1
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Raz G, Davidovitch S, Halevi M, Zuckerman M, Ben-Haim Y, Koryto Y, Steinberg T, Leitner Y, Rotstein MS. Impact of movie and video game elements on tic manifestation in children. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16120. [PMID: 37946628 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Children in developed countries spend a significant portion of their waking hours engaging with audiovisual content and video games. The impact of media consumption on children's health and well-being has been widely studied, including its effects on tic disorders. Previous studies have shown that tic frequency can both increase and decrease during activities like gaming and television watching, resulting in mixed findings. METHODS To better understand the impact of audiovisual media on tics, we conducted a fine-grained tic manifestation analysis. We focused on the effects of the impact of a movie scene with suspensful elements and a video game designed to heighten anticipation, thought to stimulate phasic and striatal dopamine release. We closely monitored tic frequency throuhghout these experiences based on moment-to-moment tic annotation. The study included 20 participants (19 males aged 7-16) diagnosed with tic disorders (Yale Global Tic Severity Scale≥8), and we tested the replicability of our findings with an independent group of 36 children (15 females, aged 7-15) with tic disorders. RESULTS During film viewing, we observed significant synchronization in the temporal tic patterns of various individuals despite diversity in their tic profiles. Furthermore, employing a video game developed for our study, we found that tic frequency increases during anticipation of a pending reward. This finding was replicated in a second experiment with an independent cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that tic frequency is affected by media elements in the short-term, and call for further investigation of the long-term impacts of exposure to such tic triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Raz
- Steve Tisch School of Film and Television, Faculty of the Arts, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shiri Davidovitch
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mor Halevi
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Zuckerman
- David and Yolanda Katz Faculty of the Arts, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Ben-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Koryto
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Steinberg
- Matta and Harry Freund Neuropsychiatric Tourette Clinic, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Leitner
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Child Development Institute, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael S Rotstein
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Child Development Institute, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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2
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Liu S, Raz G, Kamps F, Grossmann T, Saxe R. No evidence for discontinuity between infants and adults. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:694-695. [PMID: 37321922 PMCID: PMC10524850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shari Liu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Gal Raz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frederik Kamps
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca Saxe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Erel Y, Shannon KA, Chu J, Scott K, Struhl MK, Cao P, Tan X, Hart P, Raz G, Piccolo S, Mei C, Potter C, Jaffe-Dax S, Lew-Williams C, Tenenbaum J, Fairchild K, Bermano A, Liu S. iCatcher+: Robust and Automated Annotation of Infants' and Young Children's Gaze Behavior From Videos Collected in Laboratory, Field, and Online Studies. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci 2023; 6:10.1177/25152459221147250. [PMID: 37655047 PMCID: PMC10471135 DOI: 10.1177/25152459221147250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances in psychological research have enabled large-scale studies of human behavior and streamlined pipelines for automatic processing of data. However, studies of infants and children have not fully reaped these benefits because the behaviors of interest, such as gaze duration and direction, still have to be extracted from video through a laborious process of manual annotation, even when these data are collected online. Recent advances in computer vision raise the possibility of automated annotation of these video data. In this article, we built on a system for automatic gaze annotation in young children, iCatcher, by engineering improvements and then training and testing the system (referred to hereafter as iCatcher+) on three data sets with substantial video and participant variability (214 videos collected in U.S. lab and field sites, 143 videos collected in Senegal field sites, and 265 videos collected via webcams in homes; participant age range = 4 months-3.5 years). When trained on each of these data sets, iCatcher+ performed with near human-level accuracy on held-out videos on distinguishing "LEFT" versus "RIGHT" and "ON" versus "OFF" looking behavior across all data sets. This high performance was achieved at the level of individual frames, experimental trials, and study videos; held across participant demographics (e.g., age, race/ethnicity), participant behavior (e.g., movement, head position), and video characteristics (e.g., luminance); and generalized to a fourth, entirely held-out online data set. We close by discussing next steps required to fully automate the life cycle of online infant and child behavioral studies, representing a key step toward enabling robust and high-throughput developmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Erel
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | | | - Junyi Chu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kim Scott
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Kline Struhl
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peng Cao
- Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xincheng Tan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Hart
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gal Raz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sabrina Piccolo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine Mei
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christine Potter
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Sagi Jaffe-Dax
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | | | - Joshua Tenenbaum
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- The MIT Quest for Intelligence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine Fairchild
- The MIT Quest for Intelligence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amit Bermano
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Shari Liu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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4
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Cao A, Raz G, Saxe R, Frank MC. Habituation Reflects Optimal Exploration Over Noisy Perceptual Samples. Top Cogn Sci 2022; 15:290-302. [PMID: 36322897 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
From birth, humans constantly make decisions about what to look at and for how long. Yet, the mechanism behind such decision-making remains poorly understood. Here, we present the rational action, noisy choice for habituation (RANCH) model. RANCH is a rational learning model that takes noisy perceptual samples from stimuli and makes sampling decisions based on expected information gain (EIG). The model captures key patterns of looking time documented in developmental research: habituation and dishabituation. We evaluated the model with adult looking time collected from a paradigm analogous to the infant habituation paradigm. We compared RANCH with baseline models (no learning model, no perceptual noise model) and models with alternative linking hypotheses (Surprisal, KL divergence). We showed that (1) learning and perceptual noise are critical assumptions of the model, and (2) Surprisal and KL are good proxies for EIG under the current learning context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Cao
- Department of Psychology Stanford University
| | - Gal Raz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachussetts Institute of Technology
| | - Rebecca Saxe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachussetts Institute of Technology
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5
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Shany O, Greental A, Gilam G, Perry D, Bleich-Cohen M, Ovadia M, Cohen A, Raz G. Somatic engagement alters subsequent neurobehavioral correlates of affective mentalizing. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5846-5861. [PMID: 34651382 PMCID: PMC8596949 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Socio‐emotional encounters involve a resonance of others' affective states, known as affect sharing (AS); and attribution of mental states to others, known as theory‐of‐mind (ToM). Empathy necessitates the integration of both processes, yet their interaction during emotional episodes and subsequent generation of inferences on others' affective states has rarely been tested. To address this, we developed a novel experimental design, wherein we manipulated AS by presenting nonverbal emotionally negative movies twice—each time accompanied by one of two soundtracks that accentuated either somatic cues or externally generated sounds. Movies were followed by questions addressing affective‐ToM (emotional inferences), cognitive‐ToM (inferences on beliefs and knowledge), and non‐ToM aspects. Results revealed a neural differentiation between AS, affective‐ToM, and cognitive‐ToM. AS movies activated regions that have been implicated in emotional (e.g., amygdala) and somatosensory processing, and synchronized brain activity between participants in the latter. Affective‐ToM activated the middle insula, limbic regions, and both ventral and dorsal portions of the medial prefrontal cortex (ventral medial prefrontal cortex [VMPFC] and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex [DMPFC], respectively), whereas cognitive‐ToM activated posteromedial and lateral–prefrontal and temporal cortices. Critically, AS movies specifically altered neural activation in AS and ToM‐related regions during subsequent affective‐ToM inferences, most notably in the DMPFC. Moreover, DMPFC–VMPFC connectivity correlated with affective‐ToM accuracy, when such questions followed AS movies. Our results associate empathic processes with designated neural activations and shed light on how neuro‐behavioral indices of affective ToM are shaped by preceding somatic engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Shany
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol Brain Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayam Greental
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol Brain Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gadi Gilam
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniella Perry
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bleich-Cohen
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Moran Ovadia
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Steve Tisch School of Film and Television, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Avihay Cohen
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Raz
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Steve Tisch School of Film and Television, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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6
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Abstract
Scientific investigations have long emphasized the cortex's role in cognitive transfer and arithmetic abilities. To date, however, this assumption has not been thoroughly empirically investigated. Here we demonstrated that primitive mechanisms-lower visual channels-have a causal role in cognitive transfer of complex skills such as symbolic arithmetic. We found that exposing only one monocular channel to a visuospatial training resulted in a larger transfer effect in the trained monocular channel compared to the untrained monocular channel. Such cognitive transfer was found for both novel figural-spatial problems (near transfer) and novel subtraction problems (far transfer). Importantly, the benefits of the trained eye were not observed in old problems and in other tasks that did not involve visuospatial abilities (the Stroop task, a multiplication task). These results challenge the exclusive role of the cortex in cognitive transfer and complex arithmetic. In addition, the results suggest a new mechanism for the emergence of cognitive skills, that could be shared across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Saban
- Department of Psychology, IIPDM, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- Department of Psychology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Gal Raz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Shai Gabay
- Department of Psychology, IIPDM, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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7
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Ovchinnikov A, Pun H, Raz G. The impact of inventory risk on market prices under competition. Decision Sciences 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/deci.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hubert Pun
- Ivey Business School Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Gal Raz
- Ivey Business School Western University London Ontario Canada
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8
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Erez N, Israitel L, Bitman-Lotan E, Wong WH, Raz G, Cornelio-Parra DV, Danial S, Flint Brodsly N, Belova E, Maksimenko O, Georgiev P, Druley T, Mohan RD, Orian A. A Non-stop identity complex (NIC) supervises enterocyte identity and protects from premature aging. eLife 2021; 10:62312. [PMID: 33629655 PMCID: PMC7936876 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of aging is loss of differentiated cell identity. Aged Drosophila midgut differentiated enterocytes (ECs) lose their identity, impairing tissue homeostasis. To discover identity regulators, we performed an RNAi screen targeting ubiquitin-related genes in ECs. Seventeen genes were identified, including the deubiquitinase Non-stop (CG4166). Lineage tracing established that acute loss of Non-stop in young ECs phenocopies aged ECs at cellular and tissue levels. Proteomic analysis unveiled that Non-stop maintains identity as part of a Non-stop identity complex (NIC) containing E(y)2, Sgf11, Cp190, (Mod) mdg4, and Nup98. Non-stop ensured chromatin accessibility, maintaining the EC-gene signature, and protected NIC subunit stability. Upon aging, the levels of Non-stop and NIC subunits declined, distorting the unique organization of the EC nucleus. Maintaining youthful levels of Non-stop in wildtype aged ECs safeguards NIC subunits, nuclear organization, and suppressed aging phenotypes. Thus, Non-stop and NIC, supervise EC identity and protects from premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Erez
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lena Israitel
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eliya Bitman-Lotan
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Wing H Wong
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Washington University, Saint-Louis, United States
| | - Gal Raz
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dayanne V Cornelio-Parra
- Department of Genetics, Developmental & Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences University of Missouri, Kansas City, United States
| | - Salwa Danial
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Na'ama Flint Brodsly
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elena Belova
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Oksana Maksimenko
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel Georgiev
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Todd Druley
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Washington University, Saint-Louis, United States
| | - Ryan D Mohan
- Department of Genetics, Developmental & Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences University of Missouri, Kansas City, United States
| | - Amir Orian
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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9
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Abstract
A common view of learning in infancy emphasizes the role of incidental sensory experiences from which increasingly abstract statistical regularities are extracted. In this view, infant brains initially support basic sensory and motor functions, followed by maturation of higher-level association cortex. Here, we critique this view and posit that, by contrast and more like adults, infants are active, endogenously motivated learners who structure their own learning through flexible selection of attentional targets and active interventions on their environment. We further argue that the infant brain, and particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is well equipped to support these learning behaviors. We review recent progress in characterizing the function of the infant PFC, which suggests that, as in adults, the PFC is functionally specialized and highly connected. Together, we present an integrative account of infant minds and brains, in which the infant PFC represents multiple intrinsic motivations, which are leveraged for active learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Raz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca Saxe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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10
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Sar-El R, Sharon H, Lubianiker N, Hendler T, Raz G. Inducing a Functional-Pharmacological Coupling in the Human Brain to Achieve Improved Drug Effect. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:557874. [PMID: 33154714 PMCID: PMC7586318 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.557874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Sar-El
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Roy Sar-El,
| | - Haggai Sharon
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitzan Lubianiker
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Raz
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Steve Tisch School of Film and Television, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Gal Raz,
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11
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Bitman-Lotan E, Rincon-Arano H, Raz G, Orian A. Determination of Chromatin Accessibility in Drosophila MidgutEnterocytes by in situ 5mC Labeling. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3435. [PMID: 33654931 PMCID: PMC7853927 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression involves dynamic changes in chromatin organization, where in many cases open chromatin structure correlates with gene activation. Several methods enable monitoring changes in chromatin accessibility, including ATAC-seq, FAIRE-seq, MNase-seq and DNAse-seq methods, which involve Next-generation-sequencing (NGS). Focusing on the adult Drosophila differentiated gut enterocytes (ECs) we used a sequencing-free method that enables visualizing and semi-quantifying large-scale changes in chromatin structure using in vitro methylation assay with the bacterial CpG Methyltransferase, M. Sssl, that determine chromatin accessibility. In brief, as CpG methylation is minimal in differentiated somatic Drosophila cells, we used the bacterial M. SssI enzyme to methylate CpG dinucleotides in situ depending on their chromatin accessibility. The methylated dinucleotides are detected using 5mCytosine monoclonal antibody and nuclei are visualized microscopically. Thus, the 5mC method enables to monitor large-scale chromatin changes in heterogenic cellular tissue focusing on the cell type of interest and without the need for cell purification or NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliya Bitman-Lotan
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, TICC, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3109601 Israel
| | - Hector Rincon-Arano
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gal Raz
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, TICC, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3109601 Israel
| | - Amir Orian
- Rappaport Research Institute and Faculty of Medicine, TICC, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3109601 Israel
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12
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Keynan JN, Cohen A, Jackont G, Green N, Goldway N, Davidov A, Meir-Hasson Y, Raz G, Intrator N, Fruchter E, Ginat K, Laska E, Cavazza M, Hendler T. Electrical fingerprint of the amygdala guides neurofeedback training for stress resilience. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 3:63-73. [PMID: 30932053 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) has revived the translational perspective of neurofeedback (NF)1. Particularly for stress management, targeting deeply located limbic areas involved in stress processing2 has paved new paths for brain-guided interventions. However, the high cost and immobility of fMRI constitute a challenging drawback for the scalability (accessibility and cost-effectiveness) of the approach, particularly for clinical purposes3. The current study aimed to overcome the limited applicability of rt-fMRI by using an electroencephalography (EEG) model endowed with improved spatial resolution, derived from simultaneous EEG-fMRI, to target amygdala activity (termed amygdala electrical fingerprint (Amyg-EFP))4-6. Healthy individuals (n = 180) undergoing a stressful military training programme were randomly assigned to six Amyg-EFP-NF sessions or one of two controls (control-EEG-NF or NoNF), taking place at the military training base. The results demonstrated specificity of NF learning to the targeted Amyg-EFP signal, which led to reduced alexithymia and faster emotional Stroop, indicating better stress coping following Amyg-EFP-NF relative to controls. Neural target engagement was demonstrated in a follow-up fMRI-NF, showing greater amygdala blood-oxygen-level-dependent downregulation and amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity following Amyg-EFP-NF relative to NoNF. Together, these results demonstrate limbic specificity and efficacy of Amyg-EFP-NF during a stressful period, pointing to a scalable non-pharmacological yet neuroscience-based training to prevent stress-induced psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackob N Keynan
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Avihay Cohen
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gilan Jackont
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nili Green
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Goldway
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Gal Raz
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Steve Tisch School of Film and Television, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nathan Intrator
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Fruchter
- The Mental Health Department, Medical Corps, IDF, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Keren Ginat
- The Mental Health Department, Medical Corps, IDF, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eugene Laska
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Cavazza
- School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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13
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Abraham E, Raz G, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R. Empathy networks in the parental brain and their long-term effects on children's stress reactivity and behavior adaptation. Neuropsychologia 2018; 116:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jacob Y, Gilam G, Lin T, Raz G, Hendler T. Anger Modulates Influence Hierarchies Within and Between Emotional Reactivity and Regulation Networks. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:60. [PMID: 29681803 PMCID: PMC5897670 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation is hypothesized to be mediated by the interactions between emotional reactivity and regulation networks during the dynamic unfolding of the emotional episode. Yet, it remains unclear how to delineate the effective relationships between these networks. In this study, we examined the aforementioned networks’ information flow hierarchy during viewing of an anger provoking movie excerpt. Anger regulation is particularly essential for averting individuals from aggression and violence, thus improving prosocial behavior. Using subjective ratings of anger intensity we differentiated between low and high anger periods of the film. We then applied the Dependency Network Analysis (DEPNA), a newly developed graph theory method to quantify networks’ node importance during the two anger periods. The DEPNA analysis revealed that the impact of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was higher in the high anger condition, particularly within the regulation network and on the connections between the reactivity and regulation networks. We further showed that higher levels of vmPFC impact on the regulation network were associated with lower subjective anger intensity during the high-anger cinematic period, and lower trait anger levels. Supporting and replicating previous findings, these results emphasize the previously acknowledged central role of vmPFC in modulating negative affect. We further show that the impact of the vmPFC relies on its correlational influence on the connectivity between reactivity and regulation networks. More importantly, the hierarchy network analysis revealed a link between connectivity patterns of the vmPFC and individual differences in anger reactivity and trait, suggesting its potential therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Jacob
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gadi Gilam
- Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Systems Neuroscience and Pain Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Tamar Lin
- Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Raz
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Film and Television Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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15
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Yamin HG, Gazit T, Tchemodanov N, Raz G, Jackont G, Charles F, Fried I, Hendler T, Cavazza M. Depth electrode neurofeedback with a virtual reality interface. Brain-Computer Interfaces 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2017.1338008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Grazya Yamin
- Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomer Gazit
- Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Natalia Tchemodanov
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gal Raz
- Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gilan Jackont
- Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Fred Charles
- Department of Creative Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc Cavazza
- School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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16
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Lin T, Gilam G, Raz G, Or-Borichev A, Bar-Haim Y, Fruchter E, Hendler T. Accessible Neurobehavioral Anger-Related Markers for Vulnerability to Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in a Population of Male Soldiers. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:38. [PMID: 28326027 PMCID: PMC5339223 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying vulnerable individuals prone to develop post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) is of paramount importance, especially in populations at high risk for stress exposure such as combat soldiers. While several neural and psychological risk factors are known, no post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) biomarker has yet progressed to clinical use. Here we present novel and clinically applicable anger-related neurobehavioral risk markers for military-related PTSS in a large cohort of Israeli soldiers. The psychological, electrophysiological and neural (Simultaneous recording of scalp electroencephalography [EEG] and functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) reaction to an anger-inducing film were measured prior to advanced military training and PTSS were recorded at 1-year follow-up. Limbic modulation was measured using a novel approach that monitors amygdala modulation using fMRI-inspired EEG, hereafter termed amygdala electrical fingerprint (amyg-EFP). Inter-subject correlation (ISC) analysis on fMRI data indicated that during movie viewing participants' brain activity was synchronized in limbic regions including the amygdala. Self-reported state-anger and amyg-EFP modulation successfully predicted PTSS levels. State-anger significantly accounted for 20% of the variance in PTSS, and amyg-EFP signal modulation significantly accounted for additional 15% of the variance. Our study was limited by the moderate PTSS levels and lack of systematic baseline symptoms assessment. These results suggest that pre-stress neurobehavioral measures of anger may predict risk for later PTSS, pointing to anger-related vulnerability factors that can be measured efficiently and at a low cost before stress exposure. Possible mechanisms underlying the association between the anger response and risk for PTSS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Lin
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gadi Gilam
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Raz
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- The Department of Film and Television, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayelet Or-Borichev
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Fruchter
- Division of Mental Health, Medical Corps, Israel Defense ForcesTel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
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Cohen A, Keynan JN, Jackont G, Green N, Rashap I, Shani O, Charles F, Cavazza M, Hendler T, Raz G. Multi-modal Virtual Scenario Enhances Neurofeedback Learning. Front Robot AI 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2016.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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18
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Raz G, Shpigelman L, Jacob Y, Gonen T, Benjamini Y, Hendler T. Psychophysiological whole-brain network clustering based on connectivity dynamics analysis in naturalistic conditions. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4654-4672. [PMID: 27477592 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a novel method for delineating context-dependent functional brain networks whose connectivity dynamics are synchronized with the occurrence of a specific psychophysiological process of interest. In this method of context-related network dynamics analysis (CRNDA), a continuous psychophysiological index serves as a reference for clustering the whole-brain into functional networks. We applied CRNDA to fMRI data recorded during the viewing of a sadness-inducing film clip. The method reliably demarcated networks in which temporal patterns of connectivity related to the time series of reported emotional intensity. Our work successfully replicated the link between network connectivity and emotion rating in an independent sample group for seven of the networks. The demarcated networks have clear common functional denominators. Three of these networks overlap with distinct empathy-related networks, previously identified in distinct sets of studies. The other networks are related to sensorimotor processing, language, attention, and working memory. The results indicate that CRNDA, a data-driven method for network clustering that is sensitive to transient connectivity patterns, can productively and reliably demarcate networks that follow psychologically meaningful processes. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4654-4672, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Raz
- Tel Aviv Center For Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Steve Tisch School of Film and Television, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,IBM Research, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Yael Jacob
- Tel Aviv Center For Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Gonen
- Tel Aviv Center For Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Benjamini
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Tel Aviv Center For Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Gonen T, Soreq E, Eldar E, Ben-Simon E, Raz G, Hendler T. Human mesostriatal response tracks motivational tendencies under naturalistic goal conflict. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:961-72. [PMID: 26833917 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Goal conflict situations, involving the simultaneous presence of reward and punishment, occur commonly in real life, and reflect well-known individual differences in the behavioral tendency to approach or avoid. However, despite accumulating neural depiction of motivational processing, the investigation of naturalistic approach behavior and its interplay with individual tendencies is remarkably lacking. We developed a novel ecological interactive scenario which triggers motivational behavior under high or low goal conflict conditions. Fifty-five healthy subjects played the game during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. A machine-learning approach was applied to classify approach/avoidance behaviors during the game. To achieve an independent measure of individual tendencies, an integrative profile was composed from three established theoretical models. Results demonstrated that approach under high relative to low conflict involved increased activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), peri-aquaductal gray, ventral striatum (VS) and precuneus. Notably, only VS and VTA activations during high conflict discriminated between approach/avoidance personality profiles, suggesting that the relationship between individual personality and naturalistic motivational tendencies is uniquely associated with the mesostriatal pathway. VTA-VS further demonstrated stronger coupling during high vs low conflict. These findings are the first to unravel the multilevel relationship among personality profile, approach tendencies in naturalistic set-up and their underlying neural manifestation, thus enabling new avenues for investigating approach-related psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gonen
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel, Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Eyal Soreq
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6910302, Israel
| | - Eran Eldar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom, Max Planck University College, London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Eti Ben-Simon
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and
| | - Gal Raz
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6910302, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6910302, Israel
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20
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Raz G, Jacob Y, Gonen T, Winetraub Y, Flash T, Soreq E, Hendler T. Cry for her or cry with her: context-dependent dissociation of two modes of cinematic empathy reflected in network cohesion dynamics. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:30-8. [PMID: 23615766 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two empathy-related processes were recently distinguished neuroscientifically: automatic embodied-simulation (ES) based on visceromotor representation of another's affective state via cingulo-insulary circuit, and emotional sharing relying on cognitive 'theory of mind' (ToM) via prefrontal-temporo-parietal circuit. Evidence that these regions are not only activated but also function as networks during empathic experience has yet to been shown. Employing a novel approach by analyzing fMRI fluctuations of network cohesion while viewing films portraying personal loss, this study demonstrates increased connectivity during empathic engagement (probed by behavioral and parasympathetic indices) both within these circuits, and between them and a set of limbic regions. Notably, this effect was context-dependent: when witnessing as a determined-loss presented as a future event, the ToM and ToM-limbic cohesion positively correlated with state- and empathy indices. During the dramatic peak of this condition, the ToM cohesion was positively correlated with the trait-empathy index of personal distress. However, when the loss was presented as a probabilistic real-time occurrence, ToM cohesion negatively correlated with state-empathy index, which positively correlated with ES-limbic cohesion. In this case, it was the ES-limbic cohesion during the emotional peak which was correlated with personal distress scores. The findings indicate a dichotomy between regulated empathy toward determined-loss and vicarious empathy toward a real-time occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Raz
- Zamenhof 16, Tel-Aviv, 64373, Israel.
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Raz G, Winetraub Y, Jacob Y, Kinreich S, Maron-Katz A, Shaham G, Podlipsky I, Gilam G, Soreq E, Hendler T. Portraying emotions at their unfolding: A multilayered approach for probing dynamics of neural networks. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1448-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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22
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Jablonka E, Raz G. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution. Q Rev Biol 2009; 84:131-76. [PMID: 19606595 DOI: 10.1086/598822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 809] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review describes new developments in the study of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, a component of epigenetics. We start by examining the basic concepts of the field and the mechanisms that underlie epigenetic inheritance. We present a comprehensive review of transgenerational cellular epigenetic inheritance among different taxa in the form of a table, and discuss the data contained therein. The analysis of these data shows that epigenetic inheritance is ubiquitous and suggests lines of research that go beyond present approaches to the subject. We conclude by exploring some of the consequences of epigenetic inheritance for the study of evolution, while also pointing to the importance of recognizing and understanding epigenetic inheritance for practical and theoretical issues in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jablonka
- The Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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