Astrochemical relevance of VUV ionization of large PAH cations. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2020;641:A98. [PMID: 33154599 PMCID: PMC7116310 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038139]

CONTEXT

As a part of interstellar dust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are processed by the interaction with vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) photons that are emitted by hot young stars. This interaction leads to the emission of the well-known aromatic infrared bands but also of electrons, which can significantly contribute to the heating of the interstellar gas.

AIMS

Our aim is to investigate the impact of molecular size on the photoionization properties of cationic PAHs.

METHODS

Trapped PAH cations of sizes between 30 and 48 carbon atoms were submitted to VUV photons in the range of 9 to 20 eV from the DESIRS beamline at the synchrotron SOLEIL. All resulting photoproducts including dications and fragment cations were mass-analyzed and recorded as a function of photon energy.

RESULTS

Photoionization is found to be predominant over dissociation at all energies, which differs from an earlier study on smaller PAHs. The photoionization branching ratio reaches 0.98 at 20 eV for the largest studied PAH. The photoionization threshold is observed to be between 9.1 and 10.2 eV, in agreement with the evolution of the ionization potential with size. Ionization cross sections were indirectly obtained and photoionization yields extracted from their ratio with theoretical photoabsorption cross sections, which were calculated using time-dependent density functional theory. An analytical function was derived to calculate this yield for a given molecular size.

CONCLUSIONS

Large PAH cations could be efficiently ionized in H i regions and provide a contribution to the heating of the gas by photoelectric effect. Also, at the border of or in H ii regions, PAHs could be exposed to photons of energy higher than 13.6 eV. Our work provides recipes to be used in astronomical models to quantify these points.

Intestinal alpha-defensin expression in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND

Reduced alpha-defensin expression has been reported in the terminal ileum (TI) of adult patients with ileal Crohn's disease (CD). However, little is known about alpha-defensin expression in children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

METHODS

In all, 283 intestinal biopsies were obtained from children with CD, ulcerative colitis (UC), and healthy controls. Absolute mRNA copy numbers for HD5, HD6, IL-8, Villin 1, and Tcf-4 were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). HD5 immunostaining was performed on biopsy sections and patients genotyped for NOD2 mutations.

RESULTS

Equal expression levels of alpha-defensins (HD5 and HD6) were found in TI biopsies of children with ileal CD (L1+L3) compared to patients with colonic disease (L2) and healthy controls. In contrast, we found significantly higher levels of alpha-defensins in the TI of children with UC compared to CD and controls. Reduced expression of Tcf-4 was observed exclusively in the duodenum and TI of CD patients with L1+L3 phenotype. We demonstrate significantly increased expression of HD5 and HD6 in the inflamed colon of IBD children (UC and CD) attributable to the presence of metaplastic Paneth cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study no difference in alpha-defensin expression was found in the TI of CD children and controls. However, significant reduction of Tcf-4 in L1+L3 phenotype suggests that a possibly impaired PC differentiation may lead to altered HD5 and HD6 expression at some stage of disease. Additionally, substantially increased expression of alpha-defensins in the inflamed colonic mucosa of children with IBD raises the question for their potential involvement in modulating inflammation in these patients.

In vitro stimulation and expansion of human tumour-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes by anti-CD3/CD28/CD137 magnetic beads

Adoptive immunotherapy with tumour-reactive CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) requires efficient in vitro approaches allowing the expansion of CTLs to large numbers prior infusion. Here, we investigated the antigen-independent activation and the expansion of human T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in tumour-reactive CTLs using Dynabeads coated with monoclonal antibodies to CD3 and to the costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD137 (4-1BB). T cells in PBMCs showed an increased expansion rate of 15- to 17-fold during a 2-week culture period using antibody-conjugated beads with interleukin-2 (IL-2) added versus IL-2 alone. No significant difference between CD3/CD28 beads and CD3/CD28/CD137 beads was observed (P = 0.4). In contrast, expansion of tumour-reactive CD8(+) CTLs over 2 weeks was more efficient using CD3/CD28/CD137 beads (14.4-fold ± 1.2) compared with CD3/CD28 beads (10.6-fold ± 0.7) (P = 0.03) and matched well to the control arm using weekly stimulation with tumour cells. Although all modes of in vitro stimulation decreased the expression of central memory markers CD62L and CCR7 on CTLs, bead-activated cultures expressed consistently higher levels than tumour-stimulated cultures. CTLs analysed after bead-induced expansion versus weekly tumour stimulation showed equal IFN-γ production in ELISPOT assay. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assays demonstrated an either unchanged or slightly reduced capability of tumour cell lysis for antigen-independent stimulated CTLs versus those that maintained on weekly tumour stimulation, regardless of which type of beads was used. Our data suggest that the conjugation of anti-CD137 antibodies to conventional CD3/CD28 beads results in a minor but significant increase in the expansion capacity for tumour-reactive CD8(+) CTLs.

Chromosomal location and molecular mapping of a tan spot resistance gene in the winter wheat cultivar Red Chief

The winter wheat cultivar Red Chief has been identified as the wheat cultivar most resistant to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr). This study was undertaken to determine the inheritance, chromosomal location and molecular mapping of a tan spot resistance gene in Red Chief. χ² analysis of the F2 segregation data of the hybrids between 21 monosomic lines of the susceptible wheat cultivar Chinese Spring and the resistant cultivar Red Chief revealed that tan spot resistance in cv. Red Chief is controlled by a single recessive gene located on chromosome 3A. Linkage analysis using SSR markers in the Red Chief/Chinese Spring F2 population showed that the tsr4 gene is clustered in the region around Xgwm2a, on the short arm of chromosome 3A. This marker has also been identified as the closest marker to the tsr3 locus on chromosome 3D in synthetic wheat lines. Validation analysis of this marker for the tsr3 and tsr4 genes using 28 resistant and 6 susceptible genotypes indicated that the 120 bp allele (the tsr3 gene) specific fragment was observed in 11 resistant genotypes, including the three synthetic lines XX41, XX45 and XX110, while the 130 bp allele was amplified only in cv. Red Chief and Dashen. Xgwm2a can be used to trace the presence of the target gene in successive backcross generations and pyramiding of the tsr3 & tsr4 genes into a commonly grown and adaptable cultivar.

[Characteristics of several humidifiers for CPAP-therapy, invasive and non-invasive ventilation and oxygen therapy under standardised climatic conditions in a climatic chamber]

INTRODUCTION

Patients receiving mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy frequently complain about the dryness of their airways. Humidifiers increase air humidity by generating water vapour and thus preventing the mucosa from desiccation. In this bench study, we compared the efficiency of several humidifiers.

METHODS

Two identical humidifiers of each type (HC 602, HumiCare 200, Humid Aire 2i, minni-Max, MR 730 AGM, REMstar, Sirius, Somnia2, Somno Comfort2, VENTIclick, VIVO 30) were measured at three different heating intensities (low, medium, high) and three different flow rates (20, 55 and 90 l/min). The relative humidity at the exit of the tube and the temperature of the water in the heating chamber were registered. Additionally, we measured the humidity of the oxygen humidifier Respiflo at 1 - 5 l/min, the Respiflo was filled with either NaCl 0.9% or Aqua dest. Measurements were taken in a climatic chamber at 20 degrees C and 50% relative humidity. The atmospheric pressure was taken into consideration.

RESULTS

The MR 730 AGM and Humicare 200 generated a constant relative humidity of 100%. Among the remaining humidifiers, only the HC 602, HumidAire 2i and REMstar reached a humidity of about 95% at high flow rates. The Minni-Max, Somnia2 and VIVO 30 generated a humidity of 95% still at a flow rate of 55 l/min. The Sirius, Somno Comfort2 and the VENTIclick generated this amount of humidity only at low flow rates of 20 l/min. The three humidifiers mentioned last generated a relative humidity of only 68 - 76 at high flow rates of 90 l/min. The Respiflo generates a humidity of about 90% at each flow rate (1 - 5 l/min.), independent of being filled with NaCl 0.9% or Aqua dest.

CONCLUSION

Factors determinating the efficacy of humidifiers are the velocity of the airstream, the temperature of the water, the contact surface of the air and water compartments and the turbulence of the airstream. In vivo the amount of leakage is a very important determinant for the velocity of the airstream. In the care of mechanically ventilated patients one should have an approximate idea of the magnitude of the applied air flows. The limitations of some humidifiers should be known. The simple presence of a humidifier in combination with a respirator does not mean that the problem of dryness of the airway mucosa is eliminated.

[Expiratory pressure reduction (C-Flex Method) versus fix CPAP in the therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea]

INTRODUCTION

The REM star C-Flex (Fa. Respironics) was introduced in 2003. In contrast to the conventionel fix CPAP mode, the C-Flex mode is characterised by a pressure reduction at the beginning of expiration. In a randomised cross-over design, we investigated if this C-Flex-mode has advantages compared to the fix CPAP mode in terms of treatment quality and patient satisfaction.

METHODS

In this prospective randomised single-blinded cross-over study we investigated 20 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea treated with fix CPAP versus treatment with the C-Flex mode (level 2) for 6 weeks, respectively. We compared the polysomnographically measured quality of treatment and the subjective satisfaction of either form of therapy. Additionally, we measured long-term compliance of the C-Flex therapy in a 3-year follow-up with the integrated counter of the C-Flex devices.

RESULTS

The mean levels of pressure of the fix CPAP and the C-Flex therapies were 8.4 +/- 2.9 mbar in both groups. There was an identical quality of treatment in terms of respiratory events, arousal index, slow wave sleep and Epworth sleepiness scale. The compliance of nocturnal use of the C-Flex and the fix CPAP was identical (6.0 +/- 0.67 C-Flex use vs. 5.8 +/- 0.98 CPAP use [h/night]). The subjective satisfaction was higher in the C-Flex mode at the end of the study since 18 of 20 patients (90%) subjectively prefered the C-Flex mode because of the easier expiration. 19 patients received a C-Flex device for long-term therapy. The 3-year-follow-up showed a regular utilisation of the C-Flex by 16 of 19 (84.2%) of these patients (mean nocturnal use 6.0 +/- 0.9 h/night). 3 of the 19 patients (15.8%) did not use their C-Flex regulary. None of the patients has terminated therapy completely.

CONCLUSION

C-Flex mode and the conventional fix CPAP therapies show an equivalent treatment quality according to polysomnographic data. The expiratory pressure reduction compared to conventional CPAP was felt to be more comfortable by 90% of patients. The long-term-compliance as measured by regular use of the C-Flex device was 84.2% (16 out of 19 patients) after 3 years, these numbers are higher than published data on compliance with conventional CPAP therapy.

Molecular mapping of resistance genes to tan spot [Pyrenophora tritici-repentis race 1] in synthetic wheat lines

Synthetic wheat lines (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD), which are amphiploids developed from the hybrid between tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L., 2n = 4x = 28, AABB) and Aegilops tauschii Coss. (2n = 2x = 14, DD), are important sources of resistance against tan spot of wheat caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. In the present study, inheritance, allelism and genetic linkage analysis in synthetic wheat lines have been carried out. Segregation analysis of the phenotypic and molecular data in F(2:3) populations of CS/XX41, CS/XX45, and CS/XX110 has revealed a 1:2:1 segregation ratio indicating that resistance of tan spot in these synthetic lines is controlled by a single gene. Allelism tests detected no segregation for susceptibility among F(1) and F(2) plants derived from intercrosses of the resistance lines XX41, XX45 and XX110 indicating that the genes are either allelic or tightly linked. Linkage analysis using SSR markers showed that all the three genes: tsn3a in XX41, Tsn3b in XX45 and tsn3c in XX110 are clustered in the region around Xgwm2a, located on the short arm of chromosome 3D. The linked markers and genetic relationship of these genes will greatly facilitate their use in wheat breeding and deployment of cultivars resistant to tan spot.

Comparative analysis of Phytophthora infestans induced gene expression in potato cultivars with different levels of resistance

Differential gene expression was analyzed after infection with Phytophthora infestans in six potato cultivars with different levels of resistance to late blight. To verify the infection of the potato leaflets, the amount of phytopathogen mRNA within the plant material was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of 182 genes selected from two subtracted cDNA libraries was studied with cDNA array hybridization using RNA from non-infected and infected potato leaflets. Gene up- and down-regulation were clearly detectable in all cultivars 72 h post inoculation. Gene expression patterns in susceptible cultivars differed from those in potato varieties with a higher level of resistance. In general, a stronger gene induction was observed in the susceptible cultivars compared to the moderately to highly resistant potato varieties. Five genes with the highest homology to stress and/or defence-related genes were induced specifically in the susceptible cultivars. Four genes responded to pathogen attack independently of the level of resistance of the cultivar used, and three genes were repressed in infected tissue of most cultivars. Even in the absence of P. infestans infection, six genes showed higher expression levels in the somewhat resistant cultivars Bettina and Matilda. Possible reasons for the different levels of gene expression are discussed.

Relief of reflux symptoms after endoscopic gastroplication may be associated with reduced esophageal Acid sensitivity: a pilot study

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Although the new endoscopic techniques for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) lead to marked clinical benefit, the underlying mechanism of this is unknown.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this prospective study, the effect of endoscopic gastroplication was investigated in six patients with GERD, who were assessed before and 4 weeks after treatment. The effect on reflux symptoms, quality of life, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) consumption, reflux esophagitis, acid exposure, esophageal motility, lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), and gastric emptying was measured. Esophageal acid sensitivity before and after treatment was investigated using a standardized acid provocation test, and compared with that of six age- and sex-matched healthy controls.

RESULTS

Significant clinical benefit and discontinuation of PPI consumption after gastroplication was seen. Among the objectively measured parameters, only acid exposure was significantly reduced and gastric emptying significantly delayed. However, acid exposure remained pathologically high. Esophageal acid sensitivity was significantly reduced. The induction of heartburn and/or pain was abolished in four patients after gastroplication. In two patients the intensity of heartburn/pain was significantly reduced by 40 % or 60 %, and the time to provoke heartburn/pain significantly prolonged by 40% or 100%.

CONCLUSION

These preliminary data suggest that the decrease of esophageal sensitivity to acid after endoscopic gastroplication is part of the mechanism responsible for the reduction of reflux symptoms.

Development and validation of a PCR-based marker assay for negative selection of the HMW glutenin allele Glu-B1-1d (Bx-6) in wheat

Polymorphisms between the coding sequences of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin x-type genes at the Glu-1 locus were used to amplify Glu-1B x-type-specific PCR fragments. PCR analysis in a wheat cultivar subset carrying different Glu-1B x-type alleles resulted in PCR fragments that differed in size for Glu-B1-1d (B-x6) and non -Glu-B1-1d (B-x6) genotypes. Subsequent sequencing analysis revealed a 15-bp in-frame insertion in the coding regions of all Glu-B1-1d (B-x6) genotypes which allowed the development of a B-x6-specific PCR assay for high-throughput allele sizing by ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The assay was validated in a set of 86 German wheat cultivars, and genotyping data unequivocally verified the presence of HMW glutenin subunits GLU-B1-1D (Bx-6) + GLU-B1-2A (By-8) by means of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results demonstrate that the PCR assay can be applied for the detection and negative selection of the 'poor breadmaking quality' Glu-B1-1d (B-x6) alleles in wheat breeding programs.

Localization of a novel recessive powdery mildew resistance gene from common wheat line RD30 in the terminal region of chromosome 7AL

Segregation analysis of resistance to powdery mildew in a F(2) progeny from the cross Chinese Spring (CS) x TA2682c revealed the inheritance of a dominant and a recessive powdery mildew resistance gene. Selfing of susceptible F(2) individuals allowed the establishment of a mapping population segregating exclusively for the recessive resistance gene. The extracted resistant derivative showing full resistance to each of 11 wheat powdery mildew isolates was designated RD30. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of bulked segregants from F(3)s showing the homozygous susceptible and resistant phenotypes revealed an AFLP marker that was associated with the recessive resistance gene in repulsion phase. Following the assignment of this AFLP marker to wheat chromosome 7A by means of CS nullitetrasomics, an inspection of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci evenly spaced along chromosome 7A showed that the recessive resistance gene maps to the distal region of chromosome 7AL. On the basis of its close linkage to the Pm1 locus, as inferred from connecting partial genetic maps of 7AL of populations CS x TA2682c and CS x Virest ( Pm1e), and its unique disease response pattern, the recessive resistance gene in RD30 was considered to be novel and tentatively designated mlRD30.

QTL mapping for resistance against non-parasitic leaf spots in a spring barley doubled haploid population

Phenotypic variability for resistance against non-parasitic leaf spots (NPLS) has been observed between varieties. For the genetic characterization of NPLS resistance, a population with 430 doubled haploid (DH) lines was developed from the cross between the NPLS-resistant Hordeum vulgare breeding line IPZ24727 and the NPLS-sensitive barley cultivar Barke. A molecular map was constructed based on 164 AFLPs, 30 SSRs and one STS marker derived from the mlo gene. Field trials were performed over four environments in which NPLS and other agronomic traits were assessed. Estimates of genotypic variance were highly significant for NPLS. Moreover, no transgression was found for the trait. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for NPLS resistance were mapped in the DH population on chromosomes 1H, 4H, and 7H, with the most important effect on chromosome 4H. The QTLs for NPLS explained together 39% of the phenotypic and 49% of the genotypic variance, thereby showing additive gene action. Consequently, marker-assisted selection for improving NPLS resistance is possible.

Production of haploids from anther culture of banana [Musa balbisiana (BB)]

We report here, for the first time, the production of haploid plants of banana Musa balbisiana (BB). Callus was induced from anthers in which the majority of the microspores were at the uninucleate stage. The frequency of callus induction was 77%. Callus proliferation usually preceded embryo formation. About 8% of the anthers developed androgenic embryos. Of the 147 plantlets obtained, 41 were haploids (n=x=11). The frequency of haploid production depended on genotypes used: 18 haploid plants were produced from genotype Pisang klutuk, 12 from Pisang batu, seven from Pisang klutuk wulung and four from Tani. The frequency of regeneration was 1.1%, which was based on the total number of anthers cultured. Diploid plants (2n=2x=22) were also observed in the regenerated plants. The haploid banana plants that were developed will be important material for the improvement of banana through breeding programmes.

A resistance gene analog useful for targeting disease resistance genes against different pathogens on group 1S chromosomes of barley, wheat and rye

Comparative sequence analysis of the resistance gene analog (RGA) marker locus aACT/CAA (originally found to be tightly linked to the multiallelic barley Mla cluster) from genomes of barley, wheat and rye revealed a high level of relatedness among one another and showed high similarity to a various number of NBS-LRR disease resistance proteins. Using the sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RGA marker aACT/CAA was mapped on group 1S chromosomes of the Triticeae and was associated with disease resistance loci. In barley and rye, the marker showed linkage to orthologous powdery mildew resistance genes Mla1 and Pm17, respectively, while in wheat linkage with a QTL against fusarium head blight (FHB) disease was determined. The use of RGA clones for R gene mapping and their role in the expression of qualitative and quantitative resistance is discussed.

[Universal newborn hearing screening program in Würzburg. Experience with more than 4000 newborns and the influence of non-pathological factors on the test results]

BACKGROUND

The BERAphon(R) method employing a special headphone and the time-course step-stimulus algorithm offers a quick and reliable tool for universal hearing screening in newborns. An ABR-based universal newborn hearing screening program has been established in Würzburg since August, 1997. Until August 2001, 4115 newborns have undergone primary and/or control-screening with the BERAphon(R). The validity of this method was further examined by testing the effects of non-pathological factors such as gender, age, Apgar score, pH value of the umbilical cord, head circumference and duration of pregnancy on the ABR wave V latency in 415 infants.

RESULTS

Out of 3930 infants who were primary screened, 27 infants were diagnosed to have hearing loss. Furthermore, hearing loss was detected in 35 out of 185 infants referred for control screening. Non-pathological factors showed a minor effect on the test results. Apgar score, gender or chronological age did not have any significant effects on the latency of wave V. Duration of pregnancy, pH value of the umbilical cord or head circumference showed a significant but weak correlation with wave V latency.

CONCLUSIONS

Only non-pathological factors related to maturation had a minor effect on ABR measurements using the time-course-step-stimulus algorithm. The BERAphon(R) method has proven to be a reliable, robust method giving information related to the hearing threshold and accordingly can be used reliably for hearing screening in newborn infants.

Effects of QiGong on brain function

QiGong is an ancient and widely practiced Chinese meditation exercise. We studied the effects of QiGong on brain function with modern neuromonitoring tools in two subjects. In a male QiGong master (extremely trained practitioner), the technique induced reproducible changes in transcranial Doppler sonography, EEG, stimulus-induced 40 Hz oscillations, and near-infrared spectroscopy findings. Similar effects were seen after the application of multimodal stimuli and when the master concentrated on intense imagined stimuli (e.g. 22.2% increase in mean blood flow velocity (vm) in the posterior cerebral artery, and a simultaneous 23.1% decrease of vm in the middle cerebral artery). Similar effects were seen in the female subject. Neuromonitoring during QiGong appears able to objectify accompanied cerebral modulations surrounding this old Chinese meditation exercise.

Chromosomal location of AFLP markers in common wheat utilizing nulli-tetrasomic stocks

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with a total of 256 EcoRI + ANN - MseI + CNN primer combinations were investigated employing the common wheat cultivar Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring.' On average, 103 fragments per primer combination were amplified, ranging from a maximum of 226 fragments to a minimum of 18 fragments. The primer combinations E + AAA - M + CNN and E + ATT - M + CNN produced very few distinct fragments. By using 15 randomly chosen EcoRI + ANN - MseI + CNN primer combinations, 928 AFLP markers were allocated to wheat chromosomes, of which 131 were assigned to specific chromosome arms. These AFLP markers were locus-specific and randomly distributed on the different chromosomes. In addition, 6 and 41 AFLP markers were simultaneously absent in two nulli-tetrasomics (NTs) of both homoeologous and non-homoeologous groups, respectively, whereas additional fragments were detected in N1BT1A, N5AT5D, and N6BT6A lines.

[Changes in the time spent awake in obstructive sleep apnea and snoring--results of a pilot study]

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy reduces sleeping time per day and daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and heavy snoring. Due to sleep fragmentation the OSA and heavy snoring are associated with a daytime sleepiness and increased necessity of sleep. In this pilot study the effect of CPAP-therapy on daytime sleepiness and sleep time during 24 hours were assessed in patients with OSA or heavy snoring (daytime sleepiness, none or slight apnoea with AHI < 10/h and benefit of CPAP). We studies 42 patients with OSA (AHI: 34.5 +/- 23.6) and 15 patients with heavy snoring: inclusion criteria: Patients with OSA (AHI > 10/h, ESS-Score > 8) and heavy snoring (AHI < 10/h, ESS-Score > 8) who were treated with nCPAP. Before and 2 months after initiation the CPAP-therapy all patients completed diary cards recording the sleeping time/day for 1 month; additionally they scored sleepiness using the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS-score ranged from 0 to 24, the higher the score the worse the sleepiness) before and 2 months after initiation the CPAP-therapy. In the whole study population nCPAP-therapy reduced the sleeping time significantly by a mean period of 46 minutes per 24 hours (from 8.3 +/- 1.3 to 7.5 +/- 1.2 hours, p < 0.001) and improved the ESS score from 13.7 +/- 4.6 to 6.1 +/- 3.6 (p < 0.0001). In respect of the change of sleeping time/day and of the sleepiness score there was no significant difference between the OSA and heavy snoring group. With CPAP the AHI in OSA patients was reduced from 34.5 +/- 23.6/h to 3.2 +/- 3.2/h. Due to the improvement of sleep-related breathing disorders CPAP therapy reduced the mean sleeping time/day by approximately 10% and the daytime sleepiness score both in patients with OSA and heavy snoring compared to the pretreatment period.

[Bronchial hyperreactivity and nCPAP therapy]

In patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) nCPAP may irritate the mucous membranes of the upper airways. We investigated in this study whether nCPAP can induce bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). Forty-one patients (33 men, mean age 52.6 years) were treated with nCPAP due to OSA. All of them were tested for BHR with histamine ("pari-provo-Test") before and six weeks after initiation of the nCPAP therapy. Thirty-five of the patients showed BHR neither before nor after the beginning of CPAP. Six patients developed a BHR of moderate degree (PD20: 50-100 micrograms) during the study; four of these six patients were not symptomatic. The two other patients complained about more colds than usual or about noctumal cough. Both of them received inhaled steroids and a moistening system. Nobody of the enrolled patients was obliged to finish CPAP therapy due to BHR. Four patients had already a BHR before nCPAP therapy began. Most of the patients did not acquire a BHR during the first 6 weeks after nCPAP therapy had started. A BHR bronchial may develop, but in the majority it remains without clinical relevance. In patients with a BHR and OSA, the benefits of nCPAP therapy excel the potential adverse effects.

[Is SnorEx also ApneaEx? A study with a new intra-oral prosthesis as a form of therapy of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]

In recent years different kinds of dental devices have been advocated for treating sleep apnoea. In this study we report on our results with a kind of prosthesis ("Snor-Ex", DEPITA, 29336 Nienhagen) designed to relieve upper airway obstruction in sleep in pulling forward the tongue by a truss pad positioned in the posterior area of the tongue. We performed the study to test the effectiveness of the device in reducing the number of obstructive events.

PATIENTS

23 patients with OSA (22 male, age: 53.7 +/- 8.6 years, Body mass index: 31.1 +/- 3.9 kg/m2, Apnoea index: 33.5 +/- 18.4, Respiratory disturbance index: 45.6 +/- 19.7, mean apnoea duration: 20.4 +/- 4.4 sec) were included.

STUDY DESIGN

Before the study was started, polysomnography was performed and the OSA associated symptoms/claims were standardised with the help of visual analogue scales (VAS). The prosthesis were made by the dental laboratory. Between the 28th and 42nd day after beginning with the study the patients had to come to the hospital for control. The effect of the therapy was documented only by a further polysomnography in patients who could sleep for at least 2.5 hours with the prosthesis. The effects of the device on changing OSA-associated symptoms and snoring were reevaluated by the above mentioned VAS. During the control the patients were divided into non-responders (NR) and responders (R) according to the results.

RESULTS

The NR prevail in the study with 75% (17/23). They are characterised by inacceptable loco-regional side effects of the prosthesis, missing improvement of the state of daytime wellbeing and constant obstructive events. Only 25% of the patients are R. They locally tolerated the prosthesis, which is the precondition for long-term therapy. The severity of OSA diminished. Snoring also diminished significantly.

CONCLUSION

According to our results the insufficient acceptance and the low effectivity of the SnorEx-prosthesis preclude large-scale indication for OSA patients. The prosthesis should not be prescribed without contacting a sleep lab.

[Optical stimulation method (Snore-Stop) and tongue retainer (Snore-Master) without relevance in therapy of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring]

Recently intra- und extraoral devices are increasingly used in order to treat obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. We examined the value of an optically stimulating system ("eye-cover", Snore-Stop) and a tongue-retainer (Snore-Master) as treatment of the obstructive sleep apnoe or snoring. In case of the eye-cover is a microphone integrated, which detects acoustic signals (e.g. snoring). After detection of snoring optical stimuli are generated in front of the eyes. This is intended to induce an arousal of the patient, without awaking him, causing a change of body position and this reduces the snoring or apneas. For the examination of the eye-cover in 26 patients (23 men, 55.6 +/- 10.3 years) polygraphic studies were performed while sleeping one night with the eye-cover and one night without, respectively. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used in order to measure quality of life and sleep and the adverse effects of the device. To examine the tongue-retainer 14 patients (13 men, aged 52.9 +/- 11.8 years) were measured polygraphically. Again the subjective scores were assessed using the VAS. The principle of the tongue-retainer is to create a hollow space in front of the teeth, in which the tongue is positioned. Fixation of the tongue in this ventral position is thought to enlarge the mesopharyngeal area in order to reduce the upper airway obstruction. For both devices the index of snoring, the apnea-hypopnea-index, the index of desaturation, the mean and minimal SaO2 and SaO2 < 90 % in % of the night did not change significantly. Furthermore the subjective perception of the patients concerning their quality of sleep and life did not change. Moreover, despite of an adequate adaptation-period the use of the tongue-retainer was associated with considerable adverse effects. Neither the eye-cover nor the tongue-retainer could improve the severity of obstructive sleep apnoe or snoring.

A new tongue advancement technique for sleep-disordered breathing: side effects and efficacy

We examined the efficacy and the acceptance of an oral device (SnorEx) causing a forward displacement of the tongue for the treatment of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Twenty-three consecutive subjects with SDB were investigated. Noncompliance (NC) of use of the oral appliance was observed in 74% (17 of 23) of the subjects. NC patients were characterized by unacceptable local side effects of the prosthesis, lacking improvement of indicators of daytime well-being, and a missing reduction of the respiratory disturbance index (RDI). The device was tolerated without side effects in 26% (6 of 23) of the subjects. In these compliant (C) subjects the RDI, EDS, and snoring improved significantly (p < 0.05) compared with baseline values. After 6 mo using the device, five of the six C patients were still using it. We conclude that the high rate of noncompliance and the low efficacy of the SnorEx prosthesis preclude large-scale use of this treatment modality in patients with SDB and snoring since the local side effects are the principal cause of NC. No useful predictive parameter of treatment compliance or treatment success was found. Thus, this dental appliance should be prescribed only for selected patients failing other treatment modalities seen by an experienced sleep-disorders specialist.

Quantitative trait analysis of fruit quality in cucumber: QTL detection, confirmation, and comparison with mating-design variation

A cross within C. sativus var. sativus (GY14 x P1432860) and molecular markers were used to determine the number, magnitudes of effect, and overall variation described for genes conditioning the quantitatively inherited traits of length, diameter, seed-cavity size, color, L/D (length/diameter), and S/D (seed-cavity size/diameter). QTL effects were detected with MAPMAKER/QTL using 100 F3 lines evaluated in a replicated field trial of two harvests over 2 years at one location. Multilocus models were constructed by fixing significant intervals and re-scanning using MAPMAKER/ QTL. Marker inclusion in multilocus models was compared to an ANOVA "backward elimination" procedure. Generally the same loci were associated with QTLs among the two methods of model construction. Heritabilities of individual QTLs were confirmed by analysis of related backcrosses (67 BC1P1 lines and 68 BC1 P2 lines). The majority of QTLs were confirmed in at least one backcross population. Pairs of backcrosses allowed overall additive variances and heritabilities to be calculated using a North Carolina Design III (NCIII design) and estimates were compared to overall variances attributable to markers. Heritability estimates using markers were comparable, but generally lower than additive variances estimated by co-variance relationships in the NCIII design. This suggests that neither the number nor the magnitude of QTL effects were overestimated. The utility of backcrosses to confirm individual QTLs and the overall variance described by QTLs is recommended to avoid false positives and over-estimation of effects. The number of QTLs, and/or the proportions of phenotypic variation described by markers and the mating design, agreed with previous reports of heritabilities employing similar germplasm.

Localization of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for agronomic important characters by the use of a RFLP map in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Two hundred and fifty doubled haploid lines were studied from a cross between two 2-row winter barley varieties. The lines were evaluated for several characters in a field experiment for 3 years on two locations with two replications. From a total of 431 RFLP probes 50 were found to be polymorphic and subsequently used to construct a linkage map. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were determined and localized for resistance against Rhynchosporium secalis and Erysiphe graminis, for lodging, stalk breaking and ear breaking tendency, for the physical state before harvest, plant height, heading date, several kernel parameters and kernel yield. The heritability of the traits ranged from 0.56 to 0.89. For each trait except for kernel thickness, QTLs have been localized that explain 5-52% of the genetic variance. Transgressive segregation occurred for all of the traits studied.

Polyethylene glycol 4000 for slow transit constipation

Slow transit constipation is notoriously difficult to treat. We tested whether polyethylene glycole 4000 (PEG) improves slow transit constipation. Eight female outpatients with symptoms of constipation and a colonic marker transit of more than 60 h were included (age 46 +/- 4y, duration of complaints 17 +/- 3y) in a randomised controlled cross-over study. During a 6-week placebo and 6-week PEG-phase (60g PEG/d) the following parameters were measured: 1. subjective well-being with respect to defeacation on a visual analogue scale (-8 cm very bad, +8 cm very good), 2. in the first 5 weeks of each phase, average dose of sodium picosulfate (prescribed as only allowed laxans, dose adjusted and protocolled on a diary by patient) 3. stool frequency, 4. colonic transit of radiopague polythene pellets in the last week of each phase (the use of laxative was strictly prohibited in this last week). Both subjective and objective parameters of colonic function improved significantly. Visual analog scale ratings improved from -4.65, [-8; 0.5] to 4.65, [-8; 7.5]cm (median, range) (p = 0.028), the self-administered dose of sodium picosulfate decreased from 4, [0; 37] to 0, [0; 11] drops per day (p = 0.028), stool frequency increased from 3.1, [1; 30] to 11, [2; 33] defeacations per week (p = 0.017), and total colonic transit decreased from 91, [67; 116] to 43 h, [17; 76]h (p = 0.017). In conclusion, PEG improves colonic function in patients with slow transit constipation subjectively and objectively. PEG should be considered as an additional option in patients refractory to established forms of treatment.

Interaction between cytoplasmic composition and yield parameters in somatic hybrids of S. tuberosum L

The nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of five different fusion combinations, consisting of up to 50 hybrid regenerants each, was characterized by RFLP analysis. Simultaneously, the hybrid clones of four fusion combinations were evaluated in field experiments for yield and starch content.Predominantly complete chloroplast segregation was found with a 1∶1 ratio, in all but one fusion combination. Mitochondria, in contrast revealed up to 75% recombination, as proven by the partial addition of parental banding patterns and the altered assignment of the same genotypes with different probes. Newly occuring DNA bands were also indicative of rearrangements in the mitochondrial genome. Correlations between RFLP data and field parameters were calculated. Deviating RFLP patterns of the nuclear genome did not influence yield parameters. Also the assignment of hybrids to different chloroplast genotypes did not affect yield or starch content. However, mitochondrial types could be distinguished with respect to starch content and tuber yield. The more thorough analysis of mitochondrial composition, with different probes homologous to coding regions, revealed a relationship between the homogeneity of the mt genome and the yield level.

Field evaluation of tetraploid somatic potato hybrids

Tetraploid somatic hybrids, derived from ten different fusion combinations, were grown in the field to study the inheritance of quantitatively-controlled agronomic traits. The data from two seasons showed that the heterosis in yield varied between 70% and 230% compared to the mid-parent value of the dihaploid fusion clones. The relative yield of the hybrids compared to two standard varieties (= 100%) ranged from 47% to 106%. Despite large differences in yield between the single hybrids of the same fusion combination, no significant differences could be detected between the hybrids. The analysis of the yield components revealed that the heterosis was mainly due to a highly increased tuber weight, whereas the tuber number was in general intermediate to that of the parent clones. In three combinations, the starch content of the hybrids was 15-20% higher than the midparent value and in the others it was intermediate. Fusion of clones with long oval tubers and with round or round-oval ones showed the round/round-oval form was dominant. Fusion combinations of tuber flesh colour indicated that in most cases yellow was dominant to white, while red skin colour was dominant over yellow.

Interspecific somatic hybrids between Solanum khasianum and S. aculeatissimum produced by electrofusion

Mesophyll derived protoplasts of Solanum khasianum Clarke and S. aculeatissimum Jacq. were fused by electrofusion and resulted in interspecific hybrids. In total, 249 calluses were obtained from which more than 65% produced shoots. From the regenerated plantlets 45% could be identified as hybrids by chromosome counts (4x = 48) and esterase isozyme pattern. Most hybrids showing intermediate phenotypic characteristics, had a normal flower morphology with fertile pollen and produced fertile berries. More than 80% of the seeds germinated.

[Alcohol-induced toxic hepatitis--a "free radical" associated disease. Lowering fatality by adjuvant antioxidant therapy]

Toxic liver diseases coincide with oxidative stress correlating positively with the seriousness of the course of disease. For the purpose of elucidating the pathogenic significance of an increased radical generation. 56 patients suffering from acute alcohol-toxic hepatitis of the clinical grade of seriousness B and C according to Child/Pugh were classified randomly into antioxidant subgroups (n = 31) and control groups (= 25). The basis therapy being identical, the patients of the antioxidant group received additionally 600 mg of D-alpha tocopherol per day, 200 micrograms of selenium and 12 mg of zinc. Due to the supplementation of antioxidants there were quicker significant changes in the concentration of bilirubin, malondialdehyde and of ammonia in the serum. In comparison with the control group the length of stay in hospital could be reduced by 6 days. In the control group the mortality rates amounted to 40% (10 of 25), in the antioxidant group to 6.5% (2 of 31). The results confirm the pathogenic significance of oxidative stress in alcohol-toxic liver disease because a distinct improvement of prognosis could be achieved by using a low-cost adjuvant antioxidant supplementation.

Somatic fusion for combining virus resistances in Solanum tuberosum L

Dihaploid genotypes of potato, containing the dominant allele for extreme resistance to PVX and/or PVY, were used in a fusion program in order to analyze the behaviour of the two monogenetic resistances after fusion. Eighteen different fusion combinations were performed and regenerated hybrids were tested by ELISA for their virus resistance. In most of the combinations an addition of the two qualities was found, but a few deviating clones were observed. The possible reasons for the phenotypic disappearance of resistant alleles are discussed.

Construction of an RFLP map of barley

In order to construct an RFLP map of barley, two populations were analyzed using 251 genomic and cDNA markers: one population comprised 71 F1 antherderived double haploid (DH) individuals of an intraspecific cross (IGRI x FRANKA), and the other 135 individuals of an interspecific F2/F3 progeny (VADA x H. spontaneum). The distribution of nonrepetitive clones over the seven barley chromosomes revealed a maximum for chromosome 2H and a minimum for 6H. The polymorphism of the interspecific progeny (76%) clearly exceeded that of the intraspecific progeny (26%) although, based on their pedigrees, IGRI and FRANKA are only distantly related. The contribution of individual chromosomes of the DH parents to the overall polymorphism varied between 8% and 50%. A significant portion (44% versus 10% of the interspecific progeny) of the markers mapped on the DH offspring showed distorted segregation, caused mainly by the prevalence of variants originating from the parent that better responded to in vitro culture (IGRI). In contrast to the interspecific map, probes displaying skewed segregation were clustered on the DH map on discrete segments. The colinear arrangement of both maps covers a distance of 1,453 cM and identifies regions of varying map distances.

Assessment of the degree and the type of restriction fragment length polymorphism in barley (Hordeum vulgare)

In order to determine the extent of polymorphism in barley (Hordeum vulgare), DNA from 48 varieties was analyzed with 23 genomic, single-copy probes, distributed across all seven chromosomes. Upon hybridization to wheat-barley addition lines, the probes showed different degrees of homology compared to the wheat genome. Polymorphisms were detected in the barley genome at a frequency of 43% after digestion with EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII. Subgroups of spring and winter barley and of two- and six-rowed types showed less diversity which, in most cases, was due to shifts in allelic frequencies. One probe (MWG1H504) hybridized to an EcoRI restriction fragment exclusively observed in winter barley. A comparison of six different restriction enzymes revealed clear differences with regard to their efficiency in detecting polymorphisms. The respective frequencies were between 13% (HindIII) and 37% (EcoRV). A significant correlation between the efficiency of a restriction enzyme and the mean fragment size detected by the different probes identified insertion/deletion events as the major factor causing polymorphism in barley.

Recurrent selection alternating with haploid steps - a rapid breeding procedure for combining agronomic traits in inbreeders

Doubled haploid lines are increasingly used in practical breeding programs. Depending on the nature of the starting material as well as on the breeding aims, one or more haploid steps are recommended, and F1 hybrids or selfed progenies in later generations serve as starting material for the haploidization. It is demonstrated that one haploid step followed by selection in the greenhouse and in the field during the first androgenetic (A1) and two subsequent selfed generations (A2; A3) is the most efficient procedure, if characters from related varieties are to be combined. For breeding programs that include wild types or unrelated genotypes, recurrent selection alternating with several haploid steps is the most efficient. A prerequisite for successful application of this combination of repeated haploidization and selection steps alternating with backcrosses is an effective selection system. The different approaches are demonstrated on a winter barley breeding program, with the central aim of combining the qualitatively inherited character resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus with quantitatively inherited complexes, particularly yield.

Progeny tests of barley, wheat, and potato regenerated from cell cultures after in vitro selection for disease resistance

Because plant cells cultured in vitro express genetic variability and since they can be regenerated into functional plants, procedures have been designed to use this system for the production of plants with new important agronomic characteristics, particularly for disease resistance. For barley, wheat, and potato somaclones have been found that were less susceptible to a toxin of Helminthosporium, fusaric acid, Fusarium coeruleum, F. sulphureum, or Phytophthora infestans, when screened in the first in-vitro-derived generation. Here the progeny of such somaclones is evaluated after natural and artificial infection, using greenhouse-grown or field material. The progenies of the same somaclones did not express detectable differences, which indicated that no heterozygous mutations occurred. Most lines and clones differed in their level of susceptibility to the pathogen compared to the level of the starting material, but these data were in no instance significant. It is discussed here whether this lack of significance is due to a lack of genetic differences or whether the test procedures are in adequate for detecting and securing the slight, probably quantitative, alterations.

[Modification of the risk profile of obese essential hypertensive patients by the group "hypertension discussion" program]

The programme "Discussions on Hypertension" is a programme for group treatment of obese essential hypertensives in medical practices on the basis of behavioural therapy. A co-operation model was developed between the Department for General Medicine of the "Medizinische Hochschule Hannover", the Institute for Medical Psychology of the "Philipps-Universität Marburg" and the company Galenus Mannheim and was offered to doctors in general practice. The effects of the programme on the modifying of the risk profile for coronary heart disease was investigated in a controlled study in 137 patients by nine general practitioners. 81 patients were enrolled in the experimental group and 56 patients were assigned to a control group that was not using the programme. The experimental and control groups were comparable with respect to sociodemographic, psychological and medical parameters. Three months after completing the programme, the results of the study was shown in specific effect both on the psychological criteria of success (well-being, health knowledge, healthy behaviour, salt use and compliance) and in a reduction of the diastolic blood pressure in spite of a reduction of the antihypertensive drug treatment. The blood lipid levels (cholesterol and triglycerides) and the blood glucose level were also favourably affected. Patients in the experimental group had reduced their weight by an average of 5.6 kg. The patients in the control group only by 0.8 kg. Overall, there was a marked reduction in the proportion of patients with several risk factors in the experimental group, so that the programme can be attributed a preventive effect.

In vitro selection of barley and wheat for resistance against Helminthosporium sativum

Calli derived from immature embryos of barley and wheat genotypes were screened for their resistance to purified culture filtrate produced by the fungus Helminthosporium sativum P.K. and B. Two selection methods were used: a continuous method in which four cycles of selection were performed one after another on toxic medium and a discontinuous method in which a pause on non-toxic medium was given after the second or third cycle of selection. The latter was superior as it allowed the calli to regain their regeneration ability. About 3,000 calli from two barley genotypes and 2,000 from two wheat genotypes were used for selection. The selection with the pathotoxins resulted in 6% to 17% surviving calli. Toxin tolerant callus lines of barley were characterised by protein isozymes. Zymograms showed one more isozyme than with the unselected sensitive callus. Barley and wheat plants have been regenerated from callus lines surviving the toxin treatment and in vivo testing against pathogen revealed that the majority of these plants were less sensitive.