Weekly paclitaxel, carboplatin, cetuximab, and cetuximab, docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil, followed by local therapy in previously untreated, locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The survival advantage of induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by locoregional treatment is controversial in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC). We previously showed feasibility and safety of cetuximab-based IC (paclitaxel/carboplatin/cetuximab-PCC, and docetaxel/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil/cetuximab-C-TPF) followed by local therapy in LAHNSCC. The primary end point of this phase II clinical trial with randomization to PCC and C-TPF followed by combined local therapy in patients with LAHNSCC stratified by human papillomavirus (HPV) status and T-stage was 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) compared with historical control.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Eligible patients were ≥18 years with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, oral cavity, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx with measurable stage IV (T0-4N2b-2c/3M0) and known HPV by p16 status. Stratification was by HPV and T-stage into one of the two risk groups: (i) low-risk: HPV-positive and T0-3 or HPV-negative and T0-2; (ii) intermediate/high-risk: HPV-positive and T4 or HPV-negative and T3-4. Patient reported outcomes were carried out.

RESULTS

A total of 136 patients were randomized in the study, 68 to each arm. With a median follow up of 3.2 years, the 2-year PFS in the PCC arm was 89% in the overall, 96% in the low-risk and 67% in the intermediate/high-risk groups; in the C-TPF arm 2-year PFS was 88% in the overall, 88% in the low-risk and 89% in the intermediate/high-risk groups.

CONCLUSION

The observed 2-year PFS of PCC in the low-risk group and of C-TPF in the intermediate/high-risk group showed a 20% improvement compared with the historical control derived from RTOG-0129, therefore reaching the primary end point of the trial.

Phase II trial of everolimus and erlotinib in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Enhanced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the key adaptive changes accounting for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor-resistant growth in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We designed a phase II clinical trial of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), erlotinib, in association with the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, based on the hypothesis that the downstream effects of Akt through inhibition of mTOR may enhance the effectiveness of the EGFR-TKI in patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed platinum-resistant HNSCC received everolimus 5 mg and erlotinib 150 mg daily orally until disease progression, intolerable toxicity, investigator or patient decision. Cytokines and angiogenic factors profile, limited mutation analysis and p16 immunohistochemistry status were included in the biomarker analysis.

RESULTS

Of the 35 assessable patients, 3 (8%) achieved partial response at 4 weeks, 1 confirmed at 12 weeks; overall response rate at 12 weeks was 2.8%. Twenty-seven (77%) patients achieved disease stabilization at 4 weeks, 11 (31%) confirmed at 12 weeks. Twelve-week progression-free survival (PFS) was 49%, median PFS 11.9 weeks and median overall survival (OS) 10.25 months. High neutrophil gelatinase lipocalin (P = 0.01) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (P = 0.04) plasma levels were significantly associated with worse OS.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of erlotinib and everolimus did not show significant benefit in unselected patients with platinum-resistant metastatic HNSCC despite a manageable toxicity profile. Markers of tumor invasion and hypoxia identify a group of patients with particularly poor prognosis.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

NCT00942734.

A randomized phase II study of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor trametinib (GSK1120212) compared with docetaxel in KRAS-mutant advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)†

BACKGROUND

KRAS mutations are detected in 25% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and no targeted therapies are approved for this subset population. Trametinib, a selective allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/MEK2, demonstrated preclinical and clinical activity in KRAS-mutant NSCLC. We report a phase II trial comparing trametinib with docetaxel in patients with advanced KRAS-mutant NSCLC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Eligible patients with histologically confirmed KRAS-mutant NSCLC previously treated with one prior platinum-based chemotherapy were randomly assigned in a ratio of 2 : 1 to trametinib (2 mg orally once daily) or docetaxel (75 mg/m(2) i.v. every 3 weeks). Crossover to the other arm after disease progression was allowed. Primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). The study was prematurely terminated after the interim analysis of 92 PFS events, which showed the comparison of trametinib versus docetaxel for PFS crossed the futility boundary.

RESULTS

One hundred and twenty-nine patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC were randomized; of which, 86 patients received trametinib and 43 received docetaxel. Median PFS was 12 weeks in the trametinib arm and 11 weeks in the docetaxel arm (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14; 95% CI 0.75-1.75; P = 0.5197). Median overall survival, while the data are immature, was 8 months in the trametinib arm and was not reached in the docetaxel arm (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.52-1.83; P = 0.934). There were 10 (12%) partial responses (PRs) in the trametinib arm and 5 (12%) PRs in the docetaxel arm (P = 1.0000). The most frequent adverse events (AEs) in ≥20% of trametinib patients were rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. The most frequent grade 3 treatment-related AEs in the trametinib arm were hypertension, rash, diarrhea, and asthenia.

CONCLUSION

Trametinib showed similar PFS and a response rate as docetaxel in patients with previously treated KRAS-mutant-positive NSCLC.

CLINICALTRIALSGOV REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT01362296.

A randomized, double-blind, phase II study of erlotinib with or without sunitinib for the second-line treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

BACKGROUND

Combined inhibition of vascular, platelet-derived, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways may overcome refractoriness to single agents in platinum-pretreated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This randomized, double-blind, multicenter, phase II trial evaluated sunitinib 37.5 mg/day plus erlotinib 150 mg/day versus placebo plus erlotinib continuously in 4-week cycles. Eligible patients had histologically confirmed stage IIIB or IV NSCLC previously treated with one or two chemotherapy regimens, including one platinum-based regimen. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) by an independent central review.

RESULTS

One hundred and thirty-two patients were randomly assigned, and the median duration of follow-up was 17.7 months. The median PFS was 2.8 versus 2.0 months for the combination versus erlotinib alone (HR 0.898, P = 0.321). The median overall survival (OS) was 8.2 versus 7.6 months (HR 1.066, P = 0.617). Objective response rates (ORRs) were 4.6% and 3.0%, respectively. Sunitinib plus erlotinib was fairly well tolerated although most treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were more frequent than with erlotinib alone: diarrhea (55% versus 33%), rash (41% versus 30%), fatigue (31% versus 25%), decreased appetite (30% versus 13%), nausea (28% versus 14%), and thrombocytopenia (13% versus 0%).

CONCLUSIONS

The addition of sunitinib to erlotinib did not significantly improve PFS in patients with advanced, platinum-pretreated NSCLC.

Defining biomarkers to predict sensitivity to PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Identification and validation of biomarkers is increasingly important for the integration of novel targeted agents in the treatment of cancer. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway represents a promising therapeutic target in breast carcinoma, and inhibitors targeting different nodes of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis are in development. Identification of biomarkers to help select patients who are most likely to benefit from these treatments is an essential unmet need.

DESIGN

MEDLINE and international conference abstracts were searched for evidence of markers of sensitivity to PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in breast cancer patients and preclinical models.

RESULTS

Preclinical evidence suggests that PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway aberrations, notably in PIK3CA, may identify a subpopulation of patients with breast cancer who preferentially respond to PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. However, additional markers are needed to identify all patients with de novo sensitivity to PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition. Early clinical studies to validate these biomarkers have as yet been inconclusive.

CONCLUSIONS

Prospective, adequately designed and powered clinical trials are needed to test candidate biomarkers of sensitivity to PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in patients with breast cancer, and to determine whether certain PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors are more appropriate in different subtypes depending on the pattern of molecular alteration.

Cetuximab and bevacizumab: preclinical data and phase II trial in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

BACKGROUND

We evaluated combined targeting with cetuximab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody, and bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody, in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The combination was studied in human endothelial cells and head and neck and lung cancer xenograft model systems. Patients with recurrent or metastatic SCCHN were treated with weekly cetuximab and bevacizumab, 15 mg/kg on day 1 given intravenously every 21 days, until disease progression. Analysis of tumor biomarkers and related serum cytokines was performed.

RESULTS

Cetuximab plus bevacizumab enhanced growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo, and resulted in potent reduction in tumor vascularization. In the clinical trial, 46 eligible patients were enrolled. The objective response rate was 16% and the disease control rate 73%. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 2.8 and 7.5 months, respectively. Grade 3-4 adverse events were expected and occurred in less than 10% of patients. transforming growth factor alpha, placenta-derived growth factor, EGFR, VEGFR2 increased and VEGF decreased after treatment but did not correlate with treatment efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

Cetuximab and bevacizumab are supported by preclinical observations and are well tolerated and active in previously treated patients with SCCHN.

P4-09-09: Expression of c-MET and Phospho c-MET in Breast Cancers by Subtype and Its Impact on Survival Outcomes

Background

cMET is a tyrosine-kinase membrane receptor and its dysregulation is involved in tumor proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and migration. High levels of cMET have been observed in various tumor types and correlate with adverse outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate levels of total cMET and phospho-cMET (p-cMET) in breast cancer and their impact on survival outcomes.

Materials and Methods: We measured quantitative expression of cMET and p-cMET in a cohort of 257 breast cancer primary tumor samples using reverse phase protein array. The level of cMET/p-cMET in each sample was expressed as a log-mean centered value after correction for protein loading with the use of the average expression levels of > 50 proteins. The regression tree method and Martingale residual plots were applied to find the best cutoff point for high and low levels of each protein. Linear regression models were used to determine if mean expression was different among breast cancer subtypes. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) by cMET and p-cMET levels. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to determine the association of cMET and p-cMET levels with the risk of recurrence and death after adjustment for other patient and disease characteristics.

Results: Median age was 51, (range 23–85) years. There were 140 (54.5%) hormone receptor (ER/PR)-positive, 53 (20.6%) HER2−positive, and 64 (24.9%) triple-negative tumors. Using the selected cutoffs, a total of 181 (70.4%) and 123 (47.9%) patients had high expression of cMET and p-cMET, respectively.

There were no significant differences in the mean expression of cMET (P<0.128) and p-cMET (P<0.088) by breast cancer subtype. Dichotomized cMET and p-cMET expression was a significant prognostic factor of RFS (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.23−0.75, P=0.004, and HR: 0.61, 95% CI:0.38−0.96, P=0.033, respectively) and OS (HR: 0.31, 95% CI:0.14−0.70, P=0.005, and HR: 0.52, 95% CI:0.29−0.93, P=0.025, respectively). Within breast cancer subtypes, high cMET expression was associated with worse RFS (P=0.02) and OS (P=0.01) in ER/PR-positive tumors, and high p-cMET expression was associated with worse RFS (P=0.03) and OS (P=0.03) for patients with HER2−positive breast cancer. Multivariable model after adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics showed that patients with tumors with high cMET levels had a significant higher risk of recurrence (HR 0.28; 95% CI, 0.36−0.80) and death (HR 0.24; 95% CI, 0.09−0.65). Similarly, patients with tumors with high p-cMET levels had a significant higher risk of recurrence (HR 0.53; 95% CI, 0.29−0.97).

Conclusion: In this cohort of patients, high expression of cMET and p-cMET was seen in all subtypes of breast cancer. High levels of cMET and p-cMET had a significant impact on breast cancers survival outcomes. cMET inhibition may a be promising novel target for therapy in breast cancer and deserves investigation.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-09-09.

A phase II, multicenter, open-label randomized study of motesanib or bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

This phase II study estimated the difference in objective response rate (ORR) among patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving paclitaxel-carboplatin (CP) plus motesanib or bevacizumab.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Chemotherapy-naive patients (N = 186) were randomized 1:1:1 to receive CP plus motesanib 125 mg once daily (qd) (arm A), motesanib 75 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) 5 days on/2 days off (arm B), or bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks (q3w) (arm C). The primary end point was ORR (per RECIST). Other end points included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), motesanib pharmacokinetics, and adverse events (AEs).

RESULTS

ORRs in the three arms were as follows: arm A, 30% (95% confidence interval 18% to 43%); arm B, 23% (13% to 36%); and arm C, 37% (25% to 50%). Median PFS in arm A was 7.7 months, arm B 5.8 months, and arm C 8.3 months; median OS for arm A was 14.0 months, arm B 12.8 months, and arm C 14.0 months. Incidence of AEs was greater in arms A and B than in arm C. More grade 5 AEs not attributable to disease progression occurred in arm B (n = 10) than in arms A (n = 4) and C (n = 4). Motesanib plasma C(max) and C(min) values were consistent with its pharmacokinetic properties observed in previous studies.

CONCLUSIONS

The efficacy of 125 mg qd motesanib or bevacizumab plus CP was estimated to be comparable. Toxicity was higher but manageable in both motesanib arms. Efficacy and tolerability of motesanib 125 mg qd plus CP in advanced nonsquamous NSCLC are being further investigated in a phase III study.

Sunitinib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors: Updated phase I study results

e14509

Background: Sunitinib (SU) is an oral, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFRs, PDGFRs, KIT, FLT3, and RET, approved for the treatment of advanced RCC and imatinib-resistant/intolerant GIST. Safety and antitumor activity of SU in combination with paclitaxel (P) and carboplatin (C) were evaluated. Methods: Successive pt cohorts with advanced solid tumors (STs) received oral SU at 25, 37.5, or 50 mg for 2 wks during 3-wk cycles (Schedule 2/1) or for continuous 3 wk cycles (CDD schedule) with P (175–200 mg/m2) plus C (AUC=6 mg·min/mL) on day 1 of each of 4 cycles. Dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Response was evaluated for pts with measurable disease. Pts with clinical benefit continued on SU after 4 cycles under a continuation protocol. Results: Forty-three pts were enrolled (25 in Schedule 2/1 and 18 in CDD schedule). Median age was 58 yrs (range: 32–76), and 74% of pts had ECOG PS of 1. Tumor types included NSCLC (n=10), SCLC, esophageal, and pancreatic (n=4 of each), and other (n=21). In initial dose escalation cohorts, 4 DLTs were observed out of 23 pts (Heath et al. ASCO 2008). Based on overall tolerability, additional pts were enrolled on both schedules at SU 37.5 mg with P 175 mg/m2 plus C. In these expanded cohorts, 2 more DLTs were observed in Schedule 2/1 (Gr 4 thrombocytopenia) out of 7 pts; dose escalation and further enrollment was stopped (Table). Gr 3/4 AEs (all cohorts) included neutropenia (63%), thrombocytopenia (47%), and leukopenia (35%). Of 35 pts evaluable for response, there were 4 confirmed partial responses and 3 additional patients with unconfirmed PRs. Conclusions: SU in combination with P/C may represent a clinically useful treatment option in pts with advanced STs. The determination of MTD based on observed DLTs/tolerability is ongoing.

[Table: see text]

[Table: see text]

Phase I evaluation of vandetanib with radiation therapy (RT) ± cisplatin in previously untreated advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)

6016

Background: Vandetanib is a once-daily oral anticancer agent that selectively targets VEGF, EGF and RET receptor tyrosine kinases. We report preliminary results from an ongoing open-label phase I study of vandetanib with RT ± cisplatin in patients (pts) with previously untreated, unresected, locally advanced (stage III-IV) HNSCC. Methods: Eligible pts received once-daily vandetanib for 14 days followed by either 1) concomitant vandetanib + RT (2 Gy/d, 5 d/wk; total 70 Gy) + cisplatin (30 mg/m2, 2 h iv infusion/wk) for 7 wks, or 2) concomitant vandetanib + RT (2.2 Gy/d accelerated fractionation, 5 d/wk; total 66 Gy) for 6 wks. The primary objective was to determine the safety, tolerability and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of vandetanib in both regimens. The first pt cohort received vandetanib 100 mg/day; escalation to 200 mg and 300 mg in subsequent cohorts was permitted providing <2/6 (33%) pts in the preceding cohort experienced a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Cohort expansion at the MTD of vandetanib was also planned. Results: As of Dec 1 2008, 24 pts (median age 53.5 yrs; 19 male; all M0) had received treatment with vandetanib + RT + cisplatin (n=18) or vandetanib + RT (n=6). In the triplet arm, no DLTs occurred in the initial vandetanib 100 mg cohort (n=6); an additional 6 pts were enrolled to receive vandetanib 200 mg but this dose was considered to exceed the MTD since DLTs were reported in 3/5 evaluable pts (Table). Vandetanib 100 mg was therefore declared the MTD with RT + cisplatin and cohort expansion at this dose continues. In regimen 2), 6 pts have received vandetanib 100 mg + RT and evaluation of this initial cohort is ongoing. Conclusions: This study, which continues to recruit, is the first to evaluate dual targeting of VEGFR/EGFR tyrosine kinases with chemoradiation or radiation alone in HNSCC pts. Among the 24 treated pts, 2 have completed the 2-year follow up, 1 death occurred that was causally related to cisplatin, and 21 remain in follow up or continue to receive treatment.

[Table: see text]

[Table: see text]

A phase I dose escalation study of pemetrexed in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC)

6055

Background: Despite recent advances in therapy, patients (pts) with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC continue to demonstrate a poor median survival. In these pts, early trials with pemetrexed, a novel antimetabolite that acts upon several enzymes involved in pyrimidine and purine synthesis, have demonstrated promising efficacy and tolerability. Prior studies found that the administration of oral dexamethasone with pemetrexed reduced the incidence of skin rash. Later, vitamin supplementation (B12 and folic acid), given in addition to the dexamethasone, further diminished side effects. However, no trial has yet evaluated the appropriate steroid dose and its relation to the dosing of pemetrexed, in the setting of vitamin supplementation. We conducted a phase I trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose, toxicity, and preliminary efficacy of pemetrexed when given with different schedules of, or in the absence of, dexamethasone in pts with advanced HNSCC who had been treated with at least one or more chemotherapy regimens. Methods: Eligible pts had metastatic or recurrent HNSCC, prior treatment with one or more chemotherapy regimens, ECOG PS =2, and life expectancy >3 months. A conventional algorithm-based dose escalation design was applied, with three predefined dose levels (DL) of pemetrexed (500 mg/m2, 600 mg/m2, and 700 mg/m2) within each schedule of dexamethasone (none, 20 mg IV on day 1, and 4 mg orally bid for 3 days). Results: A total of 23 pts have been enrolled; 18 pts were evaluable. Median age was 57 years (range 47–82). Median ECOG PS was 1 (range 0–2), and 75% of pts were male. Number of prior chemotherapy regimens were as follows: 1 (40%), 2 (35%), 3 (15%), and 4 (10%). Preliminary data demonstrated only 2 treatment-related adverse events that were grade 3 or greater: anemia (DL1) and pneumonia (DL 1). In all, 13 pts have received pemetrexed with less than standard recommended dexamethasone dosing (none or IV), including 7 pts who received no dexamethasone. Of the 18 evaluable pts, 1 pt had a partial response and 2 pts had stable disease. Conclusions: This represents the first study that demonstrates that steroids may not be required as premedication with pemetrexed. Due to the limited toxicity observed, trial enrollment continues with dose escalation.

[Table: see text]

A phase II multicenter trial comparing two schedules of lapatinib (LAP) as first or second line monotherapy in subjects with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with either bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) or no smoking history

7611

Background: LAP (GW572016) is an oral reversible, dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR (ERBB1) and HER2/neu (ERBB2). This study was designed to test the activity of 2 dose schedules of LAP in chemotherapy naïve pts with NSCLC; it was amended to target patients with either BAC or no smoking history in the first or second line and to evaluate the relationship of mutations in target genes to responses. Methods: LAP was given orally 1,500 mg once (QD) or 500 mg twice daily (BID) until progression or intolerance. Safety and efficacy (RECIST) were assessed every 4 & 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was response. The target (BAC/no smoking) and non- target populations were assessed for efficacy, and tumor tissue was analyzed for ERBB1 and ERBB2 mutations and/or amplifications. Results: The study was stopped for futility after 131 pts were randomized (65 QD, 66 BID). Median age 66 (range 32–86); female 56%; BAC 20%, No BAC 71%; previously untreated 98.5%; current/former smokers 70%, never smoker 30%. There were no complete responses. Of 56 pts in the target population, 1 (2%) achieved partial response (PR), 11 (20%) had stable disease (SD) of ≥24 wks; in the non-target population, 1 pt had a PR (1.3%) and 12 (16%) had SD of ≥24 wks. 3 pts had ERBB1 mutations (G719S, S768I, KRAS G12S; L858R and T790M; L858R) but none of them responded. There were no ERBB2 mutations. Three of 77 pts evaluated had ERBB1 gene copy increase (none of whom responded) and 2 had ERBB2 gene copy increase (one had a 51% decrease in tumor size). The most common adverse events were grade 1/2 diarrhea, nausea, rash, vomiting and fatigue, and were similar in both groups. Conclusions: LAP was well-tolerated, with no notable difference in toxicity between the QD and BID groups. Very few responses were seen, stable disease was sometimes prolonged. The prevalence of mutations was low even in the target population. Given the preclinical synergy between LAP and other agents, further studies will be necessary to determine whether LAP is active in combination with other agents for the treatment of NSCLC.

[Table: see text]

Clinical implications of tumor cavitation following therapy with angiogenesis inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients

18034

Background: Angiogenesis inhibitors are being tested in patients with advanced cancer. We sought to determine the formation of tumor cavitation in NSCLC patients treated with antiangiogenic agents at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all NSCLC cases treated with antiangiogenic agents in our institution between 6/1998 and 6/2005. Clinical data were retrieved from medical records, and chest-imaging findings were documented. Results: One hundred and twenty four patients were treated in 10 different trials. Twelve patients (9.7%, 6 men, 6 women, median age 56 years; cell type adenocarcinoma in 9 and squamous cell cancer in 3) developed tumor cavitation during the trial (median time to event 2 months). All patients had advanced lung cancer and failed previous chemotherapy. Tumor cavitation was found in 4 of 10 trials: 7/39 patients treated with bevacizumab (5 were treated in combination with erlotinib), 3/17 with ZD6474, and 2/23 with BAY43–9006. Median progression-free survival was similar between patients with (6 months) or without (4 months) cavitation. Stable disease was noted in 50% of patients who did and in 52% of patients who did not develop cavitation. Cavitation occurred in the primary tumor or metastases. Imaging characteristics did not significantly differ between tumors with or without cavitation: being proximal to subsegmental artery (66% vs 52%), having well-demarcated margins (66% vs 56%), and soft-tissue density (90% vs 85%). The frequency of adverse events (mild rash, neuropathy) of any grade was similar in patients with (42%) or without (51%) cavitation. One patient with cavitation developed hemoptysis and died. Conclusions: Development of tumor cavitation is not rare in lung cancer patients treated with antiangiogenic agents, but the clinical implications are minimal in most cases.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Health-related quality of life measures in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving sorafenib

17085

Background: A multicenter, international, single-arm Phase II study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of sorafenib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQL) and symptoms were assessed. Methods: HRQL was measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung (FACT-L) questionnaire that was self-administered at baseline, at every other cycle during the study treatment period, and at the end-of-treatment (EOT) visit. Patients responded to each item on a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much). Five subscale scores and an overall function score were calculated, with higher scores reflecting better function and symptom response. A change of two points, the minimum important difference (MID), in each of the five domains (physical well-being [PWB], emotional well-being [EWB], social well-being [SWB], lung cancer symptoms [LCS], and functional well-being [FWB]) was determined to be clinically meaningful. The total score of the treatment outcome index (TOI) was also assessed. Results: A total of 52 patients were evaluated. Data were collected at baseline, Cycle 2, Cycle 4, and EOT for 50/52 (96%), 42/52 (81%), 21/52 (40%), and 20/52 (38%) of patients, respectively. The mean total FACT-L scores were 99.3, 106.5, and 83.7 at Cycles 2, 4, and EOT, respectively. The mean changes from baseline in the total FACT-L score were -4.6, -0.2, and -14.6 at Cycles 2, 4, and EOT, respectively. The mean change from baseline in the each subscale scores were: -0.6, -1.0, -5.8 for PWB; -0.4, -0.8, -0.6 for SWB; -0.0, 2.1, -1.1 for EWB; -0.7, 0.9, -3.9 for FWB; -0.5, -1.0, -3.6 for LCS; and -2.6, -1.0, -13.2 for TOI, at Cycles 2, 4, and EOT, respectively. An improvement greater than the MID was observed in EWB at Cycle 4. Decreases below MID were observed for EWB at Cycle 2 and EOT, and all other subscales of the FACT-L at Cycles 2, 4, and EOT. Conclusions: These findings are encouraging and suggest that sorafenib did not adversely impact patient-reported outcomes in function and symptom response during the treatment period. As there is no comparator arm, interpretation of results is limited.

[Table: see text]

Phase II study of gefitinib in patients with metastatic/recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

5531

Background: Interrupting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway has shown promise in a variety of cancers. Skin squamous cell cancer (SCC) has been increasing in incidence at the rate of 4% to 8% per year since the 1960s, with especially increased rates (up to 10% annually) in recent years. Treatment options for advanced or recurrent skin SCC are extremely limited. Patients (pts) who fail surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy have a very poor prognosis. Because of the importance of EGFR in tumorigenesis, and its overexpression in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, it is an interesting target for treatment intervention. Gefitinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, had a 11% response rate in HNSCC. Because of the possible efficacy, we proposed to study gefitinib in advanced skin SCC. Methods: Pts were required to have pathologically confirmed skin SCC adequate performance status, measurable disease, no prior EGFR therapy, and may have received prior chemotherapy. Pts must not have been amenable for curative intenet therapy with surgery or radiation. Treatment included gefitinib 250mg orally daily for 4 weeks. Results: 18 pts have been enrolled and 17 are evaluable. Median age is 68 years (range 37–84). Median ECOG PS is 1 (range 1–2). 12 pts are men and 5 women. 15 pts are currently evaluable for response. No objective partial responses were observed per WHO criteria. 4 pts (27%) have stable disease. Clinical responses were noted in 2 pts via photographs and clinical inspection. 17 pts are evaluable for toxicity. 2 pts had grade 3 rash and 1 pt had grade 3 keratitis. The most common grade 1–2 toxicities were diarrhea and fatigue. Conclusions: Gefitinib is well tolerated and has modest activity in advanced skin SCC. These pts have very few options for therapy. Data collection for response rate, duration of response and survival is ongoing as several patients are still receiving treatment.

[Table: see text]

Multimodality therapy for locally advanced and limited stage IV breast cancer: the impact of effective non-cross-resistance late-consolidation chemotherapy

To determine the effectiveness of non-cross-resistant late-consolidation chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) and stage IV breast cancer, we review our experience with two regimens. Between 1985 and 1991, we enrolled 56 patients with LABC, who were treated with a doxorubicin-based adjuvant regimen, followed by a late-consolidation non-cross-resistant regimen containing methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and cyclophosphamide. Between 1985 and 1996, a total of 45 patients with limited stage IV breast cancer underwent surgical excision of all evaluable disease, making them metastatic (stage IV) with no evaluable disease. Surgery was followed by a doxorubicin-containing regimen and then a late-consolidation non-cross-resistant regimen, which was either methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatinum, and cyclophosphamide or 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin. Twenty-four patients with limited bone metastases that were unresectable were treated with a doxorubicin-containing regimen, radiation therapy to all sites of disease, and then one of the two late non-cross-resistant regimens. With a median follow-up of 84 months, 78% of patients with LABC are alive, and 68% are free of disease. After a median follow-up of 44 months, 53% of patients with stage IV with no evaluable disease are alive and free of disease. The use of non-cross-resistant late-consolidation chemotherapy is an effective strategy in the treatment of patients with LABC and selected patients with limited stage IV breast cancer.

Effects of short-term in vivo administration of G-CSF on bone marrow prior to harvesting

The brief administration of G-CSF to previously treated solid tumor patients has a positive impact on the overall cellularity and progenitor cell content of harvested bone marrow. Fifty-seven patients, fully recovered from therapy and growth factor support, had approximately 500 mL of steady-state marrow harvested as outpatients under local anesthesia. Each patient then received 5 micrograms/kg of G-CSF every 12 hours subcutaneously for either 24 hours (21 patients), 36 hours (20 patients), or 48 hours (16 patients) just before harvesting 500 mL of activated bone marrow. Bone marrow cellularity (x 10(6)/mL) increased from a steady-state mean of 10.7 (+/- 0.9) to 25.7 (+/- 2.8) after 24 hours, 9.3 (+/- 0.7) to 29 (+/- 2.5) after 36 hours, and 9.6 (+/- 0.7) to 28.4 (+/- 2.5) after 48 hours. Although the percentage of CD34+ cells did not significantly change in stimulated marrow, the total number of CD34+ cells (x 10(6)) collected increased from 34 (+/- 6.3) to 52 (+/- 6.6) after two injections, 28 (+/- 3.6) to 65 (+/- 8.5) after three injections, and 28 (+/- 5.4) to 75 (+/- 18) after four injections of G-CSF. Further phenotyping demonstrated significant increases in CD34+HLA-DR+ cells with all three schedules relative to steady-state marrow. There were no changes in the total number of CD34+HLA-DR- cells after two and four shots; however, this population increased from 10 x 10(6) in steady-state marrow to 23 x 10(6) (p = 0.012) after three injections. Analysis of peripheral blood indicated a statistically significant increase in the circulating white count, but more interestingly, there were significant increases in the number of CD34+ cells x 10(4)/mL, suggesting the onset of mobilization. Steady-state blood contained a mean of 0.86 x 10(4)/mL CD34+ cells, which increased to 4.37 x 10(4)/mL, 7.43 x 10(4)/mL, and 8.62 x 10(4)/mL after two, three, and four injections, respectively-levels of CD34+ cells that are comparable to steady-state marrow. Reinfusion of a median of 1.6 x 10(6) activated CD34+ cells/kg resulted in the recovery of > 100/mm3 neutrophils and > 20,000 platelets by days 9 and 19, respectively, which was faster than our previous patients who received steady-state marrow, and comparable to our patients who received mobilized peripheral stem cells.

Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone in combination with continuous infusion vinblastine for metastatic breast cancer

The efficacy of mitoxantrone in combination with vinblastine was assessed in 156 patients with metastatic breast cancer who had been treated previously with one or multiple chemotherapeutic regimens. Mitoxantrone was given by random assignment, either as a 10 mg/m2 single intravenous dose or in five consecutive daily fractions of 2 mg¿2. Vinblastine was given as a continuous intravenous infusion of 1.2 mg/m2 daily for 5 days. In 115 evaluable patients previously treated with doxorubicin, 21 objective responses (18%) and 11 minor responses (10%) were observed with similar distribution in the two treatment groups. Median time to progression was 27 weeks and 23 weeks, respectively. Eight (32%) of 25 patients who had not received doxorubicin achieved objective remissions and two (8%) had minor responses. Toxic effects were similar for the two treatment schedules. Major toxicities were myelosuppression and neutropenic fever. Other toxicities were mild. Cardiotoxicity, presumably caused by mitoxantrone, occurred in four patients. The combination of mitoxantrone and vinblastine appeared to offer no advantage over single-agent therapy, probably because of the dosage reduction required by the overlapping myelosuppressive toxicity.

Mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, and fluorouracil in metastatic breast cancer unresponsive to hormonal therapy

Fifty-two patients with hormonally unresponsive or estrogen receptor negative metastatic breast cancer who had not received prior chemotherapy received mitoxantrone 10 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2, and 5-fluorouracil 1000 mg/m2 (MCF) by short intravenous infusion every 21 days. Disease that was resistant or stable to this regimen was treated with doxorubicin 25 mg/m2/day for two days and vinblastine 1.4 mg/m2/day for four days (DV). Both drugs were given by continuous infusion. Thirty-one partial remissions and four complete remissions occurred after treatment with MCF. Only thirty-four evaluable patients crossed to the DV phase with partial remission (11 patients), stable (five patients), or resistant (18 patients) disease. Eleven patients' responses were upgraded. The median overall time to progression (TTP), defined as the sum of the TTP on MCF and TTP on DV, was 12 months. The median survival of all patients was 19 months. Granulocytopenia was the dose limiting toxicity for MCF, but cumulative thrombocytopenia was noted. Nausea and vomiting occurred in most patients but was mild. Severe alopecia occurred in half the patients. One patient developed congestive heart failure after receiving a cumulative dose of 206 mg/m2 of mitoxantrone. The incidence of infectious complications was 35% on each regimen; 50% of these were mild. MCF is an effective combination that was well tolerated. Objective responses, durations of response, and survival were similar, but not superior, to standard doxorubicin-based combinations. Toxicity was somewhat less.

Evaluation of high-dose versus standard FAC chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer in protected environment units: a prospective randomized study

Fifty-nine evaluable patients under 65 years of age with measurable metastatic breast cancer and without prior chemotherapy were randomly assigned to treatment with fluorouracil, Adriamycin (Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), and cyclophosphamide (FAC) at standard or high doses (100% to 260% higher than standard FAC) following a dose escalation schedule. Patients randomized to the high-dose FAC received the first three cycles of therapy within a protected environment. Subsequent cycles for this group were administered at standard doses of FAC in an ambulatory setting, the same as for the control group. After reaching 450 mg/m2 of Adriamycin, patients in both groups continued treatment with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil until there was disease progression. Analysis of pretreatment patient characteristics showed an even distribution for most known pretreatment factors, although the control group had slightly (but nonsignificantly) more favorable prognostic characteristics. Fourteen patients (24%) achieved a complete remission (CR) and 32 (54%) achieved a partial remission (PR), for an overall major response rate of 78%. There were no differences in overall, CR, or PR rates between the high-dose FAC and control groups. The median response durations were 11 and 10 months for the protected environment and control groups, respectively, and the median survival was 20 months for both groups. Hematologic, gastrointestinal (GI), and infection-related complications were significantly more frequent and severe in the group treated with high-dose chemotherapy. Stomatitis, diarrhea, and skin toxicity were dose-limiting. However, there were no treatment-related deaths. High-dose induction combination chemotherapy with the agents used in this study failed to increase the response rate or survival duration, and resulted in a substantial increase in toxicity.

High-dose induction chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer in protected environment: a prospective randomized study

To test the hypothesis of whether high doses of chemotherapy in combination achieve higher response rates and longer durations of response and survival, we treated 33 pre- and perimenopausal patients with good performance status in a prospective trial with escalating doses of fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (FAC). Patients were randomly assigned to be treated within a protected environment (laminar air flow room), with prophylactic antibiotics, or in a standard hospital room. Important patient characteristics were equally distributed in the two treatment arms. A major objective response was observed in 27 of the 32 evaluable patients (84%), and 11 (34%) achieved a complete remission (CR). There was no significant difference in overall and complete response rates between the two treatment arms, nor was there a substantial difference in times to progression or survival between the groups treated in or out of the protected environment. Comparison of the results of this study with previously reported programs of FAC chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer shows that this study achieved higher overall and complete response rates. However, neither the time to progression, nor the survival of responders or the entire patient group was different from our previous experience with standard FAC chemotherapy. When the study was initiated in 1976, the proposed dose escalation represented high-dose chemotherapy. In retrospect, even the "high" doses used in this study represent only a modest increase over standard doses of chemotherapy. Much steeper dose escalations will be needed to evaluate the efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy in breast cancer, as well as the protective value of the protected environment and prophylactic antibiotics in metastatic breast cancer.

A comparative study of bisantrene given by two dose schedules in patients with metastatic breast cancer

Schedule dependency of bisantrene was evaluated in refractory metastatic breast cancer. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either a single (S) bolus injection of 300 mg/m2 (37 patients) or an injection of 80 mg/m2 daily for 5 days (D x 5) (35 patients) every 3-4 weeks after stratification by performance status, dominant disease site, and response to prior doxorubicin therapy. All but one patient had received prior doxorubicin. Partial remission (PR) was achieved by 5 of 35 patients (14%) in the S arm and 7 of 35 patients (20%) in the D X 5 arm (P = NS). There were 4 patients who had primary refractoriness to doxorubicin but responded to bisantrene. The median number of courses was two for both arms. The median time to progression was 5 months for the responders in each arm and 3 and 4 months, respectively, for patients who showed no change in the S and D X 5 arms. Myelo-suppression was dose-limiting and greater for the D X 5 arm. Drug fever (34% versus 21% of courses; P = 0.02) and myalgia (22% versus 10% of courses; P = 0.02) were reported more often in the D X 5 arm; malaise was greater in the S arm. Grade 2-3 nausea and vomiting occurred more often in the S arm (40% versus 10% of courses; P less than 0.01). Significant hypotension that was not symptomatic occurred in 1 patient in the D X 5 arm. Phlebitis occurred in 3 patients without a central line. One patient who had previously received doxorubicin and mitomycin C developed heart failure, which was controlled with medication. Bisantrene is an effective drug for metastatic breast cancer that has incomplete cross resistance to doxorubicin, and there was no schedule dependency in this study.

Second neoplasms after adjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer

Between 1974 and 1982, 797 patients who had operable breast cancer were treated at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston with three adjuvant chemotherapy trials consisting of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC). The incidence of second primary malignant tumors in this group of patients was evaluated and compared with that in a historical control group of patients who had stages II and III disease (n = 186) and who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery. Radiotherapy was given to 54% (n = 433) of the chemotherapy-treated patients and to 96% (n = 178) of the controls. The median age of the patients was 49.6 and 55 years for the treated and control groups, respectively. Second neoplasms developed in 10 chemotherapy-treated patients and in nine control patients; rates at 5 years from initiation of therapy based on actuarial curves were 1.9 and 5.0%, respectively. These second tumors developed after a median latency period of 17.5 months for the FAC-treated group and 13 months for the controls. Two cases of leukemia developed in each of the two treatment groups. The rate of second malignancy in the chemotherapy-treated patients was not increased compared with that in the historical controls.

Pathological assessment of response to induction chemotherapy in breast cancer

Macroscopic and microscopic pathology review was used to assess the degree of tumor reduction after preoperative chemotherapy in 90 patients with inflammatory and locally advanced breast cancer. Fifteen (17%) patients had no evident residual macroscopic tumor on gross pathological examination, and 6 of these 15 had no residual tumor on microscopic review either. There was no significant difference in disease-free and overall survival between the six patients with no microscopic disease and the nine patients with only microscopic residual disease but no residual macroscopic tumor. These 15 patients with major reduction after induction chemotherapy had a longer disease-free survival (DFS) (median not reached at 5 yr) than the other 75 patients with lesser degrees of tumor reduction (DFS = 22 mo; P less than 0.01). Clinical evaluation of response to chemotherapy was a less accurate predictor of outcome than was the pathological assessment of response. Complete clinical responders had a 4-yr DFS of 55%, whereas patients with non macroscopic residual tumor following preoperative chemotherapy, less than one-half of whom had been judged to be a complete clinical responder, had a median DFS of greater than 60 mo and a 4-yr DFS of 75%. Patients whose mastectomy specimen had no macroscopic residual disease had a 93% 5-yr survival compared to patients with a less marked response to therapy who had a 5-yr survival of 30% (P less than 0.01). No pretreatment patient or tumor-related variables correlated with the degree of tumor reduction following preoperative therapy. Achievement of a mastectomy specimen free of residual macroscopic tumor after preoperative chemotherapy is an excellent prognostic factor for a prolonged DFS and survival. This information should be considered in the selection of postoperative systemic therapy.

Trioxifene mesylate in the treatment of advanced breast cancer

The efficacy of trioxifene mesylate, a new antiestrogen, in the management of advanced breast cancer was evaluated in 69 patients. Fifty-two patients were randomly allocated to dose schedules of 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg orally twice daily. There were five complete responders (10%), 22 partial responders (42%), and 9 patients (17%) with no change in disease. The median time to progression was 12 months (range, 4-27+). Positive estrogen receptor status, long disease-free interval, and low tumor burden (with fewer sites of disease) correlated with higher response rates. Higher doses did not result in better responses. Another group of 17 patients who responded to prior tamoxifen administration, upon failure, were treated with trioxifene. Two (12%) had partial remission with time to progression of 3 and 10 months, respectively. Side effects were mild and generally well-tolerated, with hot flashes being most common (20%). These results suggest that trioxifene mesylate is an active agent, and has similar therapeutic efficacy and toxicity compared with those reported for tamoxifen. In a small fraction of patients treated after tamoxifen therapy was received, objective response was also observed. This observation requires further evaluation.

Phase II study of AMSA and doxorubicin to treat metastatic breast cancer

Twenty-two evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with a combination of 4-(acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) and doxorubicin. All patients but one had received prior therapy with fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. Eight patients had partial responses (36%) with a median time to treatment failure of 6 months. Two patients (9%) showed minor responses, and their times to progression were 4 and 6 months. The response rates obtained with this drug combination were similar to those observed in earlier studies using doxorubicin alone.

Mitomycin in metastatic breast cancer refractory to hormonal and combination chemotherapy

Forty-three patients with evaluable metastatic breast cancer refractory to hormonal agents and extensive combination chemotherapy including doxorubicin were treated with mitomycin, 20 mg/m2 intravenously every 6 weeks. There were five partial responses (12%) and three minor responses (7%), with a mean time to progression of 5 months and 3.5 months, respectively. Thrombocytopenia was the major dose-limiting toxicity, and myelosuppression was cumulative. Cardiac dysfunction was observed in 12% of patients. Mitomycin had some antitumor activity in this group of metastatic breast cancer patients refractory to extensive combination chemotherapy including doxorubicin.