Paediatric trauma management on deployment

There remains a significant paediatric workload through the military hospital in Camp Bastion. In this paper the authors review and discuss particular problems with resuscitation, investigation, anaesthetic and surgical issues in dealing with children suffering from ballistic injuries. Personal experience and recent papers are used for a qualitative analysis of difficult decisions in the management of paediatric ballistic trauma. Key questions are answered in separate paragraphs for each specialty. The information described in this paper should assist any deployed physician deal with paediatric casualties particularly if they are unaccustomed to paediatric patients in their normal practice.

The paediatric transfusion challenge on deployed operations

This paper briefly touches on the problem of dealing with the severely injured child requiring massive transfusion and produces a guide on the management of this based on the current Surgeon General's Operational Policy Letter. There are no known UK guidelines on massive transfusion in trauma in the paediatric population although many specialist centres have guidance for dealing with cases in theatre during elective surgery. It is hoped that these guidelines will be used by deployed military anaesthetists to aid in their management of these difficult cases, not normally seen in the U.K.

Paediatric anaesthesia in Afghanistan: a review of the current experience

This paper describes the author's experience of the paediatric patient load on the U.K. medical services in Afghanistan. Over a 3 month period there was a mean of 2.9 paediatric trauma admissions per week, mean age was 6.8 years with gunshot wound or explosive injury being the mechanisms of injury in 77% of the trauma admissions. Overall these children represented 10.8% of the surgical workload. Some of the issues of paediatric anaesthesia in this environment are discussed including paediatric equipment, resuscitation for paediatric massive haemorrhage and regional anaesthesia. The need to formally recognise the problem in training and equipping deployed medical personnel to deal with this challenge is examined.

Emergence and recovery in children after desflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia: effect of anaesthetic duration

BACKGROUND

We hypothesized that increasing duration of inhalation anaesthesia is associated with slower emergence and recovery in children, and that this effect would be less marked with desflurane in comparison with isoflurane.

METHODS

Fifty-four infants and children assigned in groups according to age and expected length of operation were prospectively randomized to receive either isoflurane (I) or desflurane (D) for anaesthesia. After standard induction, the anaesthesia was maintained using an age-related 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) equivalent for either agent in air and oxygen. Local analgesia was used as appropriate. End-tidal volatile agent concentration was recorded until extubation. Clinical evaluation of recovery was made by observers, blinded to group allocation.

RESULTS

For patients <4 yr of age, the median (95% CI) times in minutes to first movement [5.27 (D), 9.22 (I)], eye opening [9.42(D), 13.3(I)] and extubation [7.18 (D), 12.5 (I)] were significantly shorter (P<0.05) for desflurane. In the group >4 yr of age, the median (95% CI) times in minutes to first movement [4.42 (D), 11.6 (I)], eye opening [8.55(D), 18.0(I)] and extubation [7.08 (D), 16.7 (I)] were significantly shorter (P<0.001) for desflurane. Times to leave recovery were not significantly different for the group <4 yr of age, but were significantly shorter for desflurane in the group >4 yr of age (P<0.01). The isoflurane, but not desflurane, had a time-dependent effect on arousal. There were no significant differences in incidence of airway irritation or emergence delirium between the two agents.

CONCLUSIONS

The rate of recovery in children after exposure to desflurane was faster than those patients receiving isoflurane; recovery from desflurane, but not isoflurane, was relatively unaffected by the duration of anaesthesia.

The deployment of an intensive care facility with a military field hospital to the 2003 conflict in Iraq

The deployment of an intensive care unit with a forward British military field hospital to the conflict in Iraq in March 2003 is described. The 10 bedded unit treated 47 patients in the first month of activity. Thirty seven were adults and 10 were children. Forty two (89%) were trauma patients, mostly related to the conflict. Sixty eight percent of patients were ventilated and mortality to discharge was 6%. Mean bed occupancy was five beds and the mean duration of patient stay was 3.3 days. The difficulties of the working environment are described including the problems of a desert climate and close proximity to a conflict. Several critical incidents occurred including total power failure, extreme ambient temperatures and gas attack alarms. Despite these challenges, the facility attempted to provide a standard of intensive care similar to that seen in UK practice.