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A model of non-Maxwellian electron distribution function for the analysis of ECE data in JET discharges. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202327703005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments performed in JET at high level of plasma heating, in preparation of, and during the DT campaign have shown significant discrepancies between electron temperature measurements by Thomson Scattering (TS) and Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE). In order to perform a systematic analysis of this phenomenon, a simple model of bipolar distortion of the electron distribution function has been developed, allowing analytic calculation of the EC emission and absorption coefficients. Extensive comparisons of the modelled ECE spectra (at both the 2nd and the 3rd harmonic extraordinary mode) with experimental measurements display good agreement when bulk electron distribution distortions around 1-2 times the electron thermal velocity are used and prove useful for a first level of analysis of this effect.
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Operational domain for the new 3MW/1000s ECRH System on WEST. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202327702006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ECRH system formerly used in Tore Supra is being upgraded to start on WEST in 2023, at a power level of 1MW and frequency of 105 GHz. Its ultimate 3MW/1000s capability is expected to enlarge the WEST operational domain by increasing margins with respect to H-mode access, and by providing additional flexibility in terms of achievable scenarios using impurity and/or MHD control. This flexibility is made possible using an antenna based on three steerable mirrors for controlled power injection. In order to determine an appropriate range of EC wave injection angles for WEST scenarios, the fast and reliable ray-tracing code REMA has been interfaced with the WEST IMAS database. This allows the EC power damping rate to be quickly assessed, as well as deposition profiles to be predicted in realistic plasma conditions. Based on a typical WEST discharge at central magnetic field B0~3.6 T, central line-averaged electron density nl~4 × 1019 m−3 and central electron temperature Te0~3keV, ray-tracing calculations have been performed. Comprehensive poloidal and toroidal angle scans, as well as variations of Bt, nl and Te0 with respect to the reference parameters have allowed an adequate range of injection angles to be determined for efficient use of ECRH and/or ECCD in typical WEST scenarios, and compared with the mechanical limits set by the antenna mechanical characteristics. In order to further characterize the effect of this new power source in WEST scenarios, EC wave deposition and current profiles from ray-tracing calculations have been included in integrated simulation codes. It has been shown that this additional power source could allow central electron heating to be achieved, potentially alleviating the issue of radiative collapse caused by impurities observed in some situations.
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Investigation of Te measurements discrepancies between ECE and Thomson diagnostics in high-performance plasmas in JET. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202327703006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
For high-temperature JET and TFTR discharges, electron cyclotron emission (ECE) measurements of central electron temperature were systematically found to be up to 20% higher than those taken with Thomson scattering. In recent high-performance JET discharges, central Te measurements, performed with LIDAR Thomson scattering and the X-mode ECE interferometer, have been studied in a large database, including deuterium (DD), and deuterium-tritium plasmas (DT). Discrepancies between Te measurements have been observed outside of the experimental uncertainties. ECE measurements, at high Te, have been found to be higher or lower than those of LIDAR, depending on the specific plasma scenario. In addition, discrepancies between the peaks of the second and third harmonic ranges of the ECE spectrum have been interpreted as evidence for the presence of non-Maxwellian features in the electron distribution function. These comparisons seem to suggest that such features can be found in most of the high-performance scenarios selected in this JET database.
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Remote experiment with WEST from ITER Remote Experimentation Centre. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Closed Loop Sawtooth Period Control Using Variable ECCD Injection Angles on Tore Supra. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst09-a4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Identification of Fast Particle Triggered Modes by Means of Correlation Electron Cyclotron Emission on Tore Supra. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst08-a1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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First Results of Correlation Electron Cyclotron Emission on Tore Supra. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst06-a1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Conceptual design for the superconducting magnet system of a pulsed DEMO reactor. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Critical behavior of magnetically confined plasma regimes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:205003. [PMID: 20867034 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.205003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmas confined in a toroidal magnetic configuration can be characterized by different operational regimes, i.e., distinctive features of the spatial distributions of pressure and current. The poloidal current density is identified as a critical quantity allowing us to discriminate the regimes and an analytical criterion to predict transitions between regimes is derived. The theory also yields a formula which defines current alignment requirements for steady state in a precise way. An analogy with the topological approach of phase transition theory is pointed out and discussed.
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Redistribution of suprathermal electrons due to fishbone frequency jumps. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:155005. [PMID: 19518643 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.155005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
MHD instabilities driven by fast electrons identified as fishbonelike modes have been detected on Tore Supra during lower hybrid current drive discharges. Direct experimental evidence is reported of a novel feature: the regular redistribution of suprathermal electrons toward external tokamak regions which are correlated to periodic mode frequency jumps. Sharp drops of the electron temperature time trace are factually linked to the cyclical deterioration of the fast electron confinement.
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Demonstration of effective control of fast-ion-stabilized sawteeth by electron-cyclotron current drive. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:115004. [PMID: 19392209 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In a tokamak plasma, sawtooth oscillations in the central temperature, caused by a magnetohydrodynamic instability, can be partially stabilized by fast ions. The resulting less frequent sawtooth crashes can trigger unwanted magnetohydrodynamic activity. This Letter reports on experiments showing that modest electron-cyclotron current drive power, with the deposition positioned by feedback control of the injection angle, can reliably shorten the sawtooth period in the presence of ions with energies >or=0.5 MeV. Certain surprising elements of the results are evaluated qualitatively in terms of existing theory.
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Critical threshold behavior for steady-state internal transport barriers in burning plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:255004. [PMID: 18643670 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.255004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Burning tokamak plasmas with internal transport barriers are investigated by means of integrated modeling simulations. The barrier sustainment in steady state, differently from the barrier formation process, is found to be characterized by a critical behavior, and the critical number of the phase transition is determined. Beyond a power threshold, alignment of self-generated and noninductively driven currents occurs and steady state becomes possible. This concept is applied to simulate a steady-state scenario within the specifications of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.
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Giant oscillations of electron temperature during steady-state operation on Tore Supra. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:045004. [PMID: 16486837 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.045004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During fully noninductively driven discharges in the Tore Supra tokamak, large spontaneous oscillations of the core electron temperature (DeltaTe/Te>50%) have been observed for the first time. They occurred during the standard O regime, which is itself characterized by periodic oscillations of much smaller amplitude. The "giant" oscillations appear to involve distinct mechanisms with respect to the O regime and provide a spectacular example of the complex nonlinear interactions between energy confinement, noninductive current sources, and MHD that may occur in a tokamak plasma during steady-state operation.
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Synergy of electron-cyclotron and lower-hybrid current drive in steady-state plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:255002. [PMID: 15697903 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.255002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Improvement (up to a factor of approximately 4) of the electron-cyclotron (EC) current drive efficiency in plasmas sustained by lower-hybrid (LH) current drive has been demonstrated in stationary conditions on the Tore Supra tokamak. This was made possible by feedback controlled discharges at zero loop voltage, constant plasma current, and constant density. This effect, predicted by kinetic theory, results from a favorable interplay of the velocity space diffusions induced by the two waves: the EC wave pulling low-energy electrons out of the Maxwellian bulk, and the LH wave driving them to high parallel velocities.
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Investigation of current-density modification during magnetic reconnection by analysis of hydrogen-pellet deflection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:205002. [PMID: 14683368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.205002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A pellet penetrating the inner region of a tokamak discharge, where the safety factor drops below unity, triggers an instability analogous to a sawtooth crash. Because of the simultaneity of the crash and pellet crossing, the latter is an appropriate probe for investigating the current distribution during reconnection. In this Letter, pellet deflection is used to characterize the associated electron distribution function. The perturbation compatible with the observed trajectory requires a negative current layer on the q=1 magnetic surface between 3 and 12 times the equilibrium current density and an expulsion of high energy electrons from the plasma core.
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New tokamak plasma regime with stationary temperature oscillations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:135001. [PMID: 14525311 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.135001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During noninductively driven discharges in the Tore Supra tokamak, steady sinusoidal oscillations of the central electron temperature, lasting as long as 2 min, have been observed for the first time. Having no helical structure, they cannot be ascribed to any known MHD instability. The most plausible explanation of this new phenomenon is that the plasma current density and the electron temperature evolve as a nonlinearly coupled predator-prey system. This interpretation is supported by the numerical solution of coupled resistive current diffusion and heat transport equations.
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Tore Supra steady-state power and particle injection: the ‘CIMES’ project. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(01)00385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Experimental determination of critical threshold in electron transport on Tore Supra. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:125001. [PMID: 11580517 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.125001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In Tore Supra plasmas with fast wave electron heating, a critical threshold in the electron temperature gradient (inverted DeltaT(e)) is clearly observed, i.e., a finite value of inverted DeltaT(e) for which the turbulent heat diffusivity vanishes. The radial profile of this critical gradient is experimentally determined from a set of discharges characterized by similar plasma parameters with fast wave powers ranging from 0.75 to 7.4 MW. The dependence of the electron heat flux on the gradient length is found to be offset linearly. The offset term increases linearly with the ratio of the local magnetic shear to the safety factor.
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Complete suppression of neoclassical tearing modes with current drive at the electron-cyclotron-resonance frequency in ASDEX upgrade tokamak. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:1242-1245. [PMID: 10991522 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Noninductive current drive has been performed in the tokamak ASDEX upgrade by injection of radiofrequency waves at the second harmonic of the electron-cyclotron frequency in order to suppress unwanted disturbances of the magnetic-field configuration. The current has been driven parallel [co-electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD)] and antiparallel (counter-ECCD) to the plasma current to compare the effect of heating with direct current drive in the magnetic island. For the first time it has been shown experimentally that total stabilization of neoclassical tearing modes is possible with co-ECCD. The experiments verify the role of direct current drive as opposed to local heating.
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Measurement of the Time Constants of Fast Electron Distributions in the Tore Supra Tokamak. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:550-553. [PMID: 10058786 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Electron-cyclotron-current-drive experiments in the DIII-D tokamak. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:8783-8786. [PMID: 9906977 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.8783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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