrequently alters SO basal pressure in a clinically significant manner. We therefore believe that this sequence can be utilized in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Blaut
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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Choudari CP, Sherman S, Fogel EL, Phillips S, Kochell A, Flueckiger J, Lehman GA. Success of ERCP at a referral center after a previously unsuccessful attempt. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 52:478-83. [PMID: 11023563 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2000.108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic and therapeutic success of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) depends on a number of factors. When an attempt at ERCP fails, the physician must decide whether to repeat the procedure, rely on another imaging procedure (noninvasive or invasive), or refer to another endoscopist/center. Our aim in this prospective study was to determine the role of a second attempt at ERCP at a referral ERCP center. METHODS Five hundred sixty-two patients were referred for ERCP after having undergone a previous unsuccessful attempt to visualize the clinically relevant duct(s). RESULTS The overall success in visualizing the desired duct was 96.4% (542 of 562). Advanced techniques for cannulation were used in 41% (229 of 562). Anatomic abnormalities possibly contributing to the previous lack of success were present in 27% of cases. ERCP with or without manometry identified a cause or potential cause for the signs and symptoms in 86% of patients. Sixty complications occurred in 57 patients (10.1%). ERCP was unsuccessful in 20 patients (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS The cannulation success rate and diagnostic yield of further ERCP with an acceptable complication rate warrant consideration of referral to centers with available resources and expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Choudari
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5000, USA
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Kalayci C, Aisen A, Canal D, Fogel EL, Sherman S, Wiebke E, Stockberger S, Lehman GA. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography documents bile leak site after cholecystectomy in patients with aberrant right hepatic duct where ERCP fails. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 52:277-81. [PMID: 10922112 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2000.107217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Kalayci
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Radiology and General Surgery, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Lehman GA, Baillie J. A 47-year-old woman with pancreatitis and early satiety. Endoscopy 2000; 32:398-401. [PMID: 10817180 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Lehman
- Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202-5000, USA.
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27
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Procurement of cytologic samples by brushing is common practice at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) but has low sensitivity for cancer detection. Limited data are available on other techniques, including endoluminal fine-needle aspiration and forceps biopsy. This series reviews the yield of these three stricture sampling methods. METHODS In this prospective study, patients with biliary obstruction with a clinical suspicion of malignancy underwent triple-tissue sampling at one ERCP session. Final cancer diagnosis was based on all sampling methods plus surgery, autopsy, and clinical follow-up. Tissue specimens were reported as normal, atypia, or malignant. RESULTS A total of 133 patients were evaluated: 104 had cancer and 29 had benign strictures. Tissue sampling sensitivity varied according to the type of cancer; the highest yield was seen in ampullary cancers (62% to 85%). The cumulative sensitivity of triple-tissue sampling in the cancer patients was as follows: sensitivity was 52% if atypia was considered benign and 77% if it was considered malignant. The addition of a second or third technique increased sensitivity rates in most instances. No serious complications occurred from the tissue sampling methods. CONCLUSIONS Tissue sampling sensitivity varied according to the type of cancer. Combining a second or third method increased sensitivity; general use of at least two sampling methods is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jailwala
- Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Gress FG, Hawes RH, Savides TJ, Ikenberry SO, Cummings O, Kopecky K, Sherman S, Wiersema M, Lehman GA. Role of EUS in the preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer: a large single-center experience. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50:786-91. [PMID: 10570337 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods for staging pancreatic cancer can be inaccurate, invasive, and expensive. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is reported to be highly accurate for local staging of gastrointestinal tumors including pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of EUS and CT for staging pancreatic cancer by comparing staging accuracies in surgical patients and evaluating the potential impact of EUS staging and training. METHODS This was a preoperative comparison of the diagnostic operating characteristics of these procedures in a referral-based academic medical center. Data were collected on 151 consecutive patients referred with confirmed pancreatic cancer between April 1990 and November 1996. All patients had preoperative CT and EUS performed for staging. In patients undergoing surgery, the surgical staging and/or findings were used to confirm EUS and CT staging. RESULTS Eighty-one (60%) of 151 patients underwent surgery and made up the study subset. In these 81 patients, surgical exploration provided a final T staging in 93% (75 of 81), N staging in 88% (71 of 81) and data on vascular invasion in 93% (75 of 81). In the surgical patient group, with surgical correlation, EUS accuracy for T staging was as follows: T1 92%, T2 85%, T3 93%, and for N staging was: N0 72%, and N1 72%. CT accuracy for T staging was as follows: T1 65%, T2 67%, T3 38%, and for N staging was as follows: N0 52% and N1 100%. CT failed to detect a mass in 26% of patients with a confirmed tumor at surgery. Overall accuracy for T and N staging was 85% and 72% for EUS and 30% and 55% for CT, respectively. The ability to accurately predict vascular invasion was 93% for EUS and 62% for CT (p < 0.001). EUS was 93% accurate for predicting local resectability versus 60% for CT (p < 0.001). Last, the data were divided into two groups for the senior endosonographer's experience: procedures performed between 1990 and 1992 (98 cases) and 1993 and 1994 (53 cases). This analysis revealed that 7 of 9 instances of mis-staging (78%) occurred in the earlier group, during the learning phase for EUS. CONCLUSIONS EUS is more accurate than CT for staging pancreatic malignancies, including predicting vascular invasion and local resectability. EUS staging was significantly better than CT for T1, T2, and T3 tumors. EUS staging accuracy improved after 100 cases, thus suggesting a correlation between the accuracy of EUS staging and the number of procedures performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Gress
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Pathology and Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Eversman D, Fogel EL, Rusche M, Sherman S, Lehman GA. Frequency of abnormal pancreatic and biliary sphincter manometry compared with clinical suspicion of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50:637-41. [PMID: 10536318 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)80011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphincter of Oddi manometry as performed at ERCP is the most accepted method to evaluate for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. To fully assess for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, both the pancreatic and the bile ducts must be evaluated. We assessed the frequency of pancreatic and biliary sphincter abnormalities in a large series of patients. METHODS A total of 593 patients underwent manometry of the biliary and pancreatic ducts at one endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography session. Basal sphincter pressure greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg was considered abnormal. Phasic waves were not evaluated. Manometric abnormalities were correlated with the clinical presentation as categorized using a modified Geenen/Hogan classification. RESULTS Of 360 patients with intact sphincters, 18.9% had abnormal pancreatic sphincter basal pressure alone, 11.4% had abnormal biliary basal sphincter pressure alone, and in 31.4% the basal pressure was abnormal for both sphincters; thus, 60.1% of the patients had sphincter dysfunction. The frequency of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction did not differ whether typed by biliary or pancreatic criteria: approximately 65% type II and 59% type III. Of patients without pancreatitis, 55.9% had an abnormal basal sphincter pressure, whereas sphincter dysfunction was present in 72.3% of those with idiopathic pancreatitis and 53.9% of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Of patients with an ablated biliary sphincter, 45.9% had abnormal basal pancreatic sphincter pressure and only 0.6% had an abnormal biliary sphincter pressure alone. Abnormal pressure in both sphincters was found in 9.3%. CONCLUSION If both portions of the sphincter of Oddi are studied simultaneously, abnormalities are found very commonly (55% to 72%). Assessment of both sides of the sphincter is necessary. Classifying patients according to both pancreatic and biliary sphincter segments is cumbersome, and may be replaced by an overall type. Using this modified classification, the frequency of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is similar in both type II and type III patients (59% to 67%).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eversman
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana, USA
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30
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction is associated with bile duct strictures, pancreatitis, choledochal cysts, and biliary carcinoma. Limited data are available for outcomes of endoscopic therapy. METHODS Review of 7537 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography from 1988 to 1997 yielded 18 patients with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction. Therapeutic responses were tallied by chart review and phone calls. RESULTS There were 13 women and 5 men, with a mean age of 36 years. Twelve patients had no ductographic evidence of pancreatitis and 6 had chronic pancreatitis. Seven had choledochal cysts. Fifteen patients (83%) underwent endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy, two of whom underwent repeat endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy for recurrence of symptoms. The other therapies included stent placement for benign biliary strictures in 5 patients, lithotripsy of pancreatic stones in 1 patient, and choledochal cyst removal in 4 patients. Three cases with malignant biliary strictures are excluded from endoscopic outcome studies. The 12 patients with pancreatitis had a mean of 2.0 episodes per year before any treatment. After endoscopic therapy 7 patients had no further episodes of pancreatitis, whereas 5 patients had further episodes, with a mean of one additional attack per year, over 3 years mean follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Patients with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction have complex pathology associated with strictures, choledochal cysts, pancreatitis, and malignancies. Endoscopic therapy appeared to benefit 13 of 15 patients without malignant disease with elimination of or decreased frequency of pancreatitis. Endoscopic therapy appears to be a logical first step in the management of most symptomatic patients with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Samavedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202-5000, Indiana, USA
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31
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Howard TJ, Tan T, Lehman GA, Sherman S, Madura JA, Fogel E, Swack ML, Kopecky KK. Classification and management of perforations complicating endoscopic sphincterotomy. Surgery 1999. [PMID: 10520912 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(99)70119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of perforations after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to analyze the treatments and outcome of patients with ES perforations. METHODS Between January 1994 and July 1998, in a series of 6040 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies, 2874 (48%) ESs were performed: 40 patients (0.6%) with perforation were identified and retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS All patients (n = 14) with guidewire perforation (group I) were recognized early, managed medically, and discharged after a mean hospital stay of 3.5 days. Twenty of 22 patients with periampullary perforation (group II) were identified early; 18 patients (90%) had aggressive endoscopic drainage, and none required operation. Of the 2 patients identified late, 1 patient required operation and subsequently died. Mean hospital stay for this group was 8.5 days. Only 1 of 4 patients with duodenal perforations (group III) was identified early; all required operation; 1 patient died, and the mean hospital stay was 19.5 days. CONCLUSIONS ES perforation has 3 distinct types: guidewire, periampullary, and duodenal. Guidewire perforations are recognized early and resolve with medical treatment. Periampullary perforations diagnosed early respond to aggressive endoscopic drainage and medical treatment. Postsphincterotomy perforations diagnosed late (particularly duodenal) require surgical drainage, which carries a high morbidity and mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Howard
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Howard TJ, Tan T, Lehman GA, Sherman S, Madura JA, Fogel E, Swack ML, Kopecky KK. Classification and management of perforations complicating endoscopic sphincterotomy. Surgery 1999; 126:658-63; discussion 664-5. [PMID: 10520912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of perforations after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to analyze the treatments and outcome of patients with ES perforations. METHODS Between January 1994 and July 1998, in a series of 6040 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies, 2874 (48%) ESs were performed: 40 patients (0.6%) with perforation were identified and retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS All patients (n = 14) with guidewire perforation (group I) were recognized early, managed medically, and discharged after a mean hospital stay of 3.5 days. Twenty of 22 patients with periampullary perforation (group II) were identified early; 18 patients (90%) had aggressive endoscopic drainage, and none required operation. Of the 2 patients identified late, 1 patient required operation and subsequently died. Mean hospital stay for this group was 8.5 days. Only 1 of 4 patients with duodenal perforations (group III) was identified early; all required operation; 1 patient died, and the mean hospital stay was 19.5 days. CONCLUSIONS ES perforation has 3 distinct types: guidewire, periampullary, and duodenal. Guidewire perforations are recognized early and resolve with medical treatment. Periampullary perforations diagnosed early respond to aggressive endoscopic drainage and medical treatment. Postsphincterotomy perforations diagnosed late (particularly duodenal) require surgical drainage, which carries a high morbidity and mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Howard
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease with multisystem involvement in which defective chloride transport across membranes causes dehydrated secretions. The protein encoded by the CF gene--the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)--functions as a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated chloride channel. The ability to detect CFTR mutations has led to the recognition of its association with a variety of conditions, including chronic bronchitis, sinusitis with nasal polyps, pancreatitis, and, in men, infertility. This article reviews the impact of CF on the pancreas, the role of the CFTR protein in pancreatic secretion, and some of the exciting research identifying mutations in the CFTR gene as a risk factor for idiopathic acute and chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Choudari
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA
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Morris GA, Lehman GA. Maxillary canine restoration: a case report. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1999; 20:823-6, 828, 830 passim; quiz 834. [PMID: 10649953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of a single tooth with osseointegrated dental implants presents a unique challenge to both the prosthodontist and the surgeon. When anterior teeth are replaced, it is difficult to design an occlusal scheme that will direct forces down the long axis of an implant. This is especially true when the canine is involved. Wide-diameter implants offer advantages, such as increased surface area of implant to bone, stronger prosthetics, stronger implants, and less screw loosening or breakage when compared to standard-diameter implants. The single-stage technique is advantageous in terms of soft-tissue predictability, and it eliminates the need for second-stage surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Morris
- Southern Illinois University, School of Dental Medicine, Alton, USA
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Rahmani EY, Rex DK, Lehman GA. Z-stent for malignant esophageal obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1999; 9:395-402. [PMID: 10388854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Z-stent was one of the first self-expanding metal prostheses used for palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and respiratory esophageal fistula. Its placement has proved to be effective and relatively safe. This article reviews the evolution of the Z-stent; its multiple designs, placement technique, efficacy, complications, and assets and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Rahmani
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Choudari CP, Fogel E, Kalayci C, Sherman S, Lehman GA. Current status of endoscopic balloon dilation for stone removal. Endoscopy 1999; 31:406-8. [PMID: 10433055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Born
- Divisions of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, Indiana University Medical School and the RL Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5121, USA
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Lehman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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40
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Abstract
Therapeutic biliary endoscopy continues to evolve; some small but important developments were seen during the last year. Competing technologies are continuing to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Choudari
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202-5000, USA
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41
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Jindal RM, Fineberg SE, Sherman S, Lehman GA, Howard TJ, Bochan MR, Madura JA, Krause AA, Sidner RA. Clinical experience with autologous and allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation. Transplantation 1998; 66:1836-41. [PMID: 9884286 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199812270-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Jindal
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
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Howard TJ, Stonerock CE, Sarkar J, Lehman GA, Sherman S, Wiebke EA, Madura JA, Broadie TA. Contemporary treatment strategies for external pancreatic fistulas. Surgery 1998; 124:627-32; discussion 632-3. [PMID: 9780981 DOI: 10.1067/msy.1998.91267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal treatment strategies for patients with external pancreatic fistulas have evolved with improved radiographic imaging and the development of transpapillary pancreatic duct stents. The aim of this study was to examine factors affecting fistula closure and develop a classification scheme to guide therapeutic interventions. METHODS Retrospective chart review was made of all patients with external pancreatic fistulas treated at our institution from January 1991 to January 1997. Side (partial) fistulas maintained continuity with the gastrointestinal tract; end (complete) fistulas had no continuity with the gastrointestinal tract. RESULTS Postoperative side fistulas resolved with medical treatment in 13 (86%) of 15 patients after a mean of 11 weeks of conservative management. Inflammatory side fistulas resolved with medical treatment in only 8 (53%) of 15 patients after a mean of 22 weeks; those that did not close initially did so with transpapillary stenting. End pancreatic fistulas never closed with medical treatment and were unable to be stented; therefore internal drainage or pancreatic resection was necessary to achieve closure. There were no differences in sepsis rates, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, fistula site, total parenteral nutrition, somatostatin treatment, or initial fistula output between groups. CONCLUSIONS Classifying external pancreatic fistulas as to their pancreatic duct relationship and cause provides important prognostic and therapeutic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Howard
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Abstract
Major papilla pancreatic sphincter dysfunction, a variant of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, causes pancreatitis or pancreatic-type pain. Endoscopic manometry as performed at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is the most commonly used method to identify sphincter dysfunction. Noninvasive testing, such as secretin-stimulated ultrasound analysis of duct diameter, is less reliable and of relatively low sensitivity. Two-thirds of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction have elevated pancreatic basal sphincter pressure. Patients with suspected or documented sphincter of Oddi dysfunction may respond to biliary sphincterotomy alone, but warrant evaluation of their pancreatic sphincter if symptoms persist after therapy. Whether such pancreatic and biliary sphincters should be treated at the first treatment session is controversial. Pancreatic sphincterotomy is associated with a complication rate very similar to that of biliary sphincterotomy except that the pancreatitis rate is two- to fourfold higher. Prophylactic pancreatic stenting diminishes such pancreatitis by approximately 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Lehman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA
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Fogel EL, Sherman S, Lehman GA. Increased selective biliary cannulation rates in the setting of periampullary diverticula: main pancreatic duct stent placement followed by pre-cut biliary sphincterotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 47:396-400. [PMID: 9609434 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(98)70226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective biliary cannulation is often difficult when there is a periampullary diverticulum, especially when the papilla is within the diverticulum. We report eight such cases in which a new technique was used to achieve biliary access. METHODS Among 4138 ERCPs, there were 246 cases (5.9%) with periampullary diverticula. Biliary cannulation initially failed in eight patients (3.3%), five of whom had previously undergone six failed attempts at other institutions. A technique was used whereby the papilla was kept out of the diverticulum by placement of a pancreatic duct stent. Needle-knife sphincterotomy was then performed followed by attempts to achieve biliary access. RESULTS Biliary entry was immediately successful in five patients and successful at a second ERCP in two (overall success 87.5%). Two patients developed post-ERCP pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS When the papilla is within the periampullary diverticulum, placement of a main pancreatic duct stent keeps the papilla out of the diverticulum, thereby facilitating pre-cut needle-knife sphincterotomy and selective biliary cannulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Fogel
- Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA
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Ryan ME, Geenen JE, Lehman GA, Aliperti G, Freeman ML, Silverman WB, Mayeux GP, Frakes JT, Parker HW, Yakshe PN, Goff JS. Endoscopic intervention for biliary leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a multicenter review. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 47:261-6. [PMID: 9540880 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(98)70324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic therapy of biliary tract leaks was uncommon before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of endoscopic drainage by endoscopic sphincterotomy or stent placement. Various endoscopic therapeutic modalities and long-term follow-up of this problem were studied. METHODS Members of the Midwest Pancreaticobiliary Group reviewed all patients referred for endoscopic therapy of biliary leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy from 1990 to 1994. Long-term follow-up was by direct patient contact. RESULTS Fifty patients were referred for endoscopic therapy of biliary leaks. Abdominal pain was present in 94%. The mean time from laparoscopic cholecystectomy to referral was 6.9 days. Therapy consisted of sphincterotomy only in 6 patients, stent only in 13, and sphincterotomy with stent in 31. Biliary leaks were healed in 44 patients at a mean of 5.4 weeks. A second or third endoscopic procedure was necessary to achieve healing in five patients. Two stent-related complications were noted. Percutaneous or surgical drainage of biliary fluid collections was required in 16 patients. The mean hospital stay for treatment of the leak was 11.1 days after endoscopic therapy. On follow-up (mean 17.5 months), all patients were well except two with mild abdominal discomfort. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic sphincterotomy, stent placement, or sphincterotomy with stent are effective in healing biliary leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Despite prolonged treatment for the leak, patients did well on long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Ryan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marshfield Clinic, Wis 54449, USA
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Cotton PB, Geenen JE, Sherman S, Cunningham JT, Howell DA, Carr-Locke DL, Nickl NJ, Hawes RH, Lehman GA, Ferrari A, Slivka A, Lichtenstein DR, Baillie J, Jowell PS, Lail LM, Evangelou H, Bosco JJ, Hanson BL, Hoffman BJ, Rahaman SM, Male R. Endoscopic sphincterotomy for stones by experts is safe, even in younger patients with normal ducts. Ann Surg 1998; 227:201-4. [PMID: 9488517 PMCID: PMC1191236 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199802000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide current information on the risks of endoscopic sphincterotomy for stone. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA In recent years (since the popularity of laparoscopic cholecystectomy), endoscopic sphincterotomy has been used increasingly for the management of bile duct stones in relatively young and healthy patients. The validity of this trend has been questioned using data on short-term complications derived from earlier decades that involved more elderly and high-risk patients. METHODS Seven academic centers collected data prospectively using a common database. Complications within 30 days of the procedures were documented by standard criteria. RESULTS Of 1921 patients, 112 (5.8%) developed complications; two thirds of these events were graded as mild (<3 days in hospital). There was no evidence of increased risk in younger patients or in those with smaller bile ducts. There was only one severe complication and there were no fatalities in 238 patients age <60, with bile duct diameters of <9 mm. CONCLUSION Sphincterotomy for stones can be performed very safely by experienced endoscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Cotton
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Choudari
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA
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Sherman S, Lehman GA. Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy: techniques and complications. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1998; 8:115-24. [PMID: 9405754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy of the major and minor papilla has expanded our approach to the management of a variety of pancreatic disorders. Analysis of the complication rates of this therapy is difficult, however, because a variety of techniques are often used in conjunction with the pancreatic sphincterotomy. This article reviews the techniques and complications of endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy. Based on the currently available data, it appears that the complication rates of pancreatic sphincterotomy are probably higher than those of biliary sphincterotomy. Should application of this technique become more widespread, methods to reduce the incidence of post-procedure pancreatitis will demand further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sherman
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5000, USA
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49
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Lehman GA, Sherman S. Diagnosis and therapy of pancreas divisum. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1998; 8:55-77. [PMID: 9405751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas divisum patients make up a small but problematic portion of ERCP cases. Minor papilla cannulation techniques have been improved. Recurrent pancreatitis patients generally benefit from minor papilla therapy. Methods to select patients who are likely to respond to invasive therapy need refinement. Clinicians and endoscopists are strongly encouraged to be cautious and conservative with this patient group until stronger data indicate optimal management schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Lehman
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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50
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Sherman S, Lehman GA. Endoscopic therapy of pancreatic disease. Gastroenterologist 1997; 5:262-77. [PMID: 9436003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic management of a variety of benign and malignant biliary tract diseases is now a well-established alternative to surgery. Similar techniques are now applied to the pancreas and are being used in the setting of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, complications of pancreatitis, and pancreas divisum. This review analyzes the current state of the art of these exciting applications of endoscopy. Selection of appropriate candidates for the various treatment modalities appears important for optimal results of therapy. However, definite recommendations are difficult to make because there are limited controlled studies, follow-up in most series is brief, and there are no comparison studies of endoscopic versus surgical therapy. At present, careful case selection and conservatism are the appropriate general rule in these therapeutic endeavors. Further prospective random studies are awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sherman
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA
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