Masculinity, Racism, Social Support, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Uptake Among African American Men: A Systematic Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly preventable when CRC screening is utilized, yet CRC screening completion among African American men is relatively low and their mortality rates remain 50% higher juxtaposed to their White counterparts. Since a growing body of literature indicates masculinity, racism, and social support each have strong influences on CRC screening uptake, this systematic review examined the connections between these three sociocultural factors and CRC screening uptake among African American men. Potential studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Cited reference searching for the final sample was employed to identify and assess additional studies for inclusion using Scopus. The methodological quality of the reviewed evidence was also evaluated. Nineteen studies met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Thirteen studies employed nonexperimental research designs; a quasi-experimental design was present in four, and two utilized experimental designs. Studies were published between 2000 and 2014; the majority between 2009 and 2013. Social support was most frequently addressed (84%) while masculinity and racism were equally studied with paucity (11%) for their influence on CRC screening. After evaluating conceptual and methodological characteristics of the studies, 42% fell below average in quality and rigor. The need for increased attention to the sociocultural correlates of CRC screening for African American men are highlighted in this systematic review, and important recommendations for research and practice are provided. Alongside a call for more rigorous research, further research examining the influence of masculinity and racism on CRC screening completion among African American men is warranted.

Use of an Online Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Patient Decision Aid in Primary Care Practices

Background: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations for mammography screening, genetic counseling and testing for pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations, and use of risk-reducing medications require assessment of breast cancer risk for clinical decision-making, but efficient methods for risk assessment in clinical practice are lacking. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluating a web-based breast cancer risk assessment and decision aid (MammoScreen) was conducted in an academic general internal medicine clinic. All eligible women, 40-74 years of age without previous diagnosis of breast or ovarian cancer and who were enrolled in the Epic MyChart patient portal were invited. MammoScreen uptake and completion rates and consistency between breast cancer risk determined by MammoScreen and existing risk information in the Epic record were measured. Patient and physician experiences were summarized from interviews. Results: Of 448 invited participants, 339 (75.7%) read their MyChart invitation and 125 (36.9%) who read invitations enrolled in the study; 118 (94.4% of enrolled) completed MammoScreen. Twenty-one women were categorized as above-average risk from either MammoScreen data or the chart review and 7 (33.3%) were identified by both sources. Physicians and patients believed MammoScreen was easy to use and was helpful in identifying risks and facilitating shared decision-making. Conclusions: Breast cancer risk assessment and mammography screening decision support were efficiently implemented through a web-based tool for patients sent through an electronic patient portal. Integration of patient decision aids with risk algorithms in clinical practice may help support the implementation of USPSTF recommendations that include risk assessment and shared decision-making.

Prevention of perinatal depression with counseling in adolescents: a cost-effectiveness analysis

OBJECTIVE

The US Preventive Services Task Force recently recommended that clinicians refer all pregnant and postpartum individuals at increased risk of perinatal depression to a counseling intervention. Adolescents are considered a high-risk group for perinatal depression. Therefore, we examined whether it is cost effective for all pregnant adolescents to be referred for preventive counseling.

STUDY DESIGN

We developed a decision-analytic model using TreeAge Pro software to compare outcomes in pregnant adolescents who received versus did not receive counseling interventions. We used a theoretical cohort of 180,000 individuals, which is the estimated annual number of births to persons ≤ 19 years in the US. Outcomes included perinatal depression, chronic depression, maternal suicide attributed to depression, preterm delivery, neonatal death, cerebral palsy, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), in addition to cost and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was set to $100,000/QALY. We derived model inputs from the literature, and sensitivity analyses were used to assess robustness of the model.

RESULTS

A strategy of referral to counseling interventions was cost effective in our theoretical cohort, with 8935 fewer cases of perinatal depression, 1606 fewer cases of chronic depression, 166 fewer preterm deliveries, 4 fewer neonatal deaths, 1 fewer case of cerebral palsy, 20 fewer cases of SIDS. In total, there were 21,976 additional QALYs and cost savings of $223,549,872, making it the dominant strategy (better outcomes with lower costs). We found that counseling interventions remained cost saving until the annual direct and indirect cost of chronic, severe depression was set below $30,000, at which point it became cost effective (baseline input: $182,309).

CONCLUSION

We found it was cost effective to refer all pregnant adolescents for preventive counseling interventions. Clinicians should develop approaches to identify and refer pregnant adolescents for behavioral counseling to prevent perinatal depression.

Abstract 3742: The influence of masculinity, racism, and social support on colorectal cancer screening uptake among African American men: A systematic review

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is both preventable and highly treatable, yet incidence and mortality rates are 25% and 50% higher among African American men compared to their white counterparts. This disproportionate burden places African American men last among all racial/ethnic groups of both genders for age-adjusted CRC mortality rates and five-year survival rates. These disparities are well documented, yet preventive screening completion among African American men is relatively low, understudied, and poorly explicated. A growing body of literature indicates that separately, masculinity, racism, and social support are strong influences on CRC screening uptake.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic review with the purpose of identifying and synthesizing the connections between extant literature on the associations between masculinity, racism, social support, and CRC screening completion. Utilizing Garrard's Matrix Method, 19 studies met inclusion/exclusion criteria; and the methodological quality of the reviewed evidence was assessed.

CONCLUSIONS: Thirteen studies employed non-experimental research designs; a quasi-experimental design was present in four, and two utilized experimental designs. Studies were published between 2000 and 2014; the majority within five years. Preliminary qualitative synthesis suggests that social support was most frequently addressed (79%), while masculinity and racism were equally examined (11%) for their influence on CRC screening. After evaluating the conceptual and methodological characteristics of included studies, 42% fell below average in quality and rigor. The need for increased attention to the sociocultural correlates of CRC screening for African American men are highlighted in this systematic review, and important recommendations for research and practice are provided.

Citation Format: Charles R. Rogers, Jamie A. Mitchell, Gabriel J. Franta, Margaret J. Foster, Deirde Shires. The influence of masculinity, racism, and social support on colorectal cancer screening uptake among African American men: A systematic review. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3742. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3742

Bipolar Disorder Symptom Monitoring Measures: A Mixed-Methods Study of Patient Preferences

OBJECTIVE

To determine the perceived acceptability and helpfulness of bipolar disorder symptom measures and rank the measures in order of preference among individuals with bipolar disorder.

METHODS

We recruited 20 participants 18 years of age or older with any type of bipolar disorder from a primary care clinical site and a national advocacy organization. We used a simultaneous complementary mixed-method design involving completion of symptom measures, a semistructured interview, and numerical ranking of measures. Participants completed three symptom measures or combination of measures: 1) Affective Self-Rating Scale; 2) combination Patient Mania Questionnaire-9 (PMQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9); and 3) combination Altman Self-Rating Mania Rating Scale and PHQ-9. A semistructured interview was conducted, and participants ranked their preferences for measures. Interviews focused on participants' rationale for measuring preferences. Interviews were analyzed by two psychiatrist-investigators using content analysis, and themes were determined. Average rank of each measure was determined.

RESULTS

The average rank for each measure was 1.48 for the combination PMQ-9 and PHQ-9, 1.68 for the Affective Self-Rating Scale, and 2.85 for the combination Altman Self-Rating Mania Rating Scale and PHQ-9, indicating that the combination PMQ-9 and PHQ-9 (top-ranked measure by 55% of participants) was the most preferred among the three measures. Major themes that emerged from the data were: 1) measure format; 2) patient experience; 3) clinical practice; and 4) therapeutic effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals with bipolar disorder preferred the combination PMQ-9 and PHQ-9 for use in monitoring treatment due to perceived strengths such as format, ease of completion and interpretation, accurate description of experiences, and feasibility of use in practice.